[1. Beumer W, Gibney SM, Drexhage RC, Pont-Lezica L, Doorduin J, Klein HC, SteinerJ, Connor TJ, Harkin A, Versnel MA, Drexhage HA. The immune theory of psychiatricdiseases: a key role for activated microglia and circulating monocytes. J Leukoc Biol. 2012 Nov;92(5):959-75.10.1189/jlb.0212100]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Smith RS, Maes M. The macrophage-T-lymphocyte theory of schizophrenia:additional evidence. Med Hypotheses. 1995 Aug;45(2):135-41.10.1016/0306-9877(95)90062-4]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[3. Lieberman JA. Is schizophrenia a neurodegenerative disorder? A clinical and neurobiological perspective. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Sep 15;46(6):729-39.10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00147-X]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Doorduin J, de Vries EF, Willemsen AT, de Groot JC, Dierckx RA, Klein HC.Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia-related psychosis: a PET study. J Nucl Med. 2009 Nov;50(11):1801-7.10.2967/jnumed.109.066647]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[5. Heckers S, Heinsen H, Geiger B, Beckmann H. Hippocampal neuron number in schizophrenia: a stereological study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991; 48:1002–1008.10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810350042006]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[6. Walker MA, Highley JR, Esiri MM, et al. Estimated neuronal populations and volumes of the hippocampus and its subfields in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002; 159:821–828.10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.821]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Harrison PJ. The hippocampus in schizophrenia: a review of the neuropathological evidence and its pathophysiological implications. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004; 174:151–162.10.1007/s00213-003-1761-y]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Patterson PH. Maternal infection: window on neuroimmune interactions in fetal brain development and mental illness. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2002; 12:115–118.10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00299-4]Search in Google Scholar
[9. LiuYP, Lin HI, Tzeng SF. Tumor necrosis factor-_and interleukin-18 modulate neuronal cell fate in embryonic neural progenitor culture. Brain Res. 2005; 1054:152–158.10.1016/j.brainres.2005.06.08516054598]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Bayer TA, Buslei R, Havas L, Falkai P. Evidence for activation of microglia in patients with psychiatric illnesses. Neurosci. Lett. 1999; 271:126–128.10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00545-5]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Radewicz K., Garey L J, Gentleman S M, Reynolds R. Increase in HLA-DRimmunoreactive microglia in frontal and temporal cortex of chronic schizophrenics. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2000; 59:137–150.10.1093/jnen/59.2.137]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Steiner J, Bielau H, Brisch R., Danos P, Ullrich O, Mawrin C, Bernstein HG, Bogerts B. Immunological aspects in the neurobiology of suicide: elevated microglial density in schizophrenia and depression is associated with suicide. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2008;42:151–15710.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.10.01317174336]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[13. Wierzba-Bobrowicz T, Lewandowska E, Lechowicz W, Stepien T, Pasennik E. Quantitative analysis of activated microglia, ramified and damage of processes in the frontal and temporal lobes of chronic schizophrenics. Folia Neuropathol. 2005; 43:81–89.]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Arnold SE, TrojanowskiJQ, Gur R E, Blackwell P, Han LY, Choi C. Absence of neurodegeneration and neural injury in the cerebral cortex in a sample of elderly patients with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1998; 55: 225–232.10.1001/archpsyc.55.3.225]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[15. Falke E, HanLY, Arnold SE. Absence of neurodegeneration in the thalamus and caudate of elderly patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2000;93:103–110.10.1016/S0165-1781(00)00104-9]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Togo T, Akiyama H, Kondo H, Ikeda K., Kato M., Iseki E, Kosaka K. Expression of CD40 in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurological diseases. Brain Res. 2000; 885:117–121.10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02984-X]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Padmos RC, Hillegers M H, Knijff EM, Vonk R., Bouvy A., Staal FJ, de RidderD, KupkaRW, Nolen WA, DrexhageHA. A discriminating messenger RNA signature for bipolar disorder formed by an aberrant expression of inflammatory genes in monocytes. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2008; 65:395–407.10.1001/archpsyc.65.4.39518391128]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[18. Drexhage RC, Hoogenboezem TH, Versnel MA, Berghout A, Nolen WA, Drexhage HA. The activation of monocyte and T cell networks in patients with bipolar disorder. Brain Behav. Immun. 2011; 25:1206–1213.10.1016/j.bbi.2011.03.01321443944]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[19. Schulze TG. Genetic research into bipolar disorder: the need for a research framework that integrates sophisticated molecular biology and clinically informed phenotype characterization. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2010 Mar;33(1):67-82.10.1016/j.psc.2009.10.005282461720159340]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[20. Haarman BC, Riemersma-Van der Lek RF, Burger H, Netkova M, Drexhage RC, Bootsman F, Mesman E, Hillegers MH, Spijker AT, Hoencamp E, Drexhage HA, Nolen WA. Relationship between clinical features and inflammation-related monocyte gene expression in bipolar disorder - towards a better understanding of psychoimmunological interactions. Bipolar Disord. 2014 Mar;16(2):137-50.10.1111/bdi.1214224286609]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[21. Benes FM, Matzilevich D, Burke RE, Walsh J. The expression of proapoptosis genes is increased in bipolar disorder, but not in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;11(3):241-51.10.1038/sj.mp.400175816288314]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[22. Che Y, Wang JF, Shao L, Young T. Oxidative damage to RNA but not DNA in the hippocampus of patients with major mental illness. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2010 Sep;35(5):296-302.10.1503/jpn.090083292828220569644]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Tian SY, Wang JF, Bezchlibnyk YB, Young LT. Immunoreactivity of 43 kDa growth-associated protein is decreased in post mortem hippocampus of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett. 2007 Jan 10;411(2):123-7.10.1016/j.neulet.2006.10.03117095155]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Kato N, Nemoto K, Arino H, Fujikawa K. Influence of peripheral inflammation on growth-associated phosphoprotein (GAP-43) expression in dorsal root ganglia and on nerve recovery after crush injury. Neurosci Res. 200310.1016/S0168-0102(02)00234-1]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Savitz J, Frank MB, Victor T, Bebak M, Marino JH, Bellgowan PS, McKinney BA, Bodurka J, Kent Teague T, Drevets WC. Inflammation and neurological disease-related genes are differentially expressed in depressed patients with mood disorders and correlate with morphometric and functional imaging abnormalities. Brain Behav Immun. 2013 Jul;31:161-71.10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.007]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[26. Anisman H. Cascading effects of stressors and inflammatory immune system activation: implications for major depressive disorder. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2009; 34:4–20.]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Kooij G, van Horssen J, BandaruVV, Haughey NJ, de Vries HE. The Role of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters in Neuro-Inflammation: Relevance for Bioactive Lipids. Front Pharmacol. 2012 Apr 30;3:74.10.3389/fphar.2012.00074]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Huang YH, Schäfer-Elinder L, Wu R, Claesson HE, Frostegård J. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) induces proinflammatory cytokines by a platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor-dependent mechanism. Clin Exp Immunol. 1999 May;116(2):326-31.10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00871.x]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Franke RM, Gardner ER and SparreboomA.Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters Current Pharmaceutical Desig. 2010; 16: 220-230.10.2174/138161210790112683]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Zhu Hao-Jie, Wang Jun-Sheng, Markowitz SJ, Donovan LJ, Gibson BB and DeVane CL. Risperidone and Paliperidone Inhibit P-Glycoprotein Activity In Vitro Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007; 32: 757–764.10.1038/sj.npp.1301181]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[31. Tang K, Ngoi SM, Gwee PC, Chua JM, Lee EJ, Chong SS et al. Distinct haplotype profiles and strong linkage disequilibrium at the MDR1 multidrug transporter gene locus in three ethnic Asian populations. Pharmacogenetics 2002; 12: 437–450.10.1097/00008571-200208000-00004]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Cascorbi I. Role of pharmacogenetics of ATP-binding cassette transporters inthe pharmacokinetics of drugs. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Nov;112(2):457-73. Review.10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.04.009]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Kimchi-Sarfaty C, Marple AH, Shinar S, Kimchi AM, Scavo D, Roma MI, Kim IW, Jones A, Arora M, Gribar J, Gurwitz D, Gottesman MM. Ethnicity-related polymorphisms and haplotypes in human ABCB1 gene. Pharmacogenomics. 2007;8(1):29-39.10.2217/14622416.8.1.29]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Holsboer F. The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 Nov;23(5):477-501. Review.10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00159-7]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[35. Raggers RJ, Vogels I, van Meer G. Multidrug-resistance P-glycoprotein (MDR1) secretes platelet-activating factor. Biochem J. 2001 Aug 1;357(Pt 3):859-65.10.1042/bj3570859]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Hoffmeyer S, Burk O, von Richter O, Arnold HP, Brockmö ller J, Johne A, et al. Functional polymorphism of the human multidrug-resistance gene: multiple sequence variations and correlations of one allele with P-glycoprotein expression and activity in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97: 3473–3478.10.1073/pnas.97.7.3473]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[37. Müller MB, Keck ME, Binder EB, Kresse AE, Hagemeyer TP, Landgraf R, Holsboer F, Uhr M. ABCB1 (MDR1)-type P-glycoproteins at the blood-brain barrier modulate the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system: implications for affective disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Nov;28(11):1991-9.10.1038/sj.npp.1300257]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[38. Shi YY, He L. SHEsis, a powerful software platform for analyses of linkage disequilibrium, haplotype construction, and genetic association at polymorphism loci. Cell Res. 2005;15(2):97-8.10.1038/sj.cr.7290272]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Li Z, Zhang Z, He Z, Tang W, Li T, Zeng Z, He L, Shi Y. A partition-ligation-combination-subdivision EM algorithm for haplotype inference with multiallelic markers: update of the SHEsis (http://analysis.bio-x-cn). Cell Res. 2009;19(4):519-23.10.1038/cr.2009.33]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[40. Bozina N, Kuzman MR, Medved V, Jovanovic N, Sertic J, Hotujac L. Associations between MDR1 gene polymorphisms and schizophrenia and therapeutic response to olanzapine in female schizophrenic patients. J Psychiatr Res. 2008 Jan;42(2):89-97.10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.10.002]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[41. Qian W, Homma M, Itagaki F, Tachikawa H, Kawanishi Y, Mizukami K, Asada T, Inomata S, Honda K, Ohkohchi N, Kohda Y. MDR1 gene polymorphism in Japanese patients with schizophrenia and mood disorders including depression. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Dec;29(12):2446-50.10.1248/bpb.29.2446]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[42. Tovilla-Zárate CA, Vargas I, Hernández S, Fresán A, Aguilar A, Escamilla R, Saracco R, Palacios J, Camarena B. Association study between the MDR1 gene andclinical characteristics in schizophrenia. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2014Sep;36(3):227-32. Epub 2014 Jun 10.10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1270]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Borst P, Schinkel AH. Genetic dissection of the function of mammalian P-glycoproteins. Trends Genet. 1997 Jun;13(6):217-22.10.1016/S0168-9525(97)01112-8]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[44. Takane H, Kobayashi D, Hirota T, Kigawa J, Terakawa N, Otsubo K, Ieiri I. Haplotype-oriented genetic analysis and functional assessment of promoter variants in the MDR1 (ABCB1) gene. J PharmacolExpTher. 2004 Dec;311(3):1179-87.10.1124/jpet.104.06972415280437]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Tanabe M, Ieiri I, Nagata N, Inoue K, Ito S, Kanamori Y, Takahashi M, Kurata Y, Kigawa J, Higuchi S, Terakawa N, Otsubo K. Expression of P-glycoprotein in human placenta: relation to genetic polymorphism of the multidrug resistance (MDR)-1 gene. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Jun;297(3):1137-43.]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Nakamura T, Sakaeda T, Horinouchi M, Tamura T, Aoyama N, Schirakawa T, et al. Effect of the mutation (C3435T) et exon 26 of the MDR1 gene on expression level of MDR1 messenger ribonucleic acid in duodenal enterocytes of healthy Japanese subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002; 71: 297–303.10.1067/mcp.2002.12205511956513]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Sakaeda T, Nakamura T, Horinouchi M, Kakumoto M, Ohmoto N, Sakai T, Morita Y, Tamura T, Aoyama N, Hirai M, Kasuga M, Okumura K (2001). MDR1 genotype-related pharmacokinetics of digoxin after single oral administration in healthy Japanese subjects. Pharm Res 18: 1400-1404.10.1023/A:1012244520615]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[48. Turgut G, Kurt E, Sengul C, Alatas G, Kursunluoglu R, Oral T, Turgut S, Herken H. Association of MDR1 C3435T polymorphism with bipolar disorder in patients treated with valproic acid. Mol Biol Rep. 2009 Mar;36(3):495-9.10.1007/s11033-007-9206-z18165917]Search in Google Scholar
[49. Fujii T, Ota M, Hori H, Sasayama D, Hattori K, Teraishi T, Yamamoto N, Hashikura M, Tatsumi M, Higuchi T, Kunugi H. Association between the functional polymorphism (C3435T) of the gene encoding P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and major depressive disorder in the Japanese population. J Psychiatr Res. 2012 Apr;46(4):555-9.10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.01222306099]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[50. Santos M, Carvalho S, Lima L, Nogueira A, Assis J, Mota-Pereira J, Pimentel P, Maia D, Correia D, Gomes S, Cruz A, Medeiros R. Common genetic polymorphisms in the ABCB1 gene are associated with risk of major depressive disorder in male Portuguese individuals. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers. 2014 Jan;18(1):12-9.10.1089/gtmb.2013.019724200053]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Salama NN, Yang Z, Bui T, Ho RJ. MDR1 haplotypes significantly minimize intracellular uptake and transcellular P-gp substrate transport in recombinant LLC-PK1 cells. J Pharm Sci. 2006 Oct;95(10):2293-308.10.1002/jps.2071716883550]Search in Google Scholar
[52. Brunson KL, Avishai-Eliner S, Hatalski CG, Baram TZ. Neurobiology of the stress response early in life: evolution of a concept and the role of corticotropin releasing hormone. Mol Psychiatry. 2001 Nov;6(6):647-56.10.1038/sj.mp.4000942310072211673792]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[53. Kim RB, Leake BF, Choo EF. et al. Identification of functionally variant MDR1 alleles among European Americans and African Americans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2001; 70: 189–199.10.1067/mcp.2001.117412]Search in Google Scholar
[54. Troost PW, Lahuis BE, Hermans MH, et al. Prolactin release in children treated with risperidone: impact and role of CYP2D6 metabolism. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27:52–5710.1097/JCP.0b013e31802e68d517224713]Search in Google Scholar
[55. Hartz AM, Bauer B. Regulation of ABC transporters at the blood-brain barrier: new targets for CNS therapy. Mol Interv. 2010 Oct;10(5):293-304.10.1124/mi.10.5.621045243]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[56. von Wedel-Parlow M, Wölte P, GallaHJ. Regulation of major efflux transporters under inflammatory conditions at the blood-brain barrier in vitro. J Neurochem. 2009;111(1):111-8.10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06305.x19656257]Search in Google Scholar
[57. Akhondzadeh S, Tabatabaee M, Amini H, Ahmadi Abhari SA, AbbasiSH, Behnam B. Celecoxib as adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Schizophr Res. 2007; 90:179–185.10.1016/j.schres.2006.11.01617208413]Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
[58. Muller N, Riedel M, Scheppach C, et al. Beneficial antipsychotic effects of celecoxib add-on therapy compared to risperidone alone in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002; 159:1029–1034.10.1176/appi.ajp.159.6.1029]Search in Google Scholar
[59. Laan W. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Psychosis (thesis). University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2008.]Search in Google Scholar
[60. Pariante CM, Miller AH. Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: relevance to pathophysiology and treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Mar 1;49(5):391-404. Review.10.1016/S0006-3223(00)01088-X]Search in Google Scholar