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The Use of Mosses in Biomonitoring of Air Pollution in the Terrestrial Environment: A Review

Aneta Helena Baczewska-Dąbrowska
Aneta Helena Baczewska-Dąbrowska
, 
Barbara Gworek
Barbara Gworek
 e 
Wojciech Dmuchowski
Wojciech Dmuchowski
   | 30 giu 2023
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Pubblicato online: 30 giu 2023
Pagine: 19 - 30
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0005
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© 2023 Aneta Helena Baczewska-Dąbrowska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Examples of the use of live mosses in biomonitoring of air pollution

Air pollutant/deposition Moss Environment Country References
Native moss
8 elements Hypnum cupressiforme countryside Albania Qarri et al. 2019
Fe, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn Hypnum cupressiforme countryside Albania Lazo et al. 2022
37 elements Multiple moss species Pb-Zn smelter Bułgaria Hristozova et al. 2020
11 metals, N Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Pseudoscleropodium purum countryside Europe, 15 countries Harmens et al. 2015
12 metals Grimmia pulvinata cemeteries France Lequy et al. 2022
9 elements Pseudocleropodium purum Hypnum cupressiforme countryside Kosowo Maxhuni et al. 2016
6 elements Pleurozium schreberi countryside Latvia Tabors et al. 2023
35 elements Hypnum cupressiforme countryside Moldova Zinicovscaia et al. 2021
Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V, Zn Pleurozium schreberi, Scleropodium purum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Hylocomium splendens countryside Netherlands, Germany, Poland Herpin et al. 1996
27 elements Hypnum cupressiforme, Homalothecium lutescens, Homalothecium sericeum countryside North Macedonia Barandovski et al. 2020
Cd, Pb Pleurozium schreberi industrial Poland Dmuchowski et al. 2011a
S, δ34 S Pleurozium schreberi industrial Poland Kosior et al. 2015
PAHs Pleurozium schreberi Industrial, Poland Godzik et al. 2014
PBDEs, PCBs Pleurozium schreberi industrial Poland Kosior et al. 2017
17 elements Pleurozium schreberi countryside Poland Godzik 2020
Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb Pleurozium schreberi urban Russia Yushin et al. 2020
34 elements Pleurozium schreberi urban Russia Vergel et al. 2022
Pb isotopes, 7 metals Hylocomium microphyllum countryside China Zhou et al. 2021
Radionuclides: 210Po,210Pb, 226Ra,7Be,40K,226Ra,238U,232T h,137Cs Leptobryum pyriforme, Ditrichum pallidum, Hypnodendron reinwardtii highway, urban, industrial China Zhong et al. 2019
NO3− Leskeella nervosa urban Japan Liu et al. 2012
Brachytheciun plumosum mountain
Pb isotope ratios: 207Pb/206Pb,208Pb/206Pb Calohypnum plumiforme countryside Japan Oishi 2022
Fe, Al Calymperes afzelli, Acanthorrhynchium papillatum. tropical forest Malaysia Baharuddin, Zuhairi 2021
30 elements Barbula indica urban Vietnam Doan Phan et al. 2018
Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb Fabriona ciliaris, Leskea angustata countryside, urban parks Mexico Macedo-Miranda et al. 2016
N compounds Biaraun sp. urban, oak forest Mexico Díaz-Álvarez et al. 2016
21 elements Orthotrichum lyellii industrial USA Jovan et al. 2021
22 elements Orthotrichum lyellii urban USA Comess et al. 2021
PAHs Orthotrichum lyellii urban USA Jovan et al. 2022
Live transplanted
S, δ34 S Pleurozium schreberi industrial Poland Kosior, et al. 2015
PBDEs, PCBs Pleurozium schreberi industrial Poland Kosior, et al. 2017
7 elements Pleurozium schreberi zinc smelter Poland Kaczmarek et al. 2017
17 elements Sphagnum palustre urban Poland Astel, et al. 2008
survivability Leucobryum glaucum urban, forest Malaysia Yatim, Azman 2021
8 elements Taxiphyllum giraldii, Thuidium sparsifolium traffic Nepal Shakya et al., 2012
18 elements moss still mill Nigeria Olise et al. 2019
Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn Rhacocarpus purpurascens, Sphagnum sp., Thuidium delicatulum urban Equator Benítez et al. 2021
As, Cd, Hg, Pb Callicostella pallida, Versicularia versicularis, Isopterygium tenerum traffic Paraguay Coronel-Teixeira et al. 2022

Examples of application of the moss-bag method in biomonitoring of air pollution

Air pollutant/deposition Moss Environment Country References
Pb Hypnum cupressiforme industrial England Goodman ans Roberts 1971
Cd, Pb, Zn Sphagnum fallax urban Poland Dmuchowski and Bytnerowicz 2009
18 elements Hypnum cupressiforme industrial Italy Tretiach et al. 2011
Cd, Pb Sphagnum fallax industrial Poland Dmuchowski et al. 2001a
Cd, Cr, Pb Sphagnum fallax still mill Poland Dmuchowski et al. 2011b
19 elements Hypnum cupressiforme urban Italy Giordano et al. 2013
Particulate matter Sphagnum papillosum industrial Finland Salo and Mäkinen 2014
PAHs*, 39 elements Hypnum cupressiforme urban Italy Capozzi et al. 2016a
10 elements Pseudoscleropodium purum agricultural, urban, industrial Austria, Italy, Spain Capozzi et al. 2016b
Sb, Cu, Cr Sphagnum girgensohnii, Hypnum cupressiforme urban Serbia Vuković et al. 2016
7 elements Pleurozium ssp, Polytrichum ssp, Rhytidiadelphus ssp. mining Slovakia Demková et al. 2017
Particulate matter, 23 elements Pseudoscleropodium purum agricultural, urban, industrial Austria, Italy, Spain Di Palma et al. 2017
9 elements Sphagnum fallax, Dicranum polysetum urban Poland Świsłowski et al. 2022
134Cs, 137Cs Hypnum cupressiforme, Hypnum plumaeforme Fukushima breakdown Japan Di Palma et al. 2022
12 elements Taxiphyllum taxirameum agricultural, urban, traffic, industrial China Mao et el. 2022
Microplastic Pleurozium schreberi urban, traffic. rural Canada Bertrim and Aherne 2023
PAHs* Hypnum plumaeforme urban Malysia Hanifah and Sani 2023
35 elements Hypnum cupressiforme, Sphagnum girgensohnii urban, rural Southeastern Europe, 10 countries Urošević et al. 2023

Comparing the advantages and disadvantages of biological monitoring (compiled by authors)

Benefits Disadvantages
Plants have a great ability to absorb and store pollutants Plants absorb pollutants from the air and soil, which makes it difficult to interpret the results
Contaminants accumulated in plants or on their surface can be analysed by physical or chemical methods The results of determining the content of pollutants in plants are not as precise as their measurements directly in the air
Plant research enables comprehensive and long-term measurements Short-term fluctuations in the level of contamination distort the results
Plants can be used to identify sources of pollutant emissions, their dispersion and deposition The need to use specific plant taxa
Relatively low cost
Possibility to select a large number of measuring points over a large area Difficulties in finding a suitable taxon in the entire study area
The use of plants enables a real assessment of the state of pollution and threat It is not possible to compare the results with legal environmental pollution standards
Independence from the source of energy in the field. No risk of equipment damage The condition and condition of the indicator plant depends on many factors such as climate change, pathogens, etc.

Changes in (in %) the value of the median of elements contained in European mosses in the years 1990–2015 (100% content in 1995) (based on Frontasyeva et al. 2020)

Element Median changes
Al − 24*
An − 38*
As −13
Cd − 63
Cr − 24
Cu − 30
Fe − 22
Pb − 82
Hg − 2**
Ni − 25
V − 57
Zn − 23
N − 1.5*
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