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The resilience of Rubiaceae to anthropogenic factors: a case study from the Himalayan range of Western Bhutan

Tobgay,

Tobgay,

  • Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla UniversityHat Yai, Thailand
  • Wangbama Central School, Thimphu, Ministry of EducationThimphu, Bhutan
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Tobgay,
, 
Tenzin Jamtsho

Tenzin Jamtsho

  • Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla UniversityHat Yai, Thailand
  • Yangchenphu Higher Secondary School, Ministry of EducationThimphu, Bhutan
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Jamtsho, Tenzin
 e 
Kitichate Sridith

Kitichate Sridith

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla UniversityHat Yai, Thailand
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Sridith, Kitichate
  
31 mar 2021
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Pubblicato online: 31 mar 2021
Pagine: 13 - 20
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2021-0003
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© 2021 Tobgay et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

A map showing the study sites. (A) A map of Bhutan; (B) Map of Dagana, Chukha, and Thimphu districts; (C) Phuntsholing–Thujaydrak study area; (D) Dagachu–Dagala study area
A map showing the study sites. (A) A map of Bhutan; (B) Map of Dagana, Chukha, and Thimphu districts; (C) Phuntsholing–Thujaydrak study area; (D) Dagachu–Dagala study area

Figure 2

The summary of mean annual rainfall, relative humidity (RH), maximum, and minimum temperature of the study area during the period of 2008–2017; (A) Phuntsholing–Thujaydrak area; (B) Dagachu–Dagala area
The summary of mean annual rainfall, relative humidity (RH), maximum, and minimum temperature of the study area during the period of 2008–2017; (A) Phuntsholing–Thujaydrak area; (B) Dagachu–Dagala area

Figure 3

The diversity of trees, shrubs, and herbs in undisturbed forests (UDF), semi-disturbed forests (SDF), and highly disturbed forests (HDF) analyzed using Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity index
The diversity of trees, shrubs, and herbs in undisturbed forests (UDF), semi-disturbed forests (SDF), and highly disturbed forests (HDF) analyzed using Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity index

Figure 4

The species richness and diversity mean and 95% confidence interval across forest types
The species richness and diversity mean and 95% confidence interval across forest types

The species density of the Rubiaceae in three different forest types based on the prevalence of anthropogenic factors (UDF: undisturbed forests, SDF: semi-disturbed forests, HDF: highly disturbed forests, SD: standard deviation)

Species name Density (Mean + SD)
UDF SDF HDF
Trees Ceriscoides campanulata Roxb. 1.3 + 0.5 2.3 + 1.9 2.3 + 1.9
Hymenodictyon flaccidum Wall. 2.0 + 0.8 2.5 + 0.3 0
Ixora undulata Roxb. 0 2.3 + 1.0 1.3 + 0.5
Tarenoidea wallichi Hook.f. 1.3 + 0.5 0 0
Wendlandia coriacea DC. 3.0 + 0.8 3.3 + 1.3 2.3 + 0.9
Wendlandia grandis Cowan. 2.8 + 0.9 2.3 + 1.5 0
Wendlandia heynei Stantapau & Marchant. 4.0 + 0.8 4.5 + 1.3 2.8 + 1.7
Wendlandia puberula DC. 3.0 + 0.8 4.3 + 2.2 2.3 + 1.5
Wendlandia speciosa Cowan. 1.8 + 0.9 2.0 + 0.8 0.5 + 0.6
Wendlandia tinchoria DC. 2.5 + 0.6 3.0 + 0.8 1.5 + 0.6
Wendlandia wallichi Wight & Arnott. 2.3 + 0.9 1.3 + 0.9 0
Shrubs Catunaregam longispina Link. 2.0 + 0.8 1.5 + 0.6 0
Chassalia curvifolia Wall. 9.3 + 1.0 8.3 + 1.2 0
Himalrandia tetrasperma Roxb. 3.5 + 1.0 4.0 + 1.8 2.8 + 0.9
Leptodermis amoena Springate. 1.8 + 0.9 3.0 + 1.4 5.8 + 0.9
Leptodermis kumaonensis Parker. 2.3 + 0.5 3.8 + 1.7 1.8 + 1.0
Leptodermis stapfiana Winkler. 1.3 + 0.5 2.8 + 1.7 0
Luculia grandifolia Ghose. 0.8 + 0.5 1.3 + 0.5 0
Luculia gratissima (Wall.) Sweet. 3.8 + 1.3 1.8 + 0.9 1.8 + 0.9
Morinda angustifolia L. 0 5.8 + 1.3 2.0 + 0.8
Mussaenda frondosa L. 0 2.3 + 0.5 0.5 + 0.6
Mussaenda glabra Vahl. 2.5 + 1.3 3.5 + 1.3 2.3 + 1.3
Mussaenda macrophylla Wall. 0 1.8 + 1.0 3.8 + 1.0
Mussaenda roxburghii Hook.f. 0 4.8 + 1.7 5.3 + 2.8
Mycetia longifolia (Wall.) Kuntze. 7.0 + 1.8 0 0
Neohymenopogon parasiticus Wall. 5.5 + 1.3 4.0 + 1.8 0
Oxyceros fasciculata Roxb. 3.0 + 2.2 1.3 + 0.5 0
Pavetta subcapitata Hook.f. 3.8 + 1.8 5.8 + 1.3 0
Psilanthus bengalensis (Sc.) Leroy. 0 6.8 + 1.7 2.8 + 1.7
Rubiaceae sp. (Pentas) 5.8 + 1.1 4.0 + 1.8 0
Spemadictyon suaveolons Roxb. 0 9.5 + 1.3 9.3 + 1.7
Uncaria scandens (Sm.) Hutchinson. 1.3 + 0.5 1.8 + 1.0 1.0 + 0.8
Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb. 1.8 + 0.9 1.3 + 0.5 1.5 + 0.6
Herbs Argosteamma sarmentosum Wall. 8.3 + 2.6 4.0 + 2.6 0
Argosteamma verticillatum Wall. 9.8 + 2.2 5.8 + 2.8 0
Galium aparine L. 5.8 + 1.0 4.8 + 0.9 5.3 + 2.6
Galium asperuloides Edgeworth. 0 7.3 + 2.6 2.8 + 1.3
Galium craticulatum Mill. 3.0 + 0.8 3.5 + 1.7 3.8 + 0.9
Galium sp. 0 7.5 + 1.3 3.0 + 1.8
Hedyotis auricularia L. 0 3.3 + 1.5 4.3 + 0.9
Hedyotis scandens Roxb. 0 5.3 + 1.7 4.0 + 0.8
Hedyotis verticillata (L.) Lam. 0 5.3 + 2.6 4.0 + 1.4
Neonatis ingrata Lewis. 0 9.0 + 2.2 9.5 + 2.1
Oldenlandia corymbosa L. 0 1.5 + 0.7 3.8 + 0.9
Ophiorrhiza fasciculata Roxb. 10 + 1.8 9.8 + 0.9 0
Ophiorrhiza mungos L. 10 + 0.8 9.8 + 1.7 0
Ophiorrhiza rugosa Wall. 5.3 + 1.5 4.8 + 1.7 0
Paederia foetida L. 3.8 + 1.0 5.8 + 1.7 4.3 + 1.5
Richardia brasillensis Gomes. 0 0 9.5 + 1.9
Rubia cordifolia auct. 2.3 + 1.3 2.8 + 1.0 2.0 + 0.8
Rubia manjith Roxb. 0 2.5 + 1.3 2.8 + 1.7
Rubia sikkimensis Kurz. 1.8 + 0.9 1.8 + 0.9 1.5 + 0.6
Spemacocea latifolia Aublet. 0 5.8 + 2.1 6.0 + 2.6
Spermacoce mauritiana Gideon. 0 5.5 + 3.5 6.3 + 1.3
Lingua:
Inglese
Frequenza di pubblicazione:
4 volte all'anno
Argomenti della rivista:
Scienze biologiche, Ecologia
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