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Spatio-temporal variation of microphytoplankton communities in Obhur Creek, the central Red Sea

Mohsen M. El-Sherbiny
Mohsen M. El-Sherbiny
, 
Mamdouh A. Al-Harbi
Mamdouh A. Al-Harbi
 e 
Anand J. Kumar
Anand J. Kumar
   | 21 mar 2021
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Article Category: Original research paper
Pubblicato online: 21 mar 2021
Pagine: 98 - 114
Ricevuto: 15 ago 2020
Accettato: 22 ott 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oandhs-2021-0010
Parole chiave
© 2021 Mohsen M. El-Sherbiny et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Location of the study sites
Location of the study sites

Figure 2

Monthly variations in: A) average temperature and B) salinity at different studied sites
Monthly variations in: A) average temperature and B) salinity at different studied sites

Figure 3

Chemical and biological parameters obtained from different sites during the study period: A) nitrate, B) nitrite, C) ammonia, D) phosphate, E) silicate and F) chlorophyll a
Chemical and biological parameters obtained from different sites during the study period: A) nitrate, B) nitrite, C) ammonia, D) phosphate, E) silicate and F) chlorophyll a

Figure 4

Variations in densities of total phytoplankton and different groups (A, C, E) along with the percentage contribution of each group to the total abundance (B, D, F) observed at site 1 (A, B), site 2 (C, D) and site 3 (E, F)
Variations in densities of total phytoplankton and different groups (A, C, E) along with the percentage contribution of each group to the total abundance (B, D, F) observed at site 1 (A, B), site 2 (C, D) and site 3 (E, F)

Figure 5

Dendrogram based on the Bray–Curtis similarity index revealing the pattern of phytoplankton abundance and distribution during the study period at three sites: A) site 1, B) site 2 and C) site 3
Dendrogram based on the Bray–Curtis similarity index revealing the pattern of phytoplankton abundance and distribution during the study period at three sites: A) site 1, B) site 2 and C) site 3

Values of Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) obtained for different environmental parameters observed during the study period (S – salinity, T – temperature, NO3− – nitrate, NO2− – nitrite, NH4+ – ammonia, PO43− – phosphate, SiO44− – silicate, Chl a – chlorophyll a and TPD – total phytoplankton abundance)

Parameters S T NO3− NO2− NH4+ PO43− SiO44− Chl a TPD
S 1
T .676** 1
NO3− .666** .396* 1
NO2− .569** 0.232 .831** 1
NH4+ .585** .528** .341* .338* 1
PO43− −.605** −.661** −.378* −0.185 −.526** 1
SiO44− 0.188 −0.227 0.186 0.311 0.111 0.232 1
Chl a −0.036 −0.083 −0.132 −0.163 0.053 −0.133 0.273 1
TPD −0.069 −0.163 −0.138 −0.124 −0.073 0.052 .396* .929** 1

One-Way ANOVA obtained for different environmental parameters observed during the study period

Parameters Between sites Between months
F Sig. F Sig.
Temperature 0.011 0.999 728.13 0.001
Salinity 4.552 0.018 4.336 0.001
Nitrate 3.214 0.053 1.155 0.366
Nitrite 4.531 0.018 0.68 0.743
Ammonia 4.205 0.024 1.591 0.165
Phosphate 0.063 0.939 10.413 0.000
Silicate 18.508 0.000 0.573 0.831
Chlorophyll a 0.585 0.563 1.91 0.090
Total phytoplankton density 0.291 0.75 1.853 0.1

Biodiversity indices obtained for phytoplankton distribution at three sites, where S is the total number of species, J’ is Pielou's evenness index and H’ is the Shannon–Wiener diversity index

Month Site 1 Site 2 Site 3
S J′ H′ S J′ H′ S J′ H′
January 59 0.998 4.07 72 0.998 4.27 32 0.998 3.46
February 29 0.998 3.36 79 0.999 4.37 23 0.999 3.13
March 35 0.999 3.55 40 0.999 3.69 32 0.999 3.46
April 39 0.999 3.66 38 0.999 3.64 19 0.999 2.94
May 63 0.998 4.14 31 0.998 3.43 20 0.998 2.99
June 44 0.998 3.78 30 0.996 3.39 30 0.998 3.39
July 53 0.998 3.96 57 0.998 4.04 27 0.998 3.29
August 44 1.000 3.78 33 0.999 3.49 26 1.000 3.26
September 33 0.999 3.49 36 1.000 3.58 17 0.999 2.83
October 43 0.997 3.75 50 0.999 3.91 38 0.999 3.64
November 54 0.998 3.98 61 0.999 4.11 55 0.999 4.00
December 32 1.000 3.46 29 0.999 3.36 24 0.997 3.17

List of different phytoplankton species observed at the three sites during the study period. [– indicates the absence, + indicates the presence of a given species (< 1 × 103 individuals m−3), ++ indicates moderate cell abundance (10 to 100 × 103 individuals m−3) and +++ indicates high cell abundance (> 900 × 103 individuals m−3)].

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3
BacillariophyceaeCentric diatoms
Bacteriastrum hyalinum Lauder, 1864 − − +
Bellerochea horologicalis Stosch, 1980 − + −
Cerataulina sp. + + −
Cerataulina bicornis (Ehrenberg) Hasle, 1985 + + +
Cerataulina dentate Hasle in Hasle & Syvertsen, 1980 + + +
Cerataulina pelagica (Cleve) Hendey, 1937 − + −
Chaetoceros sp. + + +
Chaetoceros affinis Lauder, 1864 + + +
Chaetoceros coarctatus Lauder, 1864 − + −
Chaetoceros concavicornis Mangin, 1917 + + +
Chaetoceros constrictus* Gran, 1897 + − −
Chaetoceros costatus* Pavillard, 1911 − + −
Chaetoceros criophilus Castracane, 1886 − − +
Chaetoceros curvisetus Cleve, 1889 + + +
Chaetoceros debilis* Cleve, 1894 − − +
Chaetoceros decipiens Cleve, 1873 + + +
Chaetoceros dichaeta Ehrenberg, 1844 − + −
Chaetoceros eibenii* Grunow, 1882 + + +
Chaetoceros lorenzianus Grunow, 1863 + − −
Chaetoceros mitra* (Bailey) Cleve, 1896 + − −
Chaetoceros peruvianus Brightwell, 1856 + + −
Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus Mangin, 1910 − + −
Climacodium frauenfeldianum Grunow, 1868 − + −
Corethron pennatum* (Grunow) Ostenfeld, 1909 − − +
Coscinodiscus sp. + − +
Coscinodiscus granii Gough, 1905 + + −
Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg, 1844 + + −
Coscinodiscus radiates Ehrenberg, 1840 + + +
Dactyliosolen sp. − + −
Dactyliosolen fragilissimus (Bergon) Hasle, 1996 + + +
Dactyliosolen phuketensis* (B.G.Sundström) G.R.Hasle, 1996 + + +
Detonula pumila (Castracane) Gran, 1900 + + +
Ditylum brightwellii (T.West) Grunow, 1885 − + −
Ethmodiscus rex* (Wallich in Rattray) Hendey in Wiseman & Hendey, 1953 + + −
Eucampia zodiacus Ehrenberg, 1839 + + −
Guinardia sp. + − −
Guinardia cylindrus (Cleve) Hasle, 1996 + + +
Guinardia delicatula (Cleve) Hasle, 1997 + + +
Guinardia flaccida (Castracane) H.Peragallo, 1892 + + +
Guinardia striata (Stolterfoth) Hasle, 1996 + + +
Helicotheca tamesis (Shrubsole) M.Ricard, 1987 − + −
Hemiaulus hauckii Grunow ex Van Heurck, 1882 + + +
Hemiaulus membranaceus Cleve + + +
Hemiaulus sinensis Greville, 1865 + + +
Hemidiscus cuneiformis Wallich, 1860 + − +
Lauderia annulata Cleve, 1873 + + +
Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve, 1889 + + +
Leptocylindrus minimus* Gran, 1915 + + +
Lithodesmium undulatum Ehrenberg, 1839 + + +
Odontella aurita (Lyngbye) C.Agardh, 1832 − + −
Paralia sulcate (Ehrenberg) Cleve, 1873 + + −
Planktoniella sol (C.G.Wallich) Schütt, 1892 + + −
Proboscia alata (Brightwell) Sundström, 1986 + ++ +
Pseudoguinardia recta* von Stosch, 1986 + + +
Pseudosolenia calcar-avis (Schultze) B.G.Sundström, 1986 + + +
Rhizosolenia sp. − − +
Rhizosolenia acicularis B.G.Sundström, 1986 − + +
Rhizosolenia acuminate (H.Peragallo) H.Peragallo, 1907 − + −
Rhizosolenia bergonii H.Peragallo, 1892 + − −
Rhizosolenia castracanei* H.Peragallo, 1888 − − +
Rhizosolenia clevei* Ostenfeld, 1902 + + +
Rhizosolenia crassa* Schimper, 1905 + − −
Rhizosolenia curvata* Zacharias, 1905 + + +
Rhizosolenia formosa* H.Peragallo, 1888 + + −
Rhizosolenia hebetate Bailey, 1856 + + +
Rhizosolenia imbricate Brightwell, 1858 + + +
Rhizosolenia ostenfeldii B.G.Sundström, 1986 − + −
Rhizosolenia polydactyla* Castracane, 1886 + + −
Rhizosolenia setigera Brightwell, 1858 + + +
Rhizosolenia striata* Greville, 1864 − + −
Rhizosolenia styliformis T.Brightwell, 1858 + + +
Rhizosolenia temperei H.Peragallo, 1888 − + −
Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, 1873 + + +
Thalassiosira sp. + + −
Thalassiosira subtilis (Ostenfeld) Gran, 1900 + + −
Triceratium dubium Brightwell, 1859 + − −
Pennate diatoms
Entomoneis alata (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, 1845 + + +
Amphiprora gigantean Grunow, 1860 + + +
Amphora sp. + + −
Asterionellopsis glacialis (Castracane) Round, 1990 + ++ +
Climacosphenia moniligera Ehrenberg, 1843 + ++ +
Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann & J.C.Lewin, 1964 + ++ +
Diploneis smithii (Brébisson) Cleve, 1894 + − −
Fragilaria sp. − + +
Fragilaria striatula Lyngbye, 1819 + + −
Gyrosigma fasciola (Ehrenberg) J.W.Griffith & Henfrey, 1856 + + +
Haslea trompii (Cleve) Simonsen, 1974 + + +
Haslea wawrikae* (Hustedt) Simonsen, 1974 − + −
Licmophora abbreviate C.Agardh, 1831 + + +
Licmophora flabellata (Grev.)C.Agardh, 1831 + + −
Licmophora gracilis (Ehrenberg) Grunow, 1867 + + −
Lioloma elongatum (Grunow) Hasle, 1997 − + −
Meuniera membranacea (Cleve) P.C.Silva, 1996 + + +
Navicula sp. + + −
Navicula directa (W.Smith) Ralfs, 1861 + ++ +
Navicula distans (W.Smith) Ralfs, 1861 − + −
Navicula transitans Cleve, 1883 + + +
Nitzschia sp. + + +
Nitzschia acicularis* (Kützing) W.Smith, 1853 + − −
Nitzschia longissimi (Brébisson) Ralfs, 1861 + + +
Petrodictyon gemma (Ehrenberg) D.G.Mann, 1990 − − −
Pleurosigma sp. + − −
Pleurosigma directum Grunow, 1880 + + −
Pleurosigma elongatum W.Smith, 1852 + + +
Pleurosigma formosum W.Smith, 1852 + + −
Pleurosigma normanii Ralfs, 1861 − − +
Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissimaʘ (Cleve) Heiden, 1928 +++ +++ +
Pseudo-nitzschia seriataʘ (Cleve) H.Peragallo, 1899 + + +
Striatella unipunctata (Lyngbye) C.Agardh, 1832 − + −
Synedra sp. + + −
Synedra biceps* W.Smith, 1853 + − −
Synedropsis hyperborea* (Grunow) G.R.Hasle, L.K.Medlin & E.E.Syvertsen, 1994 + − −
Thalassionema bacillare (Heiden) Kolbe, 1955 + + −
Thalassionema frauenfeldii (Grunow) Tempère & Peragallo, 1910 + + −
Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky, 1902 − − +
Thalassiothrix longissimi Cleve & Grunow, 1880 + + +
Toxarium undulatum Bailey, 1854 + + −
Dinophyceae
Alexandrium sp. + + +
Alexandrium affine (H.Inoue & Y.Fukuyo) Balech, 1995 − + +
Alexandrium fundyenseʘ Balech, 1985 − + −
Alexandrium minutumʘ Halim, 1960 + + +
Alexandrium tamarenseʘ (Lebour, 1925) Balech, 1995 + + +
Amphidinium sphenoides WüIff, 1916 − + −
Amphisolenia bidentate Schröder, 1900 − + −
Ceratocorys armata (Schütt) Kofoid, 1910 + + −
Ceratocorys horrida Stein, 1883 + + +
Corythodinium tesselatum (Stein) Loeblich Jr. & Loeblich III, 1966 + − +
Dinophysis sp. + + +
Dinophysis acuminataʘClaparède & Lachmann, 1859 + − −
Dinophysis acutaʘEhrenberg, 1839 + − −
Dinophysis caudataʘ Saville-Kent, 1881 + ++ ++
Dinophysis dens Pavillard, 1915 + − −
Dinophysis hastate Stein, 1883 + + +
Dinophysis milesʘ Cleve, 1900 + + +
Dinophysis odiosa (Pavillard) Tai & Skogsberg, 1934 + + +
Dinophysis triposʘ Gourret, 1883 + ++ +
Dinophysis uracantha Stein, 1883 + + −
Gonyaulax sp. + − +
Gonyaulax polygramma Stein, 1883 + + +
Gonyaulax scrippsae Kofoid, 1911 + − −
Gonyaulax spiniferaʘ (Claparède & Lachmann) Diesing, 1866 + + +
Gonyaulax verior Sournia, 1973 + + +
Gymnodinium sp. − + −
Heterocapsa triquetra (Ehrenberg) Stein, 1883 − − +
Ornithocercus heteroporus* Kofoid, 1907 + − −
Ornithocercus magnificus Stein, 1883 + − −
Ornithocercus quadratus Schütt, 1900 + − −
Ornithocercus splendidus Schütt, 1895 + + +
Ornithocercus steinii Schütt, 1900 + − −
Ornithocercus thumii* (Schmidt) Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928 + + +
Oxytoxum gracile Schiller, 1937 + + −
Phalacroma sp. + − −
Phalacroma cuneus F.Schütt, 1895 + + −
Phalacroma doryphorum Stein, 1883 + + +
Phalacroma mitraʘ F.Schütt, 1895 + − −
Phalacroma oxytoxoides* (Kofoid) F.Gomez, P.Lopez-Garcia & D.Moreira, 2011 − − +
Phalacroma rapa Jorgensen, 1923 + − −
Phalacroma rotundatumʘ (Claparéde & Lachmann) Kofoid & Michener, 1911 + + +
Podolampas palmipes Stein, 1883 − + −
Podolampas spinifera Okamura, 1912 − + −
Prorocentrum sp. + − −
Prorocentrum cordatumʘ (Ostenfeld) J.D.Dodge, 1975 + + +
Prorocentrum gracile Schütt, 1895 + + +
Prorocentrum limaʘ (Ehrenberg) F.Stein, 1878 + + −
Prorocentrum micansʘ Ehrenberg, 1834 + + +
Prorocentrum triestinum J.Schiller, 1918 + + +
Protoceratium reticulatum (Claparède & Lachmann) Bütschli, 1885 − + −
Protoperidinium sp. + + +
Protoperidinium bipes* (Paulsen, 1904) Balech, 1974 + + +
Protoperidinium claudicans (Paulsen, 1907) Balech, 1974 + + +
Protoperidinium conicum (Gran, 1900) Balech, 1974 † + ++ ++
Protoperidinium crassipes (Kofoid, 1907) Balech, 1974 + + +
Protoperidinium curtipes (Jørgensen, 1912) Balech, 1974 − − +
Protoperidinium depressum (Bailey, 1854) Balech, 1974 − + +
Protoperidinium divergens (Ehrenberg, 1840) Balech, 1974 + ++ ++
Protoperidinium elegans (Cleve, 1900) Balech, 1974 + + +
Protoperidinium grande (Kofoid, 1907) Balech, 1974 + − +
Protoperidinium leonis (Pavillard, 1916) Balech, 1974 − + +
Protoperidinium oblongum (Aurivillius) Parke & Dodge, 1976 + − −
Protoperidinium oceanicum (VanHöffen, 1897) Balech, 1974 + + +
Protoperidinium ovatum Pouchet, 1883 + + +
Protoperidinium ovum (Schiller, 1911) Balech, 1974 + + ++
Protoperidinium pallidum (Ostenfeld, 1899) Balech, 1973 + + ++
Protoperidinium pellucidum Bergh, 1881 + + +
Protoperidinium pentagonum (Gran, 1902) Balech, 1974 + + +
Protoperidinium steinii (Jørgensen, 1899) Balech, 1974 + + ++
Pyrocystis lunula (Schütt) Schütt, 1896 + − −
Pyrophacus steinii (Schiller) Wall & Dale, 1971 − + +
Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Loeblich III, 1976 + − +
Tripos arietinus (Cleve) F.Gómez, 2013 − + −
Tripos brevis (Ostenfeld & Johannes Schmidt) F.Gómez 2013 + + +
Tripos candelabrus (Ehrenberg) F.Gómez, 2013 + + −
Tripos carriensis (Gourret) F.Gómez, 2013 + + +
Tripos contortus (Gourret) F.Gómez, 2013 + + +
Tripos declinatus (G.Karsten) F.Gómez, 2013 + + +
Tripos deflexus (Kofoid) F.Gómez, 2014 + + −
Tripos furca (Ehrenberg) F.Gómez, 2013 + ++ ++
Tripos fusus (Ehrenberg) F.Gómez 2013 + ++ ++
Tripos gibberus (Gourret) F.Gómez 2013 + + −
Tripos horridus (Cleve) F.Gómez 2013 + ++ +
Tripos incisus (Karsten) F.Gómez, 2013 − + +
Tripos inflatus (Kofoid) F.Gómez 2013 + + +
Tripos kofoidii (Jörgenen) F.Gómez, 2013 − + −
Tripos lineatus (Ehrenberg) F.Gómez, 2013 + ++ +
Tripos longipes (J.W.Bailey) F.Gómez, 2013 + + −
Tripos lunula (Schimper ex Karsten) F.Gómez, 2013 + + +
Tripos macroceros (Ehrenberg) F.Gómez, 2013 + + +
Tripos pentagonus (Gourret) F.Gómez, 2013 + + −
Tripos platycornis (Daday) F.Gómez 2013 + − −
Tripos praelongus (Lemmermann) Gómez, 2013 − − +
Tripos pulchellus (Schröder) F.Gómez, 2013 + + +
Tripos ranipes (Cleve) F.Gómez, 2013 + + −
Tripos symmetricus (Pavillard) F.Gómez 2013 + + +
Tripos teres (Kofoid) F.Gómez 2013 + ++ +
Tripos trichoceros (Ehrenberg) Gómez 2013 + + +
Tripos vultur (Cleve) F.Gómez, 2013 + + +
Cyanophyceae
Anabaena sp. − + −
Nostoc sp. − + −
Richelia intracellularis J.Schmidt, 1901 + + +
Trichodesmium sp. ++ ++ +
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