Accesso libero

Walking the line of the double bind: A cross-country comparison on women and men politicians’ self-presentations on social media

Melanie Magin

Melanie Magin

Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Sociology and Political ScienceNorway
Profilo Orcid
Cerca questo autore su
Sciendo|Google Scholar
Magin, Melanie
, 
Jörg Haßler

Jörg Haßler

Lmu Munich, Department of Media and Communication (ifkw)Germany
Profilo Orcid
Cerca questo autore su
Sciendo|Google Scholar
Haßler, Jörg
, 
Anders Olof Larsson

Anders Olof Larsson

Kristiania University College, Department of CommunicationNorway
Profilo Orcid
Cerca questo autore su
Sciendo|Google Scholar
Larsson, Anders Olof
 e 
Eli Skogerbø

Eli Skogerbø

University of Oslo, Department of Media and CommunicationNorway
Profilo Orcid
Cerca questo autore su
Sciendo|Google Scholar
Skogerbø, Eli
  
02 set 2024
Walking the line of the double bind: A cross-country comparison on women and men politicians’ self-presentations on social media's Cover Image
INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
Articolo precedente
Articolo Successivo
Cita
Scarica la copertina
Pubblicato online: 02 set 2024
Pagine: 157 - 184
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/njms-2024-0008
Parole chiave
© 2024 Melanie Magin et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

FIGURE 1

Referrals to professional competence (per cent)
Referrals to professional competence (per cent)

FIGURE 2

Referral to home and family (per cent)
Referral to home and family (per cent)

FIGURE 3

Referral to personal preferences (per cent)
Referral to personal preferences (per cent)

FIGURE 4

Display of image type “private background story” (per cent)
Display of image type “private background story” (per cent)

FIGURE 5

Gender issue ownership (per cent)Comments: The size of the squares and triangles indicates the number of posts, with the smallest representing approx. 30, mid-sized representing approx. 60, and the largest representing approx. 90. Reading example: The “male” issue economy/finance (to be found in the two lower panels) was addressed more often by men (represented by squares) than by women (represented by triangles) politicians on both Facebook (represented by black squares/triangles) and Instagram (represented by orange squares/triangles). This applies to both Germany (left panel) and Norway (right panel).
Gender issue ownership (per cent)Comments: The size of the squares and triangles indicates the number of posts, with the smallest representing approx. 30, mid-sized representing approx. 60, and the largest representing approx. 90. Reading example: The “male” issue economy/finance (to be found in the two lower panels) was addressed more often by men (represented by squares) than by women (represented by triangles) politicians on both Facebook (represented by black squares/triangles) and Instagram (represented by orange squares/triangles). This applies to both Germany (left panel) and Norway (right panel).

Overview of the sample (number of coded posts)

Candidates Party Ideologya Facebook (n) Instagram (n) Both platforms(n)
Germany: female candidates (n= 3) Alice Weidel (AfD) Right-wing populist 54 10 64
Annalena Baerbock (Greens) Green 42 47 89
Janine Wissler (Die Linke) Socialist 51 48 99
Total – 147 105 252
Germany: male candidates (n= 6) Alexander Dobrindt (CSU) Conservative 37 n.a.b 37
Armin Laschet (CDU) Conservative 76 54 130
Christian Lindner (FDP) Liberal 39 50 89
Dietmar Bartsch (Die Linke) Socialist 67 n.a.b 67
Olaf Scholz (SPD) Social democratic 75 68 143
Tino Chrupalla (AfD) Right-wing populist 62 28 90
Total – 356 200 556
Germany: all candidates (n= 9) – 503 305 808
Norway: female candidates (n= 4) Erna Solberg (H) Conservative-liberal 37 18 76
Guri Melby (V) Liberal 45 15 98
Sylvi Listhaug (FrP) Right-wing (populist) 47 43 90
Une Bastholm (MDG) Green 20 17 47
Total – 149 93 311
Norway: male candidates (n= 5) Audun Lysbakken (SV) Socialist 60 99 291
Bjørnar Moxnes (R) Socialist 108 50 200
Jonas Gahr Støre (AP) Social democratic 35 7 46
Kjell Ingolf Ropstad (KrF) Christian 13 7 20
Trygve Slagsvold Vedum (SP) Rural 19 – 19
Total – 235 163 576
Norway: all candidates (n= 9) – 384 256 887
Germany + Norway: all female candidates (n= 7) 296 198 494
Germany + Norway: all male candidates (n= 11) 591 363 954
Germany + Norway: all candidates (n= 18) 887 561 1,448

Indicators of gender equality in Germany and Norway

Germany Norway
General: structures Percentage of Global Gender Gap closed (2023)a 81.5% 87.9%
Statutory parental leave/benefits received by women (2022)b 74.8% 56.9%
General: gender norms

Gender social norms index: People with zero biases among seven gender-related indicators

(Germany: 2017–2022; Norway: 2005–2009)c

 63% 59%
Gender norm: Agreement/disagreement with statement “Men should have more right to job than women when jobs are scarce.” (2016)d

Agree: 7%

Neither agree nor disagree: 16%

Disagree: 77%

Agree: 2%

Neither agree nor disagree: 3%

Disagree: 95%
Politics Global Gender Gap Index - subdimension Political Empowerment (2023)a .634 .765
Women heads of government (until 2021)e Angela Merkel (2005–2021)

Gro Harlem Brundtland (1981; 1986–1989; 1990–1996)

Erna Solberg (2013–2021)
Women cabinet ministers (2023)f 50% 50%
Women in parliament (2023)f 35.1% 46.2%
Frontrunners/party leaders in the 2021 national election 4 out of 5 (80%) 3 out of 9 (34%)
Economy Gender pay gap (difference in gross hourly earnings between women and men) (2022)g 17.7% 14.4%
Women/men in part-time jobs (2023)h

Women: 48.3%

Men: 11.4%

Women: 32.9%

Men: 15.6%
Women employed in senior and middle management (2022)i 27% 32%

Use of Facebook and Instagram in Germany and Norway by gender and age (per cent)

Germany Norway
Facebook Instagram Facebook Instagram
Gender Female 46 32 81 58
Male 42 27 69 37
Age 18–24 30 67 69 66
25–34 50 51 70 57
35–44 49 34 78 54
45–54 42 23 79 48
55+ 44 15 77 35
Total 44 29 75 48

Category descriptions and reliability

Category name Description Examples BP kappa (Germany) Holsti (Germany) BP kappa (Norway) Holsti (Norway)
personal_procomp Professional competence: Here, we code if the text in the post includes referrals to the candidate’s career as an indication of his/her performance and competence. description of political career; official positions of politicians; political achievements; education. .784 .894 .897 .949
personal_home Home and family: Here, we code if the text in the post deals with the candidate’s personal relationships or life at home. mentions of the parental or marital role, children, spouse, parents; relaxing or cooking dinner at home or at a holiday home; walking a dog. NA 1.00 .949 .974
personal_pref Personal preferences: The text discloses a candidate’s personal inclinations regarding cultural and other phenomena such as literature, television, sports or by portraying the politician as a ‘passionate music lover’. referrals to recreational activities (e.g., skiing), sporting events, cultural events, the weather, nature, birthdays or holidays, food preferences (e.g., being a vegetarian). .968 .986 .889 .944
image190 Private background story: The image/video shows politicians in a private context (e.g., with their partner or children), discusses their interests and hobbies or depicts their childhood/development with so-called “throwback” images. The image/video is about the person in the private context or private things of the person. Coffee cup on a table .920 .964 .893 .946
topic310 Economy and finance the European crisis, austerity measures, trade agreements, protectionism, customs duties, taxes, tax system, national debt, budget, budgetary policy, agriculture and forestry, enterprise policy, consumer protection .752 .887 .810 .905
topic321 Health health insurance, lack of personnel in the care sector, pandemic .960 .981 .829 .914
topic325 Policy for families and children childcare, youth policy, policies such as child-care allowance, parental allowance, protection against dismissal for expectant mothers, child-care places, tax incentives for parents .984 .992 .943 .971
topic320 Labour and social issues pensions, rents, wages, working hours, labour market, skilled workers, social policy, pension policy, welfare state .800 .906 .867 .933
topic331 Criminality/crime rate in general other internal security issues such as crime, police operations, video surveillance, etc. are addressed. NOT: crimes of asylum seekers, refugees, or other immigrants. These should be coded under topic340 .896 .953 .981 .990
topic332 Political radicalism/religious fanaticism policy measures against right/left-wing extremism, Islamism, National Socialism .888 .948 .990 .995
topic333 Corruption policy measures against corruption, corruption problem in general *accusations of corruption against a public authority of the state should be classified into “type of attack” .968 .985 NA 1.00
topic330 Domestic policy public safety and order, internal security, legal policy .808 .908 .981 .990
topic361 Environmental policy climate change, safety of endangered species, policy to save forests, animal rights .832 .920 .800 .900
topic362 Energy policy energy system transformation, electricity prices .936 .969 .962 9.81
topic371 Education and research policy curriculum, school system, job training, universities, financial support for students, early childhood education, graduate and professional education, school size, class size, school/university choice, school/university privatisation, tracking, teacher selection, teacher pay, teaching methods, curricular content, graduation requirements, school/university/research infrastructure, funding, and the values that schools and universities are expected to uphold and model .912 .959 .905 .952
topic372 Sport policy politics related to sport and leisure, state support for young athletes, state training programs, state-sponsored building of sports facilities, corona-related measures in sports stadiums .992 .997 .990 .995
topic370 Cultural policy regulations for cultural events in times of the Covid-pandemic; funding of theatres; public funding of movies .952 .979 .981 .990
topic380 Defence policy national security, military, external security, policy of peace, policy of détente .936 .971 .990 .995
topic410 War and military conflicts between countries UN peacekeeping, operations of the national army abroad Not coded as separate topic Not coded as separate topic 1.00 1.00
topic400

Foreign policy, international relations

The post addresses foreign policy issues related or not related to the country under investigation.

 relations between individual EU member states, relations with other states, relations with international organisations (e.g., UN, NATO), development policy, arms trades, sanctions, etc. .928 .936 .962 .981
Lingua:
Inglese
Frequenza di pubblicazione:
1 volte all'anno
Argomenti della rivista:
Scienze sociali, Scienza della comunicazione, Comunicazione di massa, Comunicazione pubblica e politica, Comunicazione visuale
Feed RSS della rivista