A Review of the State-of-the-Art Optimization Algorithms for Dimensional Stone Cutting

In the dimension stone quarrying industry, the presence of fractures and discontinuities within in-situ blocks presents significant challenges, leading to substantial waste production. As a result, the economic viability of ornamental stone quarries relies on the implementation of optimization algorithms to determine ideal cutting directions and block dimensions. These approaches seek to minimize waste generation while maximizing the extraction of non-fractured commercial-sized blocks. This review examines cutting-edge optimization algorithms for dimensional stone cutting through a systematic literature review (SLR) using the PRISMA methodology. The study identified 37 articles from 20 nations, including Italy, Iran, China, Canada, Germany, Croatia, Vietnam, Portugal, Australia, Spain, Austria, USA, Poland, Pakistan, Egypt, Russia, Turkey, Sweden, Japan, and Slovenia, which discussed various optimization algorithms used in the dimensional stone quarry industry. The analysed articles cover a wide range of tools and methods, from ground penetrating radar (GPR) and scanline surveys to photogrammetry and advanced modelling techniques such as 3DEC and Discrete Fracture Networks. Qualitative analysis was conducted using four major databases: Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Springer Nature Link. The findings indicate that all identified optimization algorithms can be categorized into two main groups: those focused on fracture and discontinuity detection and modelling, and those centred on block geometry modelling. In this SLR, GPR technology stands out as a key tool, widely used for its non-destructive nature and effectiveness in identifying fractures and discontinuities within quarry locations. In addition to GPR, stochastic modelling techniques such as discrete fracture networks have also shown effectiveness in simulating fracture networks. Algorithms for block geometry modelling aim to determine the shape, size, and arrangement of quarry blocks. Various algorithms for analyzing block geometry, such as SlabCutOpt, 3D Block Expert, BlockCutOpt, and RANSAC, are commonly combined with fracture modelling tools and algorithms such as DFN and GPR fracture data to improve optimization. This integration is essential for the effective extraction and processing of ornamental stones. The ability to view block boundaries in three dimensions significantly improves decision-making processes, enhances ornamental stone quarry operations, and reduces waste. This SLR offers a comparative framework by examining these different algorithms, allowing for a better understanding of their advantages, constraints, and suitability in diverse ornamental stone-quarrying environments.