Detection of infectious agents in lungs of slaughtered pigs in association with cranioventral pulmonary consolidation

1. Assunção P., De la Fe C., Kokotovic B., González O., Poveda J.B.: The occurrence of mycoplasmas in the lungs of swine in Gran Canaria (Spain). Vet Res Commun 2005, 29, 453–462, doi: 10.1007/s11259-005-1866-3. Assunção P. De la Fe C. Kokotovic B. González O. Poveda J.B. : The occurrence of mycoplasmas in the lungs of swine in Gran Canaria (Spain) . Vet Res Commun 2005 , 29 , 453 – 462 , 10.1007/s11259-005-1866-3 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

2. Balestrin E., Wolf J.M., Wolf L.M., Fonseca A.S.K., Ikuta N., Siqueira F.M., Lunge V.R.: Molecular detection of respiratory coinfections in pig herds with enzootic pneumonia: a survey in Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022, 34, 310–313, doi: 10.1177/10406387211069552. Balestrin E. Wolf J.M. Wolf L.M. Fonseca A.S.K. Ikuta N. Siqueira F.M. Lunge V.R. : Molecular detection of respiratory coinfections in pig herds with enzootic pneumonia: a survey in Brazil . J Vet Diagn Invest 2022 , 34 , 310 – 313 , 10.1177/10406387211069552 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

3. D’Annunzio G., Ostanello F., Muscatello L.V., Orioles M., Jacumin N., Tommasini N., Leotti G., Luppi A., Mandrioli L., Sarli G.: Porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus alone or associated are frequent intralesional detected viruses in porcine respiratory disease complex cases in Northern Italy. Front Vet Sci 2023, 10, 1234779, doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1234779. D’Annunzio G. Ostanello F. Muscatello L.V. Orioles M. Jacumin N. Tommasini N. Leotti G. Luppi A. Mandrioli L. Sarli G. : Porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus alone or associated are frequent intralesional detected viruses in porcine respiratory disease complex cases in Northern Italy . Front Vet Sci 2023 , 10 , 1234779 , 10.3389/fvets.2023.1234779 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

4. Eze J.I., Correia-Gomes C., Borobia-Belsué J., Tucker A.W., Sparrow D., Strachan D.W., Gunn G.J.: Comparison of Respiratory Disease Prevalence among Voluntary Monitoring Systems for Pig Health and Welfare in the UK. PLoS One 2015, 10, e0128137, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128137. Eze J.I. Correia-Gomes C. Borobia-Belsué J. Tucker A.W. Sparrow D. Strachan D.W. Gunn G.J. : Comparison of Respiratory Disease Prevalence among Voluntary Monitoring Systems for Pig Health and Welfare in the UK . PLoS One 2015 , 10 , e0128137 , 10.1371/journal.pone.0128137 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

5. Fablet C., Marois C., Dorenlor V., Eono F., Eveno E., Jolly J.P., Le Devendec L., Kobisch M., Madec F., Rose N.: Bacterial pathogens associated with lung lesions in slaughter pigs from 125 herds. Res Vet Sci 2012, 93, 627–630, doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.11.002. Fablet C. Marois C. Dorenlor V. Eono F. Eveno E. Jolly J.P. Le Devendec L. Kobisch M. Madec F. Rose N. : Bacterial pathogens associated with lung lesions in slaughter pigs from 125 herds . Res Vet Sci 2012 , 93 , 627 – 630 , 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.11.002 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

6. Ferreira M.M., Mechler-Dreibi M.L., Sonalio K., Almeida H.M.S., Ferraz M.E.S., Jacintho A.P.P., Maes D., de Oliveira L.G.: Co-infections by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma flocculare in macroscopic lesions of lung consolidation of pigs at slaughter. Vet Microbiol 2021, 258, 109123, doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109123. Ferreira M.M. Mechler-Dreibi M.L. Sonalio K. Almeida H.M.S. Ferraz M.E.S. Jacintho A.P.P. Maes D. de Oliveira L.G. : Co-infections by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma flocculare in macroscopic lesions of lung consolidation of pigs at slaughter . Vet Microbiol 2021 , 258 , 109123 , 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109123 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

7. Fourour S., Fablet C., Tocqueville V., Dorenlor V., Eono F., Eveno E., Kempf I., Marois-Créhan C.: A new multiplex real-time TaqMan® PCR for quantification of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis and M. flocculare: exploratory epidemiological investigations to research mycoplasmal association in enzootic pneumonia-like lesions in slaughtered pigs. J Appl Microbiol 2018, 125, 345–355, doi: 10.1111/jam.13770. Fourour S. Fablet C. Tocqueville V. Dorenlor V. Eono F. Eveno E. Kempf I. Marois-Créhan C. : A new multiplex real-time TaqMan® PCR for quantification of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis and M. flocculare: exploratory epidemiological investigations to research mycoplasmal association in enzootic pneumonia-like lesions in slaughtered pigs . J Appl Microbiol 2018 , 125 , 345 – 355 , 10.1111/jam.13770 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

8. Franzo G., Legnardi M., Centelleghe C., Tucciarone C.M., Cecchinato M., Cortey M., Segalés J., Drigo M.: Development and validation of direct PCR and quantitative PCR assays for the rapid, sensitive, and economical detection of porcine circovirus 3. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018, 30, 538–544, doi: 10.1177/1040638718770495. Franzo G. Legnardi M. Centelleghe C. Tucciarone C.M. Cecchinato M. Cortey M. Segalés J. Drigo M. : Development and validation of direct PCR and quantitative PCR assays for the rapid, sensitive, and economical detection of porcine circovirus 3 . J Vet Diagn Invest 2018 , 30 , 538 – 544 , 10.1177/1040638718770495 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

9. Galdeano J.V.B., Baraldi T.G., Ferraz M.E.S., de Souza Almeida H.M., Mechler-Dreibi M.L., Costa W.M.T., Montassier H.J., Mathias L.A., de Oliveira L.G.: Cross-sectional study of seropositivity, lung lesions and associated risk factors of the main pathogens of Porcine Respiratory Diseases Complex (PRDC) in Goiás, Brazil. Porcine Health Manag 2019, 5, 23, doi: 10.1186/s40813-019-0130-0. Galdeano J.V.B. Baraldi T.G. Ferraz M.E.S. de Souza Almeida H.M. Mechler-Dreibi M.L. Costa W.M.T. Montassier H.J. Mathias L.A. de Oliveira L.G. : Cross-sectional study of seropositivity, lung lesions and associated risk factors of the main pathogens of Porcine Respiratory Diseases Complex (PRDC) in Goiás, Brazil . Porcine Health Manag 2019 , 5 , 23 , 10.1186/s40813-019-0130-0 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

10. Garcia-Morante B., Segalés J., Fraile L., Pérez de Rozas A., Maiti H., Coll T., Sibila M.: Assessment of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-induced pneumonia using different lung lesion scoring systems: a comparative review. J Comp Pathol 2016, 154, 125–134, doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.11.003. Garcia-Morante B. Segalés J. Fraile L. Pérez de Rozas A. Maiti H. Coll T. Sibila M. : Assessment of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-induced pneumonia using different lung lesion scoring systems: a comparative review . J Comp Pathol 2016 , 154 , 125 – 134 , 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.11.003 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

11. Hansen M.S., Pors S.E., Jensen H.E., Bille-Hansen V., Bisgaard M., Flachs E.M., Nielsen O.L.: An investigation of the pathology and pathogens associated with porcine respiratory disease complex in Denmark. J Comp Pathol 2010, 143, 120–131, doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.01.012. Hansen M.S. Pors S.E. Jensen H.E. Bille-Hansen V. Bisgaard M. Flachs E.M. Nielsen O.L. : An investigation of the pathology and pathogens associated with porcine respiratory disease complex in Denmark . J Comp Pathol 2010 , 143 , 120 – 131 , 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.01.012 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

12. Huang T., Zhang M., Tong X., Chen J., Yan G., Fang S., Guo Y., Yang B., Xiao S., Chen C., Huang L., Ai H.: Microbial communities in swine lungs and their association with lung lesions. Microb Biotechnol 2019, 12, 289–304, doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.13353. Huang T. Zhang M. Tong X. Chen J. Yan G. Fang S. Guo Y. Yang B. Xiao S. Chen C. Huang L. Ai H. : Microbial communities in swine lungs and their association with lung lesions . Microb Biotechnol 2019 , 12 , 289 – 304 , 10.1111/1751-7915.13353 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

13. Ishida S., Tien le H.T., Osawa R., Tohya M., Nomoto R., Kawamura Y., Takahashi T., Kikuchi N., Kikuchi K., Sekizaki T.: Development of an appropriate PCR system for the reclassification of Streptococcus suis. J Microbiol Methods 2014, 107, 66–70, doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.09.003. Ishida S. Tien le H.T. Osawa R. Tohya M. Nomoto R. Kawamura Y. Takahashi T. Kikuchi N. Kikuchi K. Sekizaki T. : Development of an appropriate PCR system for the reclassification of Streptococcus suis . J Microbiol Methods 2014 , 107 , 66 – 70 , 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.09.003 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

14. Kedkovid R., Woonwong Y., Arunorat J., Sirisereewan C., Sangpratum N., Lumyai M., Kesdangsakonwut S., Teankum K., Jittimanee S., Thanawongnuwech R.: Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) infection in grower pigs from a Thai farm suffering from porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Vet Microbiol 2018, 215, 71–76, doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.004. Kedkovid R. Woonwong Y. Arunorat J. Sirisereewan C. Sangpratum N. Lumyai M. Kesdangsakonwut S. Teankum K. Jittimanee S. Thanawongnuwech R. : Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) infection in grower pigs from a Thai farm suffering from porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) . Vet Microbiol 2018 , 215 , 71 – 76 , 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.004 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

15. Kuberka Z., Mee J.F., Walaszek-Kayaoglu A., Klimowicz-Bodys M.D., Dors A., Rząsa A.: Relationships between pig farm management and facilities and lung lesions’ scores and between lung lesions scores and carcass characteristics. BMC Vet Res 2024, 20, 124, doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-03968-2. Kuberka Z. Mee J.F. Walaszek-Kayaoglu A. Klimowicz-Bodys M.D. Dors A. Rząsa A. : Relationships between pig farm management and facilities and lung lesions’ scores and between lung lesions scores and carcass characteristics . BMC Vet Res 2024 , 20 , 124 , 10.1186/s12917-024-03968-2 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

16. Lee H.K., Lee C.K., Loh T.P., Tang J.W., Chiu L., Tambyah P.A., Sethi S.K., Koay E.S.: Diagnostic testing for pandemic influenza in Singapore: a novel dual-gene quantitative real-time RT-PCR for the detection of influenza A/H1N1/2009. J Mol Diagn 2010, 12, 636–643, doi: 10.2353/jmoldx.2010.100010. Lee H.K. Lee C.K. Loh T.P. Tang J.W. Chiu L. Tambyah P.A. Sethi S.K. Koay E.S. : Diagnostic testing for pandemic influenza in Singapore: a novel dual-gene quantitative real-time RT-PCR for the detection of influenza A/H1N1/2009 . J Mol Diagn 2010 , 12 , 636 – 643 , 10.2353/jmoldx.2010.100010 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

17. Leneveu P., Robert N., Keïta A., Pagot E., Pommier P., Tessier P.: Lung lesions in pigs at slaughter: a 2-year epidemiological study in France. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2005, 3, 259–265. Leneveu P. Robert N. Keïta A. Pagot E. Pommier P. Tessier P. : Lung lesions in pigs at slaughter: a 2-year epidemiological study in France . Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2005 , 3 , 259 – 265 . Search in Google Scholar

18. Li Z., Wang X., Di D., Pan R., Gao Y., Xiao C., Li B., Wei J., Liu K., Qiu Y., Ma Z.: Comparative analysis of the pulmonary microbiome in healthy and diseased pigs. Mol Genet Genomics 2021, 296, 21–31, doi: 10.1007/s00438-020-01722-5. Li Z. Wang X. Di D. Pan R. Gao Y. Xiao C. Li B. Wei J. Liu K. Qiu Y. Ma Z. : Comparative analysis of the pulmonary microbiome in healthy and diseased pigs . Mol Genet Genomics 2021 , 296 , 21 – 31 , 10.1007/s00438-020-01722-5 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

19. Luehrs A., Siegenthaler S., Grützner N., Grosse Beilage E., Kuhnert P., Nathues H.: Occurrence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis infections in fattening pigs and association with clinical signs and pathological lesions of enzootic pneumonia. Vet Microbiol 2017, 203, 1–5, doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.02.001. Luehrs A. Siegenthaler S. Grützner N. Grosse Beilage E. Kuhnert P. Nathues H. : Occurrence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis infections in fattening pigs and association with clinical signs and pathological lesions of enzootic pneumonia . Vet Microbiol 2017 , 203 , 1 – 5 , 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.02.001 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

20. Madec F., Kobisch M.: Bilan lésionnel des poumons de porcs charcutiers a l’abattoir (Lung lesion assessment in finishing pigs at slaughter - in French). Journ Rech Porc 1982, 14, 405–412. Madec F. Kobisch M. : Bilan lésionnel des poumons de porcs charcutiers a l’abattoir (Lung lesion assessment in finishing pigs at slaughter - in French) . Journ Rech Porc 1982 , 14 , 405 – 412 . Search in Google Scholar

21. Maes D., Sibila M., Kuhnert P., Segalés J., Haesebrouck F., Pieters M.: Update on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in pigs: Knowledge gaps for improved disease control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018, 65, 110–124, doi: 10.1111/tbed.12677. Maes D. Sibila M. Kuhnert P. Segalés J. Haesebrouck F. Pieters M. : Update on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in pigs: Knowledge gaps for improved disease control . Transbound Emerg Dis 2018 , 65 , 110 – 124 , 10.1111/tbed.12677 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

22. Maes D., Sibila M., Pieters M., Haesebrouck F., Segalés J., de Oliveira L.G.: Review on the methodology to assess respiratory tract lesions in pigs and their production impact. Vet Res 2023, 54, 8, doi: 10.1186/s13567-023-01136-2. Maes D. Sibila M. Pieters M. Haesebrouck F. Segalés J. de Oliveira L.G. : Review on the methodology to assess respiratory tract lesions in pigs and their production impact . Vet Res 2023 , 54 , 8 , 10.1186/s13567-023-01136-2 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

23. Malcher C.S., Petri F.A.M., Arruda L.P., de Aguiar G.A., Storino G.Y., Sonalio K., Toledo L.T., Hirose F., Oliveira L.G.: Health-economic impact attributable to occurrence of pleurisy and pneumonia lesions in finishing pigs. Vet Sci 2024, 11, 668, doi: 10.3390/vetsci11120668. Malcher C.S. Petri F.A.M. Arruda L.P. de Aguiar G.A. Storino G.Y. Sonalio K. Toledo L.T. Hirose F. Oliveira L.G. : Health-economic impact attributable to occurrence of pleurisy and pneumonia lesions in finishing pigs . Vet Sci 2024 , 11 , 668 , 10.3390/vetsci11120668 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

24. Marois C., Dory D., Fablet C., Madec F., Kobisch M.: Development of a quantitative Real-Time TaqMan PCR assay for determination of the minimal dose of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 116 required to induce pneumonia in SPF pigs. J Appl Microbiol 2010, 108, 1523–1533, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04556.x. Marois C. Dory D. Fablet C. Madec F. Kobisch M. : Development of a quantitative Real-Time TaqMan PCR assay for determination of the minimal dose of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 116 required to induce pneumonia in SPF pigs . J Appl Microbiol 2010 , 108 , 1523 – 1533 , 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04556.x . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

25. Meyns T., Van Steelant J., Rolly E., Dewulf J., Haesebrouck F., Maes D.: A cross-sectional study of risk factors associated with pulmonary lesions in pigs at slaughter. Vet J 2011, 187, 388–392, doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.12.027. Meyns T. Van Steelant J. Rolly E. Dewulf J. Haesebrouck F. Maes D. : A cross-sectional study of risk factors associated with pulmonary lesions in pigs at slaughter . Vet J 2011 , 187 , 388 – 392 , 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.12.027 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

26. Michiels A., Vranckx K., Piepers S., Del Pozo Sacristán R., Arsenakis I., Boyen F., Haesebrouck F., Maes D.: Impact of diversity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains on lung lesions in slaughter pigs. Vet Res 2017, 48, 2, doi: 10.1186/s13567-016-0408-z. Michiels A. Vranckx K. Piepers S. Del Pozo Sacristán R. Arsenakis I. Boyen F. Haesebrouck F. Maes D. : Impact of diversity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains on lung lesions in slaughter pigs . Vet Res 2017 , 48 , 2 , 10.1186/s13567-016-0408-z . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

27. Neumann E., Hall W., Stevenson M., Morris R., Ling Min Than J.: Descriptive and temporal analysis of post-mortem lesions recorded in slaughtered pigs in New Zealand from 2000 to 2010. N Z Vet J 2014, 62, 110–116, doi: 10.1080/00480169.2013.853278. Neumann E. Hall W. Stevenson M. Morris R. Ling Min Than J. : Descriptive and temporal analysis of post-mortem lesions recorded in slaughtered pigs in New Zealand from 2000 to 2010 . N Z Vet J 2014 , 62 , 110 – 116 , 10.1080/00480169.2013.853278 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

28. Opriessnig T., Giménez-Lirola L.G., Halbur P.G.: Polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs. Anim Health Res Rev 2011, 12, 133– 148, doi: 10.1017/S1466252311000120. Opriessnig T. Giménez-Lirola L.G. Halbur P.G. : Polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs . Anim Health Res Rev 2011 , 12 , 133 – 148 , 10.1017/S1466252311000120 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

29. Opriessnig T., Yu S., Gallup J.M., Evans R.B., Fenaux M., Pallares F., Thacker E.L., Brockus C.W., Ackermann M.R., Thomas P., Meng X.J., Halbur P.G.: Effect of vaccination with selective bacterins on conventional pigs infected with type 2 porcine circovirus. Vet Pathol 2003, 40, 521–529, doi: 10.1354/vp.40-5-521. Opriessnig T. Yu S. Gallup J.M. Evans R.B. Fenaux M. Pallares F. Thacker E.L. Brockus C.W. Ackermann M.R. Thomas P. Meng X.J. Halbur P.G. : Effect of vaccination with selective bacterins on conventional pigs infected with type 2 porcine circovirus . Vet Pathol 2003 , 40 , 521 – 529 , 10.1354/vp.40-5-521 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

30. Pallarés F.J., Añón J.A., Rodríguez-Gómez I.M., Gómez-Laguna J., Fabré R., Sánchez-Carvajal J.M., Ruedas-Torres I., Carrasco L.: Prevalence of mycoplasma-like lung lesions in pigs from commercial farms from Spain and Portugal. Porcine Health Manag 2021, 7, 26, doi: 10.1186/s40813-021-00204-3. Pallarés F.J. Añón J.A. Rodríguez-Gómez I.M. Gómez-Laguna J. Fabré R. Sánchez-Carvajal J.M. Ruedas-Torres I. Carrasco L. : Prevalence of mycoplasma-like lung lesions in pigs from commercial farms from Spain and Portugal . Porcine Health Manag 2021 , 7 , 26 , 10.1186/s40813-021-00204-3 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

31. Panneitz A.K., Braga E.R., Petri F.A.M., Menegatt J.C.O., Driemeier D., Maes D., Oliveira L.G.: Exploring the genetic diversity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pigs with pneumonia and pleurisy at slaughter. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1988, doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12101988. Panneitz A.K. Braga E.R. Petri F.A.M. Menegatt J.C.O. Driemeier D. Maes D. Oliveira L.G. : Exploring the genetic diversity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pigs with pneumonia and pleurisy at slaughter . Microorganisms 2024 , 12 , 1988 , 10.3390/microorganisms12101988 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

32. Pomorska-Mól M., Dors A., Kwit K., Kowalczyk A., Stasiak E., Pejsak Z.: Kinetics of single and dual infection of pigs with swine influenza virus and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 2017, 201, 113–120, doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.011. Pomorska-Mól M. Dors A. Kwit K. Kowalczyk A. Stasiak E. Pejsak Z. : Kinetics of single and dual infection of pigs with swine influenza virus and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae . Vet Microbiol 2017 , 201 , 113 – 120 , 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.011 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

33. Przyborowska P., Lewko-Wojtowicz R., Cybulski P., Maes D., Tobolski D.: Impact of porcine respiratory disease complex on carcass weight and meatiness: quantitative insights from a mixed-model analysis. BMC Vet Res 2024, 20, 554, doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-04410-3. Przyborowska P. Lewko-Wojtowicz R. Cybulski P. Maes D. Tobolski D. : Impact of porcine respiratory disease complex on carcass weight and meatiness: quantitative insights from a mixed-model analysis . BMC Vet Res 2024 , 20 , 554 , 10.1186/s12917-024-04410-3 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

34. Przyborowska-Zhalniarovich P., Zhalniarovich Y., Wasowicz K.: Estimation of the prevalence of respiratory diseases in pigs in north-eastern Poland: survey of pulmonary lesions in pigs at a slaughterhouse. Vet Med 2021, 66, 242–247, doi: 10.17221/188/2020-VETMED. Przyborowska-Zhalniarovich P. Zhalniarovich Y. Wasowicz K. : Estimation of the prevalence of respiratory diseases in pigs in north-eastern Poland: survey of pulmonary lesions in pigs at a slaughterhouse . Vet Med 2021 , 66 , 242 – 247 , 10.17221/188/2020-VETMED . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

35. Renzhammer R., Auer A., Loncaric I., Entenfellner A., Dimmel K., Walk K., Rümenapf T., Spergser J., Ladinig A.: Retrospective analysis of the detection of pathogens associated with the porcine respiratory disease complex in routine diagnostic samples from Austrian swine stocks. Vet Sci 2023, 10, 601, doi: 10.3390/vetsci10100601. Renzhammer R. Auer A. Loncaric I. Entenfellner A. Dimmel K. Walk K. Rümenapf T. Spergser J. Ladinig A. : Retrospective analysis of the detection of pathogens associated with the porcine respiratory disease complex in routine diagnostic samples from Austrian swine stocks . Vet Sci 2023 , 10 , 601 , 10.3390/vetsci10100601 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

36. Ruedas-Torres I., Sánchez-Carvajal J.M., Salguero F.J., Pallarés F.J., Carrasco L., Mateu E., Gómez-Laguna J., Rodríguez-Gómez I.M.: The scene of lung pathology during PRRSV-1 infection. Front Vet Sci 2024, 11, 1330990, doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1330990. Ruedas-Torres I. Sánchez-Carvajal J.M. Salguero F.J. Pallarés F.J. Carrasco L. Mateu E. Gómez-Laguna J. Rodríguez-Gómez I.M. : The scene of lung pathology during PRRSV-1 infection . Front Vet Sci 2024 , 11 , 1330990 , 10.3389/fvets.2024.1330990 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

37. Saade G., Deblanc C., Bougon J., Marois-Créhan C., Fablet C., Auray G., Belloc C., Leblanc-Maridor M., Gagnon C.A., Zhu J., Gottschalk M., Summerfield A., Simon G., Bertho N., Meurens F.: Coinfections and their molecular consequences in the porcine respiratory tract. Vet Res 2020, 51, 80, doi: 10.1186/s13567-020-00807-8. Saade G. Deblanc C. Bougon J. Marois-Créhan C. Fablet C. Auray G. Belloc C. Leblanc-Maridor M. Gagnon C.A. Zhu J. Gottschalk M. Summerfield A. Simon G. Bertho N. Meurens F. : Coinfections and their molecular consequences in the porcine respiratory tract . Vet Res 2020 , 51 , 80 , 10.1186/s13567-020-00807-8 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

38. Sanhueza J.M., Stevenson M.A., Vilalta C., Kikuti M., Corzo C.A.: Spatial relative risk and factors associated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome outbreaks in United States breeding herds. Prev Vet Med 2020, 183, 105128, doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105128. Sanhueza J.M. Stevenson M.A. Vilalta C. Kikuti M. Corzo C.A. : Spatial relative risk and factors associated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome outbreaks in United States breeding herds . Prev Vet Med 2020 , 183 , 105128 , 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105128 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

39. Segalés J., Sibila M.: Revisiting porcine circovirus disease diagnostic criteria in the current porcine circovirus 2 epidemiological context. Vet Sci 2022, 9, 110, doi: 10.3390/vetsci9030110. Segalés J. Sibila M. : Revisiting porcine circovirus disease diagnostic criteria in the current porcine circovirus 2 epidemiological context . Vet Sci 2022 , 9 , 110 , 10.3390/vetsci9030110 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

40. Sibila M., Fort M., Nofrarías M., Pérez de Rozas A., Galindo-Cardiel I., Mateu E., Segalés J.: Simultaneous porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae co-inoculation does not potentiate disease in conventional pigs. J Comp Pathol 2012, 147, 285–295, doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.01.003. Sibila M. Fort M. Nofrarías M. Pérez de Rozas A. Galindo-Cardiel I. Mateu E. Segalés J. : Simultaneous porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae co-inoculation does not potentiate disease in conventional pigs . J Comp Pathol 2012 , 147 , 285 – 295 , 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.01.003 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

41. Siqueira F.M., Pérez-Wohlfeil E., Carvalho F.M., Trelles O., Schrank I.S., Vasconcelos A.T.R., Zaha A.: Microbiome overview in swine lungs. PLoS One 2017, 12, e0181503, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181503. Siqueira F.M. Pérez-Wohlfeil E. Carvalho F.M. Trelles O. Schrank I.S. Vasconcelos A.T.R. Zaha A. : Microbiome overview in swine lungs . PLoS One 2017 , 12 , e0181503 , 10.1371/journal.pone.0181503 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

42. Tobias T.J., Bouma A., Klinkenberg D., Daemen A.J., Stegeman J.A., Wagenaar J.A., Duim B.: Detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs by real-time quantitative PCR for the apxIVA gene. Vet J 2012, 193, 557–560, doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.02.004. Tobias T.J. Bouma A. Klinkenberg D. Daemen A.J. Stegeman J.A. Wagenaar J.A. Duim B. : Detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs by real-time quantitative PCR for the apxIVA gene . Vet J 2012 , 193 , 557 – 560 , 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.02.004 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

43. Tocqueville V., Ferré S., Nguyen N.H., Kempf I., Marois-Créhan C.: Multilocus sequence typing of Mycoplasma hyorhinis strains identified by a real-time TaqMan PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2014, 52, 1664–1671, doi: 10.1128/JCM.03437-13. Tocqueville V. Ferré S. Nguyen N.H. Kempf I. Marois-Créhan C. : Multilocus sequence typing of Mycoplasma hyorhinis strains identified by a real-time TaqMan PCR assay . J Clin Microbiol 2014 , 52 , 1664 – 1671 , 10.1128/JCM.03437-13 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

44. Turni C., Pyke M., Blackall P.J.: Validation of a real-time PCR for Haemophilus parasuis. J Appl Microbiol 2010, 108, 1323– 1331, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04526.x. Turni C. Pyke M. Blackall P.J. : Validation of a real-time PCR for Haemophilus parasuis . J Appl Microbiol 2010 , 108 , 1323 – 1331 , 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04526.x . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar