[1. Belinda J.H., Halla M.C., Jane R.H., Graham A.J.: Flumazenilindependent positive modulation of γ-aminobutyric acid action by 6-methylflavone at human recombinant α1β 2γ2L, and α1β2 GABAA receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2004, 491, 1–8.10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.014]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Culmsee C., Monnig J., Kemp B.E., Mattson M.P.: AMP-activated protein kinase is highly expressed in neurons in the developing rat brain and promotes neuronal survival following glucose deprivation. J Molec Neurosci 2001, 17, 45–58.10.1385/JMN:17:1:45]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Cetrullo S., D’Adamo S., Tantini B., Borzi R.M., Flamigni F.: mTOR, AMPK, and Sirt1: key players of metabolic stress management. Critical Rev Eukaryotic Gene Exp 2015, 25, 59–75.10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2015012975]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Craps J., Joris V., De J.B., Sonveaux P., Horman S., Lengelé B., Bertrand L., Many M.C., Colin I.M., Gérard A.C.: Involvement of mTOR and regulation by AMPK in early iodine deficiency-induced thyroid microvascular activation. Endocrinology 2016, 157, 2545–2559.10.1210/en.2015-1911]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Dyck J.R., Kudo N., Barr A.J., Davies S.P., Hardie D.G., Lopaschuk G.D.: Phosphorylation control of cardiac acetyl-CoA carboxylase by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and 5’-AMP activated protein kinase. Eur J Biochem 1999, 262, 184–190.10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00371.x]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Dong D., Cai G., Ning Y., Wang J.C., Lv Y., Hong Q., Cui S.Y., Fu B., Guo Y.N., Chen X.M.: Alleviation of senescence and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in aging kidney by short-term caloric restriction and caloric restriction mimetics via modulation of AMPK/mTOR signaling. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 16109–16121.10.18632/oncotarget.14884]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Fan H.G., Wang H.B., Hu K.: Dynamic effect of the compound anesthetic for miniature pigs on cAMP signal transduction system in different brain regions of SD rats. Chinese Vet Sci 2010, 40, 421–428.]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Joungmok K., Mondira K., Benoit V., Kun-Liang G.: AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1. Nature Cell Biology 2011, 13, 132-141.10.1038/ncb2152]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Haapalinna A., Sirviö J., Macdonald E., Virtanen R., Heinonen E.: The effects of a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, atipamezole, on cognitive performance and brain neurochemistry in aged Fisher 344 rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2000, 387, 141–150.10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00819-5]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Kasajima A., Pavel M., Darb-Esfahani S., Davies S.P., Hardie D.G., Lopaschuk G.D.: mTOR expression and activity patterns in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011, 18, 181–192.10.1677/ERC-10-0126]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Kolesnikova T.O., Khatsko S.L., Shevyrin V.A., Morzherin Y.Y., Kalueff A.V.: Effects of a non-competitive N-methyl-daspartate (NMDA) antagonist, tiletamine, in adult zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016, 59, 62–67.10.1016/j.ntt.2016.11.00927916716]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Kim E., Park M., Jeong J., Kim H., Lee S.K., Lee E., Oh B.H., Namkoong K.: Cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil increases mitochondrial biogenesis through AMP-activated protein kinase in the hippocampus. Neuropsychobiology 2016, 73, 81–91.10.1159/000441522]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Girvan C.B., Dundee J.W.: Alterations in response to somatic pain associated with anaesthesia xxlll: further study of naloxone. Brit J Anaesth 1976, 48, 463–468.10.1093/bja/48.5.463]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Lu D.Z., Fan H.G., Wang H.B., Hu K., Zhang J.T., Yu S.M.: Effect of the addition of tramadol to a combination of tiletaminezolazepam and xylazine for anaesthesia of miniature pigs. Vet Rec 2010, 167, 489–492.10.1136/vr.c4458]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Lu D.Z.: Study on the wake up mechanism of the anesthetic agent for miniature swine. Harbin, China: Northeast Agricult Univer 2011, S858.28.]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Li L., Dong J., Lu D., Duarte Q.L., Sheng J., Fan H.G.: Effects of iletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-tramadol combination on biochemical and haematological parameters in cats. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 2012, 56, 369–372.10.2478/v10213-012-0064-7]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Livak K.J., Schmittgen T.D.: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods-A Companion To Methods in Enzymology 2001, 25, 402-408.10.1006/meth.2001.1262]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Madhusoodanan K.S., Murad F.: NO-cGMP signaling and regenerative medicine involving stem cells. Neurochem Res 2007, 32, 681–694.10.1007/s11064-006-9167-y]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Nakayama T., Hashimoto T., Nagai Y.: Involvement of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic systems in thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced rat cerebellar cGMP formation. Eur J Pharmacol 1996, 316, 157–164.10.1016/S0014-2999(96)00614-0]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Organization W.H.: WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. Thirty-sixth report, World Health Organization; New York, Columbia University Press, International Documents Service, 2015, 998, 1–34.]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Price T.J., Dussor G.: AMPK: An emerging target for modification of injury-induced pain plasticity. Neurosci Letters 2013, 557, 9–18.10.1016/j.neulet.2013.06.060384411123831352]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Perouansky M.: Coagulation, flocculation, and denaturation: a century of research into protoplasmic theories of anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2014, 119, 311–320.10.1213/ANE.000000000000028725046786]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Radbruch L., Grond S., Lehmann K.A.: A risk-benefit assessment of tramadol in the management of pain. Drug Saf 1996, 15, 8–29.10.2165/00002018-199615010-000028862961]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Sleeman J., Stevens R., Ramsay E.: Field immobilization of muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) for minor surgical procedures. J Wildl Dis 1997, 33, 165–168.10.7589/0090-3558-33.1.165]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Seo J.P., Son W.G., Gang S., Lee I.: Sedative and analgesic effects of intravenous xylazine and tramadol on horses. J Vet Sci 2011, 12, 281–286.10.4142/jvs.2011.12.3.281]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Sheng J.: Effects of miniature swine combined anesthetics and its antagonist on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in different brain regions of rats. Harbin, China: Northeast Agricult Univer 2015, S857.124.]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Springer A., Razafimanantsoa L., Fichtel C., Kappeler P.M.: Comparison of three short-term immobilization regimes in wild verreaux’s sifacas (Propithecus verreauxi) ketamine-xylazine, ketamine-xylazine-athropine, and tiletamine-zolozepam. J Zoo Wildlife Med 2015, 46, 482–490.10.1638/2014-0154.1]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Shi X.X., Yin B.S., Peng Y., Chen H., Li X., Su L.X., Fan H.G., Wang H.B.: Xylazine activates adenosine monophosphateactivated protein kinase pathway in the central nervous system of rats. Plos One 2016, 11, e0153169.10.1371/journal.pone.0153169]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Vulliemoz Y., Whittington R.A., Virag L.: The nitric oxidecGMP system of the locus coeruleus and the hypnotic action of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists. Brain Res 1999. 849, 169–174.10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02147-2]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Vacher C.M., Hardin-Pouzet H., Steinbusch H.W., Morzherin Y.Y., Kalueff A.V.: The effects of nitric oxide on magnocellular neurons could involve multiple indirect cyclic GMP-dependent pathways. Eur J Neurosci 2003, 17, 455–466.10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02467.x12581164]Search in Google Scholar