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Laboratory and Greenhouse Assessments of Steinernema Carpocapsae With Three Adjuvants on Chrysodeixis Includens

Minling Zhang

Minling Zhang

Southern Insect Management Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service
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Zhang, Minling
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Nathan R. Spaulding

Nathan R. Spaulding

Southern Insect Management Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service
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Spaulding, Nathan R.
, 
Gadi V.P. Reddy

Gadi V.P. Reddy

Southern Insect Management Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service
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Reddy, Gadi V.P.
 e 
David I. Shapiro-Ilan

David I. Shapiro-Ilan

Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research ServiceByron,
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Shapiro-Ilan, David I.
  
17 set 2025
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Categoria dell'articolo: Research Paper
Pubblicato online: 17 set 2025
Ricevuto: 01 mar 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2025-0034
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© 2025 Minling Zhang et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

(A) A cage containing soybean plants used for the trials in the greenhouse; the circle over the plants shows where the survival of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) on soybean leaves was examined. (B) A larva of Chrysodeixis includens killed by Steinernema carpocapsae (ALL strain) within 24 hr in the greenhouse; the color change began from the anus, and EPNs were found after dissection. (C) Adults of Steinernema carpocapsae (ALL strain) in the body cavity of a Chrysodeixis includens larvae taken from the greenhouse trial.
(A) A cage containing soybean plants used for the trials in the greenhouse; the circle over the plants shows where the survival of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) on soybean leaves was examined. (B) A larva of Chrysodeixis includens killed by Steinernema carpocapsae (ALL strain) within 24 hr in the greenhouse; the color change began from the anus, and EPNs were found after dissection. (C) Adults of Steinernema carpocapsae (ALL strain) in the body cavity of a Chrysodeixis includens larvae taken from the greenhouse trial.

Figure 2:

Entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) suspensions after application on soybean leaves. EPN suspension with water only (A) displays numerous water droplets on the leaf. EPN suspensions with dish soap (B), dish soap combined with vegetable oil (C), and Southern Ag Surfactant (D) show the suspensions evenly distributed on the leaves due to the use of adjuvants.
Entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) suspensions after application on soybean leaves. EPN suspension with water only (A) displays numerous water droplets on the leaf. EPN suspensions with dish soap (B), dish soap combined with vegetable oil (C), and Southern Ag Surfactant (D) show the suspensions evenly distributed on the leaves due to the use of adjuvants.

Mortality (% ± SEM) of fifth instars of Chrysodeixis includens caused by Steinernema carpocapsae (ALL strain) with adjuvants under greenhouse conditions_

Trial First Second Third
Temperature (°C)a 19 (10–32) 24 (22–39) 24 (22–38)
RH (%)a 81 (74–90) 81 (44–95) 70 (32–83)
Plant stage 3rd trifoliolate Full flowering Beginning pod
High (cm) 7.6 40.6 43.2
Insect dead (hr) 72 24 72 24 72
EPN 40b 100.0 ± 0.0 a 19.0 ± 13.2 ab 80.1 ± 8.8 b 7.4 ± 3.7 b 63.0 ± 9.8 b
EPN+S 40 100.0 ± 0.0 a 48.1 ± 19.6 a 100.0 ± 0.0 a 18.5 ± 13.4 ab 77.8 ± 6.4 ab
EPN+S+O 40 100.0 ± 0.0 a 38.4 ± 3.2 a 100.0 ± 0.0 a 48.1 ± 13.4 a 88.9 ± 0.0 a
EPN+SAg 40 100.0 ± 0.0 a 43.5 ± 6.0 a 96.7 ± 3.3 a 11.1 ± 6.4 ab 74.1 ± 7.4 ab
EPN+SAg 20 95.8 ± 7.2 a 14.9 ± 3.7 ab 70.1 ± 4.4 b 3.7 ± 3.7 b 59.3 ± 3.7 bc
EPN+SAg 10 80.0 ± 17.3 b 13.2 ± 8.3 ab 61.4 ± 5.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 b 32.6 ± 3.4 c
Water 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 d
Water+S 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 d
Water+S+O 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 d
Water+SAg 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 d
F-Value (9, 20) 205.57 7.80 171.92 5.50 83.39
P-Value <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.0007 <.0001

Number (± SEM) of viable Steinernema carpocapsae (ALL strain) per soybean leaf after application under greenhouse conditions_

Trail First Second Third
Sampling time (hr) 24 48 120 168 24 48 96 24 48 96
Temperature (°C)a 10–32 8–32 5–32 5–32 22–39 20–39 20–39 22–38 21–38 20–42
RH (%)a 74–90 42–90 42–90 42–90 44–95 44–99 44–99 32–83 26–88 24–94
EPN 40b 19.7 ± 3.4 a 3.7 ± 0.9 ab 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 a 51.7 ± 5.8 ab 10.3 ± 8.1 ab 4.8 ± 1.3 ab 50.0 ± 10.2 a 13.3 ± 7.5 a 0.8 ± 0.4 a
EPN + S 40 20.3 ± 10.9 a 13.5 ± 3.0 a 0.5 ± 0.3 b 0.5 ± 0.3 a 28.8 ± 6.7 ab 12 ± 5.5 ab 4.8 ± 3.1 ab 35.2 ± 25.8 ab 4.7 ± 1.6 ab 0.3 ± 0.2 a
EPN + S+O 40 64.2 ± 36.5 a 15.3 ± 5.7 a 10. 3 ± 4.6 a 0.0 ± 0.0 a 65.2 ± 19.0 a 45.8 ± 5.4 a 9.0 ± 2.8 a 44.8 ± 12.6 a 3.2 ± 1.5 ab 1.2 ± 1.2 a
EPN + SAg 40 9.5 ± 1.8 ab 2.0 ± 0.5 bc 0.5 ± 0.5 b 0.0 ± 0.0 a 33.7 ± 12.9 ab 9.0 ± 3.5 ab 3.7 ± 2.0 ab 21.3 ± 12 ab 5.5 ± 2.4 ab 0 ± 0 a
EPN + SAg 20 8.3 ± 4.4 ab 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 a 7.5 ± 4.5 b 4.5 ± 3.0 b 0 .0 ± 0.0 b 6.7 ± 2.4 ab 1.0 ± 0.3 ab 0 ± 0 a
EPN + SAg 10 0.7 ± 0.7 b 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 a 4.7 ± 2.4 b 2.8 ± 1.6 b 0.0 ± 0.0 b 1.8 ± 1.4 b 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0 ± 0 a
F-Value (5, 12) 6.59 22.41 16.45 3.32 5.41 4.15 8.40 4.96 3.60 1.14
P-Value 0.0036 <.0001 <.0001 0.0412 0.0078 0.0202 0.0013 0.0108 0.0321 0.3938

Mortality (% ± SEM) of fifth instars of Chrysodeixis includens caused by Steinernema carpocapsae (ALL strain) with adjuvants at 24 and 72 hr under laboratory conditions (25 °C, 85% RH)_

Exposure (hr) 1
 4
 8
 24
Insect dead (hr) 24 72 24 72 24 72 24 72
EPNa 5.0 ± 2.2 ab 38.3 ± 4.8 b 8.3 ± 4.0 bc 40.0 ± 6.8 b 0.0 ± 0.0 b 63.3 ± 1.2 a 23.3 ± 4.9 b 98.3 ± 1.7 a
EPN+S 8.3 ± 4.0 ab 48.3 ± 6.5 ab 16.7 ± 3.3 b 61.7 ± 7.9 a 15.0 ± 7.2 a 80.0 ± 5.8 a 21.7 ± 5.4 b 98.3 ± 1.7 a
EPN+S+O 10.0 ± 6.3 a 61.7 ± 7.0 a 23.3 ± 4.2 a 66.7 ± 6.1 a 23.3 ± 5.6 a 76.7 ± 6.7 a 51.7 ± 4.0 a 100.0 ± 0 a
EPN+SAg 5.0 ± 3.4 ab 38.3 ± 5.4 b 11.7 ± 6.0 abc 55.0 ± 7.6 ab 10.0 ± 2.6 a 75.0 ± 6.2 a 25.0 ± 3.4 b 98.3 ± 1.7 a
Water 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 c 1.7 ± 1.7 b
Water+S 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 c 1.9 ± 1.6 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b
Water+S+O 0.0 ± 0.0 b 1.7 ± 1.7 c 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b 3.5 ± 2.2 b 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b
Water+SAg 0.0 ± 0.0 b 1.7 ± 1.7 c 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b 1.9 ± 1.9 b 0.0 ± 0.0 c 0.0 ± 0.0 b
F-Value (7, 40) 4.19 58.87 12.08 64.56 11.74 42.17 40.71 457.83
P-Value 0.0015 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
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