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Description of Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Panagrolaimidae), an Anhydrobiotic Nematode from the Namib Desert of Namibia

Christopher J. Rawson

Christopher J. Rawson

Department of Biology, University of RichmondRichmond,
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Rawson, Christopher J.
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London Nemmers

London Nemmers

Department of Biology, University of RichmondRichmond,
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Nemmers, London
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Stacey Criswell

Stacey Criswell

Department of Biology, University of RichmondRichmond,
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Criswell, Stacey
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Ashleigh B. Smythe

Ashleigh B. Smythe

Department of Biology, Virginia Military InstituteLexington,
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Smythe, Ashleigh B.
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Alison K. Burke

Alison K. Burke

Department of Biology, Virginia Military InstituteLexington,
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Burke, Alison K.
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Eugene Marais

Eugene Marais

Gobabeb Namib Research InstituteWalvis Bay, Namibia
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Marais, Eugene
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Gillian Maggs-Kölling

Gillian Maggs-Kölling

  • Gobabeb Namib Research InstituteWalvis Bay, Namibia
  • Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West UniversityPotchefstroom, South Africa
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Maggs-Kölling, Gillian
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Amy M. Treonis

Amy M. Treonis

Department of Biology, University of RichmondRichmond,
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Treonis, Amy M.
  
31 ott 2024
Description of Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Panagrolaimidae), an Anhydrobiotic Nematode from the Namib Desert of Namibia's Cover Image
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Categoria dell'articolo: Research Paper
Pubblicato online: 31 ott 2024
Ricevuto: 24 feb 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2024-0039
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© 2024 Christopher J. Rawson et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

A) Soil collection site for isolation of Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. Soils were collected from under Arthraerua leubnitziae shrubs (inset). B) Map of Namibia showing location of soil collection site (blue dot). Red dots indicate other soils containing a Panagrolaimus nematode morphologically indistinct from P. namibiensis n. sp.
A) Soil collection site for isolation of Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. Soils were collected from under Arthraerua leubnitziae shrubs (inset). B) Map of Namibia showing location of soil collection site (blue dot). Red dots indicate other soils containing a Panagrolaimus nematode morphologically indistinct from P. namibiensis n. sp.

Figure 2:

Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. line drawings. A: Anterior body region. B: Anterior body end, showing stoma and rhabdia. C: Full body, female. D: Full body, male. E: Lateral field. F: Basal bulb, excretory pore. G: Posterior body end, female. H: Posterior body end, male.
Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. line drawings. A: Anterior body region. B: Anterior body end, showing stoma and rhabdia. C: Full body, female. D: Full body, male. E: Lateral field. F: Basal bulb, excretory pore. G: Posterior body end, female. H: Posterior body end, male.

Figure 3:

Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. light micrographs. A: Anterior body region and pharynx. B: Lip region, stoma, stegostomal dorsal tooth (DT). C: Full body, female. D: Part of reproductive tract, female. E: Lateral field. F: Part of testis, male. G: Posterior body end, spicule (S), gubernaculum (G), male. H: Posterior body end, rectum, female.
Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. light micrographs. A: Anterior body region and pharynx. B: Lip region, stoma, stegostomal dorsal tooth (DT). C: Full body, female. D: Part of reproductive tract, female. E: Lateral field. F: Part of testis, male. G: Posterior body end, spicule (S), gubernaculum (G), male. H: Posterior body end, rectum, female.

Figure 4:

Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. scanning electron microscopic images. A: Anterior body region. B: Lip region in frontal view. C: Full body, female. D: Excretory pore (EP), anterior deirids (AD). E: Anterior deirid (AD). F: Lateral field. G, H: Vulva. I: Anus, phasmid (P), female. J: Posterior end, posterior deirid (PD), female. K: Posterior end, spicule, pre- and post-cloacal genital papillae (GP), midventral papillae (MP), male.
Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. scanning electron microscopic images. A: Anterior body region. B: Lip region in frontal view. C: Full body, female. D: Excretory pore (EP), anterior deirids (AD). E: Anterior deirid (AD). F: Lateral field. G, H: Vulva. I: Anus, phasmid (P), female. J: Posterior end, posterior deirid (PD), female. K: Posterior end, spicule, pre- and post-cloacal genital papillae (GP), midventral papillae (MP), male.

Figure 5:

Phylogenetic tree inferred by Bayesian analysis of SSU sequences showing the relationship of Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. (highlighted in blue) to other members of Panagrolaimidae and other taxa. Support for internal clades is shown by posterior probability (pp) values placed next to nodes. Scale bar represents 0.21 estimated substitutions per site.
Phylogenetic tree inferred by Bayesian analysis of SSU sequences showing the relationship of Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. (highlighted in blue) to other members of Panagrolaimidae and other taxa. Support for internal clades is shown by posterior probability (pp) values placed next to nodes. Scale bar represents 0.21 estimated substitutions per site.

Figure 6:

Phylogenetic tree inferred by Bayesian analysis of LSU sequences showing the relationship of Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. (highlighted in blue) to other members of Panagrolaimidae and other taxa. Support for internal clades is shown by posterior probability (pp) values placed next to nodes supported by greater than 0.5 pp. Scale bar represents 0.26 estimated substitutions per site.
Phylogenetic tree inferred by Bayesian analysis of LSU sequences showing the relationship of Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. (highlighted in blue) to other members of Panagrolaimidae and other taxa. Support for internal clades is shown by posterior probability (pp) values placed next to nodes supported by greater than 0.5 pp. Scale bar represents 0.26 estimated substitutions per site.

Figure 7:

A) Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. survival (% of population regaining motility) after exposure to three treatments. Baseline nematodes were maintained at 100% RH for 24 h. Pre-conditioned nematodes were slowly exposed to increasingly lower RH levels before 24 h at 0%. Direct exposure nematodes were directly exposed to 0% RH. Boxplots represent the interquartile range with lines representing the median value. Whiskers represent the minimum/maximum values, and circles are outliers. N = 8 replicates per treatment. Bars with different lowercase letters are statistically different from each other (Tukey’s HSD test). B) SEM of a coiled and anhydrobiotic P. namibiensis n. sp.
A) Panagrolaimus namibiensis n. sp. survival (% of population regaining motility) after exposure to three treatments. Baseline nematodes were maintained at 100% RH for 24 h. Pre-conditioned nematodes were slowly exposed to increasingly lower RH levels before 24 h at 0%. Direct exposure nematodes were directly exposed to 0% RH. Boxplots represent the interquartile range with lines representing the median value. Whiskers represent the minimum/maximum values, and circles are outliers. N = 8 replicates per treatment. Bars with different lowercase letters are statistically different from each other (Tukey’s HSD test). B) SEM of a coiled and anhydrobiotic P. namibiensis n. sp.

j_jofnem-2024-0039_tab_002

SSU rDNA LSU rDNA D2-D3
Taxon Name Accession Number Taxon Name Accession Number
Acrobeles complexus KU180671 Acrobeles complexus KU180682
Alloionema appendiculatus KP204844 Alloionema appendiculatum KP204846
Baldwinema ilamense KM454870 Baldwinema golestanense KM454875
Baujardia mirabilis AF547385 Baldwinema ilamense KM454871
Caenorhabditis elegans N2 MN519140 Caenorhabditis elegans N2 MN519140
Halicephalobus gingivalis KP875567 Halicephalobus gingivalis KP875568
Halicephalobus sp. AA4 MF470238 Halicephalobus sp. AA4 MG051261
Neoalloionema tricaudatum KR817916 Panagrellus redivivus PS1163 DQ408250
Panagrellus redivivus PS1163 AF083007 Panagrobelus stammeri DQ145649
Panagrobelus stammeri AF202153 Panagrolaimidae sp. DS129 MK087078
Panagrolaimidae sp. DS129 MK087064 Panagrolaimus detritophagus S136 ON927889
Panagrolaimus sp. ES6 FJ590961 Panagrolaimus kolymaensis JAJQJQ010000137
Panagrolaimus artyukhovskii MK636578 Panagrolaimus labiatus SN14 MZ546405
Panagrolaimus davidi AC_Pd2 HQ270131 Panagrolaimus sp. B14 OP720885
Panagrolaimus davidi FJ590981 Panagrolaimus sp. DS127 MK087076
Panagrolaimus detritophagus FJ590980 Panagrolaimus sp. HMM472 KY750812
Panagrolaimus detritophagus BS0008 EU543176 Panagrolaimus sp. HMM476 KY750816
Panagrolaimus facetus KY119819 Panagrolaimus sp. HMM550 KY750827
Panagrolaimus kolymaensis JAJQJQ010000793 Panagrolaimus sp. L73 PP786565
Panagrolaimus labiatus SN14 MW412913 Panagrolaimus sp. LA5 PP786566
Panagrolaimus paetzoldi 452 FJ040414 Panagrolaimus sp. PS1159 EU253569
Panagrolaimus paetzoldi ON713642 Panagrolaimus sp. PS1159 DQ059061
Panagrolaimus sp. isolate rigidus1 MK547102 Panagrolaimus sp. R18 EF417146
Panagrolaimus rigidus FJ590974 Panagrolaimus sp. RS-2007a EF417144
Panagrolaimus sp. 10 ARA-2018 MH399798 Panagrolaimus sp. RS-2007b EF417145
Panagrolaimus sp. 4164 MK301117 Panagrolaimus sp. S33 ON927890
Panagrolaimus sp. AS01 KC522708 Panagrolaimus sp. S71 ON927888
Panagrolaimus sp. DL0117 FJ590986 Panagrolaimus sp. S91 ON927891
Panagrolaimus sp. DL0128 FJ590987 Panagrolaimus sp. SAN-15 DQ145651
Panagrolaimus sp. DL0139 FJ590989 Panagrolaimus sp. T6_4_6 MZ425430
Panagrolaimus sp. ES1 FJ590960 Plectonchus hunti KU180689
Panagrolaimus sp. ES2 FJ590962 Rhabditophanes sp. KR3021 AY294185
Panagrolaimus sp. ES3 FJ590963 Tarantobelus arachnicida MZ656003
Panagrolaimus sp. ES5 FJ590972 Turbatrix aceti KU180690
Panagrolaimus sp. 3 GVDU-2019 MN082330
Panagrolaimus sp. JB051 FJ590971
Panagrolaimus sp. JB115 FJ590969
Panagrolaimus sp. JB131 FJ590968
Panagrolaimus sp. JU765 FJ590956
Panagrolaimus sp. PS1159 U81579
Panagrolaimus sp. PS1159 FJ590977
Panagrolaimus sp. PS1162 FJ590958
Panagrolaimus sp. PS1579 FJ590976
Panagrolaimus sp. PS1732 FJ590959
Panagrolaimus sp. PS1806 FJ590957
Panagrolaimus sp. PS3966 FJ590983
Panagrolaimus sp. PS443 KC522712
Panagrolaimus sp. PS443 FJ590978
Panagrolaimus sp. SN103 FJ590970
Panagrolaimus subelongatus AY284681
Panagrolaimus superbus KC522707
Panagrolaimus superbus FJ590973
Panagrolaimus trilabiatus KF011487
Plectonchus wyganti KJ636307
Procephalobus sp. 1 WB-2008 EU543179
Propanagrolaimus sp. LC91 KJ434175
Propanagrolaimus sp. WTM1 KJ434176
Rhabditophanes sp. KR3021 AF202151
Strongyloides procyonis AB205054
Tarantobelus arachnicida MZ655999
Turbatrix aceti KU180673

Measurements of Panagrolaimus namibiensis n_ sp_ from the gravel plains of the Namib Desert of Namibia_ Measurement units are μm ± the standard deviation, with the range in parentheses_

Character Females Males
Holotype Paratypes Paratypes
n - 12 13
L 900.8 897.8 ± 44.9 (831.5–976.7) 764.6 ± 49.3 (717.7–853.0)
a 22.0 21.1 ± 3.0 (16.5–25.2) 22.0 ± 1.9 (18.0–25.3)
b 5.9 6.2 ± 0.4 (5.7–7.0) 5.7 ± 0.3 (5.2–6.3)
c 17.5 21.5 ± 1.3 (19.3–23.6) 19.5 ± 1.6 (17.5–22.4)
c’ 1.9 1.8 ± 0.2 (1.4–2.1) 1.6 ± 0.2 (1.3–1.9)
V (%) 60.9 59.3 ± 1.5 (57.2 – 61.6) -
Lip region width 8.9 8.5 ± 0.5 (7.7–9.3) 7.5 ± 0.5 (7.0–8.6)
Stoma length 11.4 12.1 ± 0.8 (10.9–13.3) 11.5 ± 0.9 (10.4–12.8)
Stoma width 2.2 2.4 ± 0.2 (2.1–2.8) 2.2 ± 0.2 (1.9–2.7)
Corpus length 89.7 88.3 ± 3.4 (81.7–92.6) 79.9 ± 5.6 (69.8–90.9)
Corpus width 19.7 19.7 ± 1.8 (17.5–23.6) 15.8 ± 2.6 (12.4–21.1)
Isthmus 27.7 28.9 ± 2.0 (25.3–32.6) 29.0 ± 1.9 (25.5–32.9)
Basal bulb 27.2 27.1 ± 2.1 (24.8–31.3) 24.7 ± 2.3 (22.5–29.4)
Pharynx length 144.6 144.9 ± 4.9 (135.2–152.2) 133.6 ± 6.8 (123.9–149.0)
Neck 152.8 154.8 ± 6.1 (145.9–166.1) 140.6 ± 7.2 (131.0–155.9)
Neck-base body diameter 36.4 38.7 ± 4.6 (32.9–47.8) 33.2 ± 4.5 (25.0–40.4)
Nerve ring - ant. end 115.0 115.3 ± 7.1 (102.2–127.4) 105.7 ± 9.1 (91.7–123.2)
Excretory pore - ant. end 141.0 141.1 ± 11.3 (115.1–157.6) 136.0 ± 12.2 (115.4–157.0)
Deirid - ant. end 141.0 141.7 ± 11.3 (115.4–157.1) 136.5 ± 12.6 (115.4–157.6)
Mid-body diameter 40.9 43.4 ± 5.8 (34.6–55.4) 35.1 ± 4.2 (29.5–41.9)
Cuticle annuli thickness 1.2 1.2 ± 0.1 (1.1–1.4) 1.2 ± 0.1 (1.0–1.4)
Lateral field 3.7 3.7 ± 0.4 (3.2–4.3) 3.5 ± 0.4 (3.1–4.2)
Vulva - ant. end 548.5 532.3 ± 26.5 (499.0–572.8) -
Vulval body diameter 41.6 44.1 ± 5.1 (35.9–50.5) -
Vulva-anus distance 298.2 302.6 ± 14.8 (275.2–321.1) -
Vagina length 13.7 14.2 ± 1.5 (11.3–16.5) -
Ovary length 342.3 389.7 ± 30.0 (326.8–430.3) -
Post-vulval sac 25.5 21.9 ± 3.4 (16.5–27.2) -
Rectum length 27.9 25.8 ± 2.8 (20.1–30.3) -
Testes length - - 207.8 ± 22.3 (184.1–254.9)
Spicule length - - 29.3 ± 2.0 (24.5–31.6)
Gubernaculum length - - 12.6 ± 1.5 (10.9–15.4)
Tail 51.4 42.3 ± 2.3 (39.2–45.9) 39.4 ± 3.6 (32.5–45.9)
Phasmid-anus distance 23.1 18.5 ± 3.5 (13.3–24.2) 18.9 ± 3.7 (14.3–28.7)
Anal body diameter 26.8 23.4 ± 2.9 (20.4–31.0) 24.7 ± 2.9 (20.8–29.3)
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