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First Report and Molecular Variability of Belonolaimus longicaudatus Associated with Turfgrass in Maryland

Benjamin Waldo

Benjamin Waldo

Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, USDA, ARSBeltsville,
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Waldo, Benjamin
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Andrea Skantar

Andrea Skantar

Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, USDA, ARSBeltsville,
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Skantar, Andrea
, 
Zafar Handoo

Zafar Handoo

Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, USDA, ARSBeltsville,
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Handoo, Zafar
, 
Shiguang Li

Shiguang Li

Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, USDA, ARSBeltsville,
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Li, Shiguang
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Alemayehu Habteweld

Alemayehu Habteweld

Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, USDA, ARSBeltsville,
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Habteweld, Alemayehu
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Fereshteh Shahoveisi

Fereshteh Shahoveisi

Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of MarylandCollege Park,
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Shahoveisi, Fereshteh
  
24 ago 2024
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Categoria dell'articolo: Research Paper
Pubblicato online: 24 ago 2024
Ricevuto: 25 set 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2024-0026
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© 2024 Benjamin Waldo et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Photomicrographs of Belonolaimus longicaudatus female (A) and male (B) specimens.
Photomicrographs of Belonolaimus longicaudatus female (A) and male (B) specimens.

Figure 2.

Molecular phylogeny of Belonolaimus species as inferred from Bayesian inference of the 28S D2-D3 expansion region of ribosomal RNA under the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution. The 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian inference is presented. Posterior probabilities are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are in bold. Shaded regions A to D indicate corresponding groupings in Figure 4 of Mundo-Ocampo et al. (2017). Roman numerals indicate groupings shown in Figure 1 of Habteweld et al. (2021).
Molecular phylogeny of Belonolaimus species as inferred from Bayesian inference of the 28S D2-D3 expansion region of ribosomal RNA under the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution. The 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian inference is presented. Posterior probabilities are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are in bold. Shaded regions A to D indicate corresponding groupings in Figure 4 of Mundo-Ocampo et al. (2017). Roman numerals indicate groupings shown in Figure 1 of Habteweld et al. (2021).

Figure 3.

Molecular phylogeny of Belonolaimus species as inferred from Bayesian inference of the ITS1 and ITS2 region of ribosomal RNA under the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution. The 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian inference is presented. Posterior probabilities are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are in bold. Shaded regions A to D indicate corresponding groupings in Figure 5 of Mundo-Ocampo et al. (2017). Roman numerals indicate groupings shown in Figure 2 of Habteweld et al. (2021). Asterisks indicate topotype populations.
Molecular phylogeny of Belonolaimus species as inferred from Bayesian inference of the ITS1 and ITS2 region of ribosomal RNA under the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution. The 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian inference is presented. Posterior probabilities are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are in bold. Shaded regions A to D indicate corresponding groupings in Figure 5 of Mundo-Ocampo et al. (2017). Roman numerals indicate groupings shown in Figure 2 of Habteweld et al. (2021). Asterisks indicate topotype populations.

Figure 4.

28S rRNA statistical parsimony network. The sequences of each species are marked by different color circles as indicated in the key. Circles divided into sections represent sequences of each species with the same haplotype, and their size is proportional to the number of these sequences in the samples. Numbers of nucleotide differences between the sequences are indicated on lines connecting the pies. Small black dots represent missing haplotypes. New sequences are indicated in bold font. Color shaded regions A1, A2, and B correspond to groupings in the 28S phylogenetic tree.
28S rRNA statistical parsimony network. The sequences of each species are marked by different color circles as indicated in the key. Circles divided into sections represent sequences of each species with the same haplotype, and their size is proportional to the number of these sequences in the samples. Numbers of nucleotide differences between the sequences are indicated on lines connecting the pies. Small black dots represent missing haplotypes. New sequences are indicated in bold font. Color shaded regions A1, A2, and B correspond to groupings in the 28S phylogenetic tree.

Figure 5.

ITS statistical parsimony network. The sequences of each species are marked by different color circles as indicated in the key. Pies (circles) represent sequences of each species with the same haplotype, and their size is proportional to the number of these sequences in the samples. Numbers of nucleotide differences between the sequences are indicated on lines connecting the circles. Small black dots represent missing haplotypes. New sequences are indicated in bold font. Color shaded regions A1, A2, and B correspond to groupings in the ITS phylogenetic tree.
ITS statistical parsimony network. The sequences of each species are marked by different color circles as indicated in the key. Pies (circles) represent sequences of each species with the same haplotype, and their size is proportional to the number of these sequences in the samples. Numbers of nucleotide differences between the sequences are indicated on lines connecting the circles. Small black dots represent missing haplotypes. New sequences are indicated in bold font. Color shaded regions A1, A2, and B correspond to groupings in the ITS phylogenetic tree.

Morphometrics of Belonolaimus longicaudatus females collected from bermudagrass in Baltimore County, Maryland compared with the original species description and females of two B_ longicaudatus subclades from Habteweld et al_ (2021)_

Characteristicsa MD population (n = 10) B. longicaudatus (n = 22) (Rau, 1958) Subclade IIIA (n = 20) (Habteweld, 2021) Subclade IIIB (n = 20) (Habteweld, 2021)
L 2.5 ± 0.2 (2.2–2.8) 2.2 (2.0–2.6) - -
a 65 ± 5 (58–73) 65.4 (55.7–74.9) - -
b 8 ± 1 (7–9) 8.4 (7.3–9.9)
c 20 ± 2 (15–23) 16.1 (14.5–18.0) - -
V% 50 ± 1 (49–52) 50 (46–54) - -
Esophagus length 277 ± 7.39 (263–287) - 257 ± 22 (199–311) 269 ± 26 (211–316)
Excretory pore distance 257 ± 9.12 (236–267) 215 (184–233) 210 ± 18 (144–233) 226 ± 26 (171–264)
Lip length 9.1 ± 0.83 (8–10) 17.8 (16.8–18.8) 9.6 ± 1.1 (6.7–12.2) 10.3 ± 1.2 (7.8–12.9)
Stylet length 122 ± 5 (110–126) 118 (100–133) 118 ± 7 (102–129) 126 ± 8 (99–142)
Stylet cone 88 ± 6 (75–95) 93 (84–102)
Stylet shaft 34 ± 2 (30–35) 34 (28–39)
Stylet knob width 5.9 ± 0.32 (5.5–6.5) - 5.4 ± 0.5 (4.5–6.4) 5.7 ± 0.5 (5.0–6.7)
Tail length 128 ± 14 (114–150) 140 (177–163)
Tail/body width ratio 4 ± 0 (4–5) 4.4 (3.5–5.0) - -
Tail width 32 ± 3 (28–38) - - -
Tail integument thickness 6.9 ± 0.91 (5.5–8.0) - 6.7 ± 1.2 (4.8–10.1) 7.2 ± 0.9 (5.4–9.1)
Stylet length/Tail length ratio 1.0 ± 0.1 (0.82–1.1) 0.81 (0.68–1.0) 0.87 ± 0.07 (0.72–1.0) 0.94 ± 0.08 (0.78–1.2)

Morphometrics of Belonolaimus longicaudatus males collected from bermudagrass in Baltimore County, Maryland compared with the original species description_

Characteristicsa MD population (n = 10) B. longicaudatus (n = 22) (Rau, 1958)
L 1.9 ± 0.95 (1.8–2.1) 1.8 (1.6–2.1)
a 57 ± 3 (52–62) 64 (55–74)
b 7 ± 1 (6–8) 7.5 (7.0–8.1)
c 15 ± 1 (13–17) 15 (13–17)
Stylet length 113 ± 4 (108–120) 120 (111–132)
Stylet cone 82 ± 5 (76–90) -
Stylet shaft 31 ± 2 (28–33) -
Tail length 131 ± 8 (120–145) -
Spicule length 42 ± 4 (35–45) 43 (0.76–0.97)
Gubernaculum length 18 ± 2 (15–20) 17 (15–18)
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