Isolation, identification of entomopathogenic nematodes with insights into their distribution in the Syrian coast regions and virulence against Tuta absoluta
, e | 30 nov 2023
INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
Article Category: Research Paper
Pubblicato online: 30 nov 2023
Pagine: -
Ricevuto: 18 mag 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2023-0056
Parole chiave
© 2023 Mai Ali et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Morphometrics of male of the Syrian Heterorhabditis indica isolates. All measurements are in μm (except n, ratio, and percentage), and in the form mean ± S.D. (range).
| n | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 12 |
| L | 685±89 (569–719) | 697±80 (598–731) | 689±75 (604–740) | 715±69 (591–730) | 703±81 (590–741) | 718±87 (610–773) | 726±89 (598–761) | 741±91 (589–767) | 735±85 (602–759) | 749±80 (584–773) | 738±90 (609–770) | 745±77 (614–780) | 754±94 (598–783) | 762±79 (590–790) | 721 (573–788) |
| MBD | 37±2.3 (35–41) | 38.5±2.4 (35–43) | 37±2.1 (33–40) | 41±1.5 (38–47) | 40.5±1.8 (37–43) | 41±1.3 (37–42) | 41.5±1 (35–44) | 42±1.2 (37–45) | 42±1.9 (35–44) | 43.5±1.6 (38–47) | 43±0.9 (37–44) | 44±1.4 (38–46) | 43.5±1.5 (36–45) | 43±1.9 (38–45) | 42 (35–46) |
| EP | 113±6.7 (105–125) | 114.5±5.9 (107–121) | 114±6.1 (107–127) | 119±8.1 (107–127) | 115.5±5.7 (109–125) | 119±5.9 (105–130) | 124±5.1 (109–131) | 126±5.5 (110–137) | 124.5±5.9 (105–134) | 126±5.8 (114–136) | 124.5±6.1 (107–133) | 126.5±5.4 (112–136) | 129±5.8 (110–139) | 132±6 (109–140) | 123 (109–138) |
| NR | 71±4.5 (69–76) | 72±5.8 (69–79) | 71.5±4.3 (67–75) | 74±4.7 (70–80) | 72±6.1 (68–83) | 73±5.7 (69–84) | 73±4.1 (70–80) | 78±5.5 (69–80) | 77.5±4.3 (70–81) | 78.5±4.9 (70–85) | 77±3.9 (73–83) | 78±4.5 (72–84) | 79±5.1 (74–86) | 78.5±5.2 (71–85) | 75 (72–85) |
| ES | 95±5.7 (94–104) | 97.5±5.1 (92–103) | 95.5±5.5 (93–105) | 98±5.9 (92–107) | 98.5±6.1 (94–107) | 99±6.3 (95–108) | 101±5.8 (95–107) | 103±5.9 (94–106) | 101.5±6 (96–109) | 104±5.8 (94–107) | 103±5.2 (96–105) | 103.5±4.9 (95–106) | 104.5±5.6 (94–109) | 106±6 (97–109) | 101 (93–109) |
| ABW | 20±1.2 (18–22) | 20±1.3 (17–21) | 20.5±1.2 (18–23) | 20±1.4 (17–23) | 21±0.9 (18–24) | 22±1.3 (19–24) | 22.5±1.4 (18–24) | 23±0.8 (19–24) | 22±1.4 (19–25) | 23±1.1 (17–25) | 21.5±0.9 (19–24) | 22.5±1.4 (18–25) | 23.5±1.2 (18–25) | 23±1.1 (18–25) | 23 (19–24) |
| T | 23±2.1 (21–26) | 25±1.9 (22–29) | 24.5±1.3 (23–30) | 26±1.7 (21–30) | 25±1.8 (22–30) | 26.5±2.3 (24–33) | 27.5±2.1 (24–31) | 29±2.6 (21–32) | 29±2 (24–31) | 30±2.5 (22–32) | 28±2.1 (24–31) | 29.5±1.9 (24–32) | 30±1.6 (24–31) | 30±1.5 (25–33) | 28 (24–32) |
| a | 18.51 | 17.9 | 18.61 | 17.43 | 17.35 | 17.51 | 17.49 | 17.64 | 17.5 | 17.21 | 16.9 | 16.93 | 17.33 | 17.7 | 17.16 |
| b | 7.21 | 7.14 | 7.21 | 7.29 | 7.13 | 7.25 | 7.18 | 7.19 | 7.24 | 7.20 | 7.16 | 7.19 | 7.21 | 7.18 | 7.13 |
| c | 29.7 | 27.88 | 28.1 | 27.5 | 28.12 | 27 | 27.39 | 25.5 | 25.34 | 25.82 | 26.3 | 25.25 | 25.13 | 25.4 | 25.75 |
| D | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.19 | 1.21 | 1.16 | 1.20 | 1.22 | 1.22 | 1.22 | 1.21 | 1.20 | 1.22 | 1.23 | 1.24 | 1.21 |
| E | 4.91 | 4.58 | 4.63 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.49 | 4.50 | 4.34 | 4.29 | 4.2 | 4.44 | 4.28 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.39 |
| SL | 37±3.9 (34–43) | 38.5±3.7 (35–44) | 37±3.5 (35–43) | 41±4 (37–42) | 39.5±3.2 (38–44) | 42±2.1 (39–46) | 43±3.1 (37–46) | 44.5±3.4 (38–47) | 43.5±3.2 (39–45) | 45±3.9 (38–47) | 44±3.1 (40–48) | 44.5±3.2 (40–47) | 46±3.8 (39–48) | 47.5±4.1 (39–50) | 43 (35–48) |
| GL | 17.5±1.9 (17–22) | 19±1.5 (17–22) | 18±1.3 (17–21) | 21±1.7 (19–22) | 19.5±1.2 (18–22) | 20.5±1.3 (19–23) | 21±1.4 (17–22) | 21.5±1.3 (19–22) | 22±1.2 (19–23) | 23±1.6 (19–25) | 21±1.2 (20–24) | 22±1.6 (19–23) | 22.5±1.4 (19–24) | 23±1.2 (18–24) | 21 (18–22) |
| SW | 1.85 | 1.92 | 1.80 | 2 | 1.88 | 1.90 | 1.91 | 1.93 | 1.89 | 1.95 | 2 | 1.97 | 1.95 | 2 | 1.86 |
| GS | 0.47 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.47 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.50 (0.40–0.60) |
Morphometrics of male of the Syrian Heterorhabditis bacteriophora isolates. All measurements are in μm (except n, ratio, and percentage), and in the form: mean ± s.d. (range).
| n | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 15 |
| L | 845±91 (789–910) | 829±85 (778–903) | 810±65 (785–895) | 819±69 (791–901) | 824±84 (775–915) | 831±95 (793–942) | 804±79 (773–891) | 820±83 (786–900) | 815±74 (781–906) | 820 (780–960) |
| MBD | 46.5±4.8 (37–48) | 44.5±5.1 (39–47) | 41±4.1 (36–43) | 41±4.5 (38–46) | 42.5±4.6 (37–47) | 44.5±4.1 (39–46) | 40±4.2 (35–45) | 42±4 (36–45) | 41±4.3 (36–45) | 43 (38–46) |
| EP | 126±5.5 (115–129) | 124±5.7 (114–126) | 119.5±5.1 (115–125) | 121.5±5.5 (115–125) | 123±5.9 (115–128) | 124.5±5.8 (115–130) | 120±5.9 (112—124) | 122.5±5.1 (116–128) | 122±5.4 (114–129) | 121 (114–130) |
| NR | 76±4.7 (67–79) | 73±4.6 (64–77) | 69±4.1 (67–74) | 71±4.5 (67–77) | 72±5.1 (65–80) | 73.5±5.2 (66–83) | 68.5±4 (65–75) | 71.5±4.3 (67–76) | 71±4.7 (66–78) | 72 (65–81) |
| ES | 103.5±2.1 (100–104) | 103±2 (99–104.5) | 102±1.7 (99–104) | 101±1.1 (100–103) | 102.5±1.2 (98–104) | 103±1.2 (99–104) | 100±0.8 (98–102) | 101±0.9 (99–103) | 100.5±1 (97–104) | 103 (99–105) |
| ABW | 24.5±1.7 (22–26) | 23±1.3 (21–24) | 21±1.1 (20–23) | 21.5±1.5 (20–24) | 23±1.2 (21–24) | 23.5±1 (21–25) | 21±0.9 (20–23) | 23±1.4 (20–24) | 21±1.1 (20–24) | 23 (22–25) |
| T | 32.5±3.9 (24–34) | 29±4.3 (22–32) | 25±3.8 (24–30) | 26.5±3.1 (24–31) | 27±4.1 (22–34) | 29.5±3.5 (24–35) | 23.5±4.5 (21–30) | 27±3.4 (24–30) | 26±3.1 (24–31) | 28 |
| a | 18.1 | 18.6 | 19.7 | 19.9 | 19.3 | 18.6 | 20 | 19.5 | 19.8 | 19 |
| b | 8.16 | 8.04 | 7.94 | 8.10 | 8.03 | 8.06 | 8.04 | 8.11 | 8.01 | 7.9 |
| c | 25.22 | 28.58 | 32.5 | 30.9 | 30.5 | 28.16 | 24.73 | 30.3 | 31.34 | 29.2 |
| D | 1.21 | 1.20 | 1.17 | 1.20 | 1.2 | 1.20 | 1.2 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 1.17 |
| E | 3.76 | 4.27 | 4.78 | 4.58 | 4.55 | 4.22 | 5.1 | 4.53 | 4.69 | 4.32 |
| SL | 42.5±2.5 (37–44) | 40±2.6 (35–43) | 37.5±2 (36–41) | 39±1.7 (37–44) | 39.5±1.8 (36–44) | 41±2.9 (36–46) | 37±2 (35–42) | 39±1.7 (36–42) | 39±1.6 (35–42) | 40 (36–44) |
| GL | 21±0.8 (19–23) | 19±0.7 (18–23) | 18±0.7 (17–22) | 19±0.9 (18–23) | 20±1 (17–23) | 21±1.1 (18–24) | 19±1 (17–22) | 20±1.2 (17–23) | 19±1.1 (17–23) | 20 (18–25) |
| SW | 1.73 | 1.73 | 1.78 | 1.81 | 1.71 | 1.74 | 1.76 | 1.69 | 1.85 | 1.74 |
| GS | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.50 |
Morphometrics of infective juvenile and male of the Syrian Heterorhabditis pakistanense isolates. All measurements are in μm (except n, ratio, and percentage), and in the form mean ± S.D. (range).
| n | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 25 | 25 |
| L | 575±23 (536–597) | 839.5±91 (710–945) | 583±31 (542–603) | 810±85 (721–991) | 581 (558–624) | 819 (720–1013) |
| MBD | 20±2.7 (17–21) | 39.5±2.4 (36–41) | 19±0.8 (17–22) | 38±2.1 (35–40) | 21 (19–23) | 39.8 (38–43) |
| EP | 95.5±3.6 (85–98) | 120.4±3.2 (113–129) | 92±2.7 (87–98) | 119±3.4 (114–125) | 99.3 (95–106) | 122.8 (112–133) |
| NR | 83±2.5 (70–89) | 87±3.8 (81–97) | 81±1.5 (73–86) | 85.6±4.2 (79–95) | 82 (73–90) | 89 (80–110) |
| ES | 116.5±2.9 (109–121) | 100.5±1.1 (97–103) | 114±1.6 (107–119) | 98.5±0.9 (97–101) | 117 (113–125) | 102 (100–105) |
| ABW | 12.5±1.5 (9.4–15) | 23.3±0.9 (21–25) | 12±1.2 (10–15) | 22.5±1.4 (21–26) | 13.7 (12–16) | 24.5 (22–26) |
| T | 96.5±2.3 (92–103) | 38±1.8 (32–41) | 94±2.1 (90–105) | 35.5±2.3 (31–40) | 99 (95–110) | 37 (30–42) |
| a | 28.75 | 21.2 | 30.6 | 21.3 | 27.4 (25–29) | 20.5 (18–23.5) |
| b | 4.9 | 8.35 | 5.11 | 8.22 | 4.8 (4.7–5.3) | 7.9 (7.2–9.8) |
| c | 5.95 | 22 | 6.2 | 22.8 | 5.78 (5.4–6.2) | 22 (19.3–25) |
| D | 0.81 | 1.19 | 0.80 | 1.20 | 0.84 (0.78–0.97) | 1.19 (1.1–1.26) |
| E | 0.98 | 3.16 | 0.97 | 3.35 | 1 (0.95–1.07) | 3.31 (2.67–4) |
| SL | - | 39±2.4 (35–41) | - | 37±2.7 (34–40) | - | 38.5 (35–42) |
| GL | - | 21.4±1.9 (19–23) | - | 20.5±1.5 (19–22) | - | 21 (20–22) |
| SW | - | 1.67 | - | 1.64 | - | 1.56 (1.44–1.91) |
| GS | - | 0.54 | - | 0.55 | - | 0.58 (0.48–0.65) |
Locality, coordinates, altitude, sampling date, habitat, and soil characteristics of positive samples.
| Zeghreen / Latakia | OP221993 | 35°43′39″N 35°52′39″E | 40 m | Autumn | Olive field | Sandy | 7.3 | 3.39 | |
| Al-Hinadi / Latakia | OP221988 | 35°51′48″N 35°30′12″E | 36 m | Autumn | Citrus orchard | Silty loam | 7.5 | 1.4 | |
| Ein-Albida / Latakia | OP221987 | 35°39′26″N 35°35′18″E | 207 m | Autumn | Citrus orchard | Silty loam | 7.5 | 5.19 | |
| Al-Meherfha/Latakia | OP221992 | 35°36′12″N 35°51′20″E | 214 m | Autumn | Olive orchard | Sandy loam | 6.1 | 2.3 | |
| Al-Shamiea /Latakia | OP221989 | 35°38′22″N 35°48′30″E | 61 m | Autumn | Citrus orchard | Silty loam | 6.5 | 3.72 | |
| Fattiro /Latakia | OP221991 | 35°37′19″N 35°15′24″E | 138 m | Autumn | Olive orchard | Clay | 6.2 | 2 | |
| Kersana/Latakia | OP221983 | 35°37′18″N 35°49′40″E | 53 m | Autumn | Olive orchard | Sandy loam | 6.0 | 5.72 | |
| Al-Basa/Latakia | OP221984 | 35°30′14″N 35°52′15″E | 46 m | Autumn | Vegetables | Silty loam | 6.5 | 2.33 | |
| Al-Borjan /Latakia | OP221986 | 35°17′34″N 35°58′42″E | 47 m | Autumn | Vegetables | Sandy loam | 6.1 | 3.66 | |
| Al-Meghreet /Latakia | OP221990 | 35°63′17″N 35°49′53″E | 81 m | Spring | Citrus orchard | Silty loam | 6.4 | 2.9 | |
| Al-Hwiz/Latakia | OP221996 | 35°20′27″N 36°00′02″E | 108 m | Spring | Grassland | Sandy loam | 5.2 | 2.26 | |
| Hraeson / Tartus | OP221985 | 35°15′01″N 35°57′01″E | 15 m | Spring | Citrus orchard | Silty loam | 8.1 | 2.73 | |
| Fneiteq /Tartus | OP221994 | 35°06′51″N 36°07′17″E | 597 m | Autumn | Walnut orchard | Silty loam | 8.1 | 1.73 | |
| Karm-Alten/Tartus | OP221995 | 35°07′01″N 36°06′20″E | 580 m | Spring | Grassland | Sandy | 7.5 | 3.02 | |
| Al-Snobr /Latakia | OP222916 | 35°28′45″N 35°53′09″E | 26 m | Spring | Grassland | Clay loam | 5.8 | 6.2 | |
| Zeghreen /Latakia | OP222020 | 35°43′45″N 35°52′57″E | 46 m | Autumn | Citrus orchard | Clay loam | 6.7 | 4.72 | |
| Al-Shelfatea/Latakia | OP222019 | 35°32′54″N 35°53′53″E | 41 m | Autumn | Citrus orchard | Silty loam | 7.1 | 3.3 | |
| Al-Serskiea/Latakia | OP222018 | 35°42′33″N 35°55′36″E | 85 m | Autumn | Vegetables | Sandy loam | 6.7 | 5.39 | |
| Ras-Alein /Latakia | OP222015 | 35°17′38″N 35°57′53″E | 32 m | Spring | Tobacco field | Silty loam | 6.0 | 1.46 | |
| Al-Basa /Latakia | OP222017 | 35°29′34″N 35°50′43″E | 4 m | Autumn | Citrus orchard | Silty loam | 7.7 | 2.67 | |
| Dimsarkho /Latakia | OP222012 | 35°33′07″N 35°46′26″E | 15 m | Autumn | Tobacco field | Silty loam | 5.9 | 3.06 | |
| AL-Kawkae/Tartus | OP222014 | 35°09′24″N 36°06′47″E | 486 m | Spring | Grassland | Clay loam | 6.3 | 2.06 | |
| Bet-shofan /Tartus | OP222013 | 34°45′35″N 36°00′44″E | 70 m | Spring | Citrus orchard | Silty loam | 7.8 | 1.25 | |
| Al-Zobar /Latakia | OP235514 | 35°37′57″N 36°00′12″E | 213 m | Autumn | Pear orchard | Sandy loam | 6.8 | 1.86 | |
| Al-Bahloliea/Latakia | OP235513 | 35°38′09″N 35°57′40″E | 179 m | Summer | Vineyard | Sandy loam | 7.1 | 1.3 | |
| Amodeyha/Tartus | OM350119 | 35°06′10″N 36°07′57″E | 759 m | Spring | Walnut orchard | Silty loam | 6.1 | 6 | |
| Fneitiq/Tartus | OL437016 | 35°06′02″N 36°08′51″E | 604 m | Winter | Grass land | Silty | 6.4 | 4.1 |
Vegetation habitat and abiotic factors with their corresponding codes.
| Citrus orchard | Hab1 | Soil type |
C Sa Si SaL SiL CL |
Altitude |
Alt1 Alt2 Alt3 Alt4 |
| Olive orchard | Hab2 |
Clay Sand Silty Sandy loam Silty loam Clay loam |
0–200 m 200–400 m 400–600 m 600–800 m |
||
| Grassland | Hab3 | ||||
| Vegetables | Hab4 | Season | |||
| Walnut orchard | Hab5 |
pH <6.5 = 6.5–7.5 >7.5 |
pH1 pH2 pH3 |
Autumn Spring Summer Winter |
S1 S2 S3 S4 |
| Tobacco field | Hab6 | ||||
| Pear orchard | Hab7 | ||||
|
Organic matter content 1–2% 2–4% 4–6% |
OM1 OM2 OM3 |
||||
| Vineyard | Hab8 |
Morphometrics of infective juvenile of the Syrian Heterorhabditis bacteriophora isolates. All measurements are in μm (except n, ratio, and percentage), and in the form mean ± S.D. (range).
| n | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 15 |
| L | 603±80 (532–613) | 600±67 (521–611) | 597±71 (527–608) | 589±67 (529–603) | 593±78 (522–610) | 578±79 (524–602) | 553±51 (519–597) | 564±63 (520–602) | 575±59 (518–590) | 588 (512–617) |
| MBD | 26±3.2 (18–33) | 26±3 (17–31) | 24.5±2.8 (18–29) | 24±2.9 (18–31) | 24±2.9 (18–33) | 23.5±2.8 (18–31) | 21.5±3.1 (18–29) | 23±3.3 (18–31) | 23±2.7 (18–31) | 23 (18–31) |
| EP | 106.5±5.4 (91–112) | 106±5.6 (86–114) | 105.5±6 (89–109) | 102±6.3 (85–105) | 104±6.8 (89–110) | 98.5±5.7 (87–102) | 93.5±5.1 (88–100) | 94.5±5 (89–101) | 97±5.5 (88–100) | 103 (87–110) |
| NR | 90±4.8 (75–95) | 88.5±4.5 (72–92) | 88.5±4.6 (72–90) | 86.5±4.9 (74–90) | 88±4.7 (71–94) | 84±5 (72–90) | 80.5±4.3 (70–91) | 84±4.6 (71–92) | 83±4.2 (70–89) | 85 (72–93) |
| ES | 132±6.2 (113–138) | 131.5±5.7 (103–135) | 129.5±5.9 (102–135) | 126.5±6.1 (105–130) | 128±6.3 (104–138) | 124±6 (102–132) | 114±5.9 (104–130) | 119±5.6 (107–130) | 122±6.2 (106–129) | 125 (100–139) |
| ABW | 8.2±1.2 (6–8) | 8±1.1 (6.3–8.4) | 7.8±0.9 (6.5–8) | 7.4±0.7 (6.5–7.9) | 7.5±1 (6.5–8) | 7.2±0.7 (6.3–7.9) | 6.5±0.9 (6.2–7.4) | 6.8±0.9 (6.5–7.8) | 7±1 (6–7.4) | - |
| T | 108.5±6.7 (89–115) | 107±6.4 (81–114) | 104±6.1 (83–109) | 100±5.8 (85–104) | 102±6.2 (81–112) | 95±6.3 (82–101) | 89±6 (81–100) | 92.5±5.6 (82–102) | 93.5±5.1 (81–98) | 98 (83–112) |
| a | 23.1 | 23 | 24.36 | 24.5 | 24.7 | 24.59 | 25.72 | 24.52 | 25 | 25 (17–30) |
| b | 4.56 | 4.56 | 4.61 | 4.65 | 4.63 | 4.66 | 4.85 | 4.73 | 4.71 | 4.5 (4–5.1) |
| c | 5.55 | 5.60 | 5.74 | 5.89 | 5.81 | 6 | 6.21 | 6 | 6.14 | 6.2 (5.5–7) |
| D | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.84 (0.76–0.92) |
| E | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.12 (1.03–1.30) |
Mortality of third- and fourth-instar larvae of Tuta absoluta on outside leaves at each dose rate for three different entomopathogenic nematodes (mean ± S.D.).
| Third-instar larvae of |
25.00a±1.62 | 37.50a±2.16 | 45.83a±1.33 | 54.17a±1.45 | 66.67a±0 | 79.17a±0.95 | |
| 16.67b±0 | 26.17ab±2.27 | 37.50a±1.33 | 45.83a±1.45 | 62.50a±1.43 | 70.83a±0.84 | ||
| 8.33bc±0.32 | 16.67bc±0.15 | 25.00b±2.62 | 33.33b±0 | 37.50b±1.43 | 45.83b±0.84 | ||
| Control | 0c±0 | 0c±0 | 0c±0 | 0c±0 | 0c±0 | 0c±0 | |
| df= 3 | df= 3 | df=3 | df=3 | df=3 | df=3 | ||
| F=10 | F=30.7 | F=27.6 | F= 65.33 | F=108.5 | F=97.22 | ||
| Fourth-instar larvae of |
29.17a±1.33 | 41.67a±1.64 | 50.0a ±0 | 59.52a±1.16 | 71.43a±1.59 | 91.67a±1.62 | |
| 20.83ab±1.33 | 36.50ab±1.33 | 41.67ab±1.62 | 50.0ab±0 | 50.00a±1.45 | 87.50a±1.33 | ||
| 12.50ab±2.17 | 25.00b±1.64 | 33.33b±0 | 41.67b±1.62 | 45.83a±1.33 | 54.17b±1.95 | ||
| Control | 4.17b±1.62 | 4.17c±1.34 | 4.17c±1.33 | 4.17c±1.33 | 4.17b±1.33 | 4.17c±1.33 | |
| df= 3 | df= 3 | df= 3 | df= 3 | df= 3 | df= 3 | ||
| F=6.67 | F=14 | F=39.29 | F=32.78 | F=8.29 | F=53.86 | ||
Distribution of EPNs in Syrian coast region according to the vegetation habitat, altitude and sampling seasons variables.
| Coniferous forest | 0 c | 0 b | 0 |
| Broadleaf forest | 0 c | 0 b | 0 |
| Citrus orchards | 27.27 a | 2.4 a | 9 |
| Olive orchards | 10.81b | 1.06 a | 4 |
| Walnut orchards | 8 b | 0.53 a | 2 |
| Pear orchards | 4.34 b,c | 0.26 a | 1 |
| vineyard | 4 bc | 0.26 a | 1 |
| Fruit orchards (e.g., cherry, apple) | 0 c | 0 b | 0 |
| Vegetable fields | 7.5 b | 0.8 a | 3 |
| Oil crop | 0 c | 0 b | 0 |
| Leguminous crop | 0 c | 0 b | 0 |
| Leafy vegetables | 0 c | 0 b | 0 |
| Tobacco fields | 8.33b | 0.53 a | 2 |
| Riverbanks | 0 c | 0 b | 0 |
| Greenhouses | 0 c | 0 b | 0 |
| Fodder crop | 0 c | 0 b | 0 |
| Grassland | 11.11b | 1.33 a | 5 |
| Medicinal and aromatic plants | 0 c | 0 b | 0 |
| Sea coast | 0 c | 0 b | 0 |
| Public parks | 0 c | 0 b | 0 |
| 0–200 | 8.37a | 19.31 | 18 |
| 200–400 | 1.79b | 3.79 | 3 |
| 400–600 | 1.93b | 3.94 | 3 |
| 600–800 | 1.39b | 2.7 | 2 |
| >800 | 0c | 0 | 0 |
| Autumn | 5.01 a | 10.37 | 16 |
| Spring | 2.4a,b | 6.33 | 9 |
| Summer | 1.4b | 1.96 | 1 |
| Winter | 1.78 b | 2.12 | 1 |
Morphometrics of infective juvenile of Syrian Heterorhabditis indica isolates. All measurements are in μm (except n, ratio, and percentage), and in the form: mean ± s.d. (range).
| n | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 25 |
| L | 532±31 (503–589) | 551±25 (532–591) | 547±45 (523–598) | 559±37 (518–589) | 553±37 (510–595) | 561±41 (529–602) | 569±27 (520–596) | 578±46 (545–610) | 570±21 (531–604) | 589±69 (520–610) | 597±51 (532–614) | 602±62 (541–610) | 607±66 (539–615) | 604±59 (551–618) | 528 (479–573) |
| MBD | 20.5±0.7 (18–22) | 20±1.1 (19–23) | 19±0.8 (17–21) | 19.5±0.9 (18–22) | 20 ±1 (18–21) | 21±1.3 (17–24) | 21±1.2 (18–23) | 22±1.4 (18–24) | 21.5±1.5 (19–24) | 21±1.2 (18–25) | 22±1.4 (17–24) | 21±1.8 (18–26) | 22±1.2 (19–25) | 22±1 (18–25) | 20 (19–22) |
| EP | 97.2±6 (85–103) | 95±5.5 (83–101) | 94.5±5.3 (85–100) | 96.5±5 (87–102) | 94±4.9 (82–102) | 96±5.2 (83–102) | 101±6.1 (85–107) | 98.5±4.7 (87–103) | 101±4.5 (81–105) | 102±6.7 (89–107) | 102±6.4 (84–106) | 101.5±58 (89–110) | 103±6.5 (87–112) | 102±6.3 (89–109) | 98 (88–107) |
| NR | 81.4±3 (70–86) | 78.6±2.4 (74–87) | 83±1.9 (78–88) | 82.5±2.1 (73–86) | 82±2.3 (75–84) | 81±2.8 (70–85) | 83±2.7 (74–88) | 80±2.3 (75–86) | 82.5±2.2 (73–85) | 84±2.6 (74–88) | 83.5±2.9 (71–87) | 84±2.5 (75–88) | 81±2.7 (72–86) | 80.5±2.9 (75–84) | 82 (72–85) |
| ES | 118±4 (112–122) | 117±5.1 (104–123) | 118±6 (109–121) | 117.5±5 (110–120) | 115±5.6 (109–121) | 121±5.4 (110–123) | 121±5.8 (112–124) | 122±7.4 (105–125) | 118±6.1 (107–120) | 119.5±6 (107–122) | 120±6.1 (114–125) | 119±5.4 (108–121) | 118±5.7 (110–123) | 120±5.5 (109–122) | 117 (109–123) |
| ABW | 9.6±1.1 (8–11) | 7±0.7 (6.5–8) | 7.1±0.8 (6.5–7.8) | 7±0.7 (6.4–7.5) | 6.7±1 (6.2–7.5) | 7.2±0.8 (6.5–7.9) | 7.5±0.9 (6.7–7.9) | 7.2±0.4 (6.8–7.5) | 7±0.6 (6.4–7.6) | 7.8±0.9 (6.9–8) | 6.8±0.8 (6.4–7.8) | 6.7±0.9 (6.5–7) | 7.1±0.5 (6.7–7.4) | 7±0.5 (6.5–7.6) | - |
| T | 103±5.1 (88–105) | 94±2.3 (90–97) | 96±4.1 (92–106) | 97.5±2.3 (93–102) | 97±1.4 (92–99) | 98.5±2.9 (89–103) | 95±2.1 (90–101) | 102±5 (89–107) | 98±4.9 (88–105) | 101±4.1 (90–110) | 98.5±4.5 (93–104) | 102±4 (94–107) | 104±4.3 (93–105) | 101±4.9 (95–107) | 101 (93–109) |
| a | 25.9 | 27.5 | 28.7 | 28.6 | 27.6 | 26.7 | 27 | 26.2 | 26.5 | 28 | 27.1 | 27.3 | 27.5 | 27.4 | 26 (25–27) |
| b | 4.50 | 4.7 | 4.63 | 4.75 | 4.82 | 4.63 | 4.70 | 4.81 | 4.83 | 4.90 | 4.97 | 5 | 5.14 | 5 | 4.5 (4.3–4.8) |
| c | 5.1 | 5.86 | 5.69 | 5.73 | 5.70 | 5.69 | 5.98 | 5.66 | 5.81 | 5.83 | 6 | 5.90 | 5.83 | 5.98 | 5.3 (4.5–5.6) |
| D | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.84 (0.79–0.90) |
| E | 0.94 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 1.06 | 0.96 | 1.03 | 1 | 1.03 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1 | 0.90 (0.83–1.03) |