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Reaction of Commercial Cultivars of Kiwifruit to Infection by Root-knot Nematode and Its Biocontrol Using Endophytic Bacteria

Seyedeh Najmeh Banihashemian

Seyedeh Najmeh Banihashemian

Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of GuilanRasht, Iran
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Banihashemian, Seyedeh Najmeh
, 
Salar Jamali

Salar Jamali

Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of GuilanRasht, Iran
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Jamali, Salar
, 
Morteza Golmohammadi

Morteza Golmohammadi

Horticultural Science Research Institute, Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)Ramsar, Iran
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Golmohammadi, Morteza
, 
Sina Noorizadeh

Sina Noorizadeh

Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, Tabriz UniversityTabriz, Iran
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Noorizadeh, Sina
 e 
Mohammad Reza Atighi

Mohammad Reza Atighi

Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares UniversityTehran, Iran
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Atighi, Mohammad Reza
  
05 giu 2023
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Categoria dell'articolo: Research Paper
Pubblicato online: 05 giu 2023
Ricevuto: 13 feb 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2023-0020
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© 2023 Seyedeh Najmeh Banihashemian et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Reaction of commercial cultivars of kiwifruit to infection by M. incogntia. (A) Number of galls on roots; (B) Number of egg masses on roots; (C) Number of J2s in the soil. Different letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05). Error bars indicate STD. (n=15).
Reaction of commercial cultivars of kiwifruit to infection by M. incogntia. (A) Number of galls on roots; (B) Number of egg masses on roots; (C) Number of J2s in the soil. Different letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05). Error bars indicate STD. (n=15).

Figure 2:

Growth parameters of plants in response to infection by M. incogntia. (A) Fresh root weight; (B) dry root weight; (C) fresh shoot weight; (D) dry shoot weight. Different letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05). Error bars indicate STD (n=15).
Growth parameters of plants in response to infection by M. incogntia. (A) Fresh root weight; (B) dry root weight; (C) fresh shoot weight; (D) dry shoot weight. Different letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05). Error bars indicate STD (n=15).

Figure 3:

Relationships between the number of galls and percentage of reductions in fresh and dry root and shoot weights. (A) (●) and (▲) represent reductions in fresh and dry root weights of kiwifruit plants, respectively. (…) and (―) represent trend lines showing reductions in fresh and dry root weights of kiwifruit plants, respectively; (B): (●) and (▲) represent reductions in fresh and dry shoot weights of kiwifruit plants, respectively. (…) and (―) represent trend lines showing reductions in fresh and dry shoot weights of kiwifruit plants, respectively.
Relationships between the number of galls and percentage of reductions in fresh and dry root and shoot weights. (A) (●) and (▲) represent reductions in fresh and dry root weights of kiwifruit plants, respectively. (…) and (―) represent trend lines showing reductions in fresh and dry root weights of kiwifruit plants, respectively; (B): (●) and (▲) represent reductions in fresh and dry shoot weights of kiwifruit plants, respectively. (…) and (―) represent trend lines showing reductions in fresh and dry shoot weights of kiwifruit plants, respectively.

Figure 4:

Antagonistic effects of P. megaterium strain 31.en and A. tumefaciens strain 19.en against M. incognita in kiwifruit under greenhouse conditions. Different letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05). Data are the mean of five replications which were repeated three times independently (n=15).
Antagonistic effects of P. megaterium strain 31.en and A. tumefaciens strain 19.en against M. incognita in kiwifruit under greenhouse conditions. Different letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05). Data are the mean of five replications which were repeated three times independently (n=15).

Figure 5:

Effects of P. megaterium strain 31.en and A. tumefaciens strain 19.en on growth parameters of kiwifruit under greenhouse conditions. Different letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05). Data are the mean of five replications that were repeated three times independently (n=15).
Effects of P. megaterium strain 31.en and A. tumefaciens strain 19.en on growth parameters of kiwifruit under greenhouse conditions. Different letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05). Data are the mean of five replications that were repeated three times independently (n=15).

Modified rating scale for the evaluation of the level of resistance/susceptibility of kiwifruit cultivars based on the number of galls according to (Taylor and Sasser, 1978)_

Scale Number of Galls per Plant Resistance Rating
0 0 Immune (I)
1 1–2 Resistant (R)
2 3–10 Moderately Resistant (MR)
3 11–30 Moderately Susceptible (MS)
4 31–100 Susceptible (S)
5 >100 Highly Susceptible (HS)
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