<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>Computational dosimetry has become the main tool for estimating induced electric fields within brain tissues in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) which is recently attracting the attention of researches for motor function disturbances such as Parkinson’s disease. This paper investigates the effect of including or excluding the very thin meninges in computing tDCS electric fields using CST software. For this purpose, two models of the brain with and without meninges were used to induce electric field with two DC current electrodes (2 mA) in regions of the model referring to M1 and Prefrontal Cortex (FP2) similar to tDCS. Considering meninges, the results have shown differences in the induced field showing that there might be problems with conventional models in which meninges are not taken into account.</p></abstract>

Computational dosimetry has become the main tool for estimating induced electric fields within brain tissues in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) which is recently attracting the attention of researches for motor function disturbances such as Parkinson’s disease. This paper investigates the effect of including or excluding the very thin meninges in computing tDCS electric fields using CST software. For this purpose, two models of the brain with and without meninges were used to induce electric field with two DC current electrodes (2 mA) in regions of the model referring to M1 and Prefrontal Cortex (FP2) similar to tDCS. Considering meninges, the results have shown differences in the induced field showing that there might be problems with conventional models in which meninges are not taken into account.

<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><sec id="j_joeb-2018-0009_s_001_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1aAa"><div>Introduction</div><p>Transcranial electrical stimulation using weak current may be a promising tool to modulate cerebral activity in a noninvasive, and to some extent reversible, selective way [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_ref_001_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab2b2b1Aa">1</a>]. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a useful noninvasive technique that imposes a weak direct electrical current (1-2 mA) to modulate the activity of neurons in the brain. The experiments suggested that electrodes placed on the head can produce noticeable neurological changes depending on the current direction [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_ref_002_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab2b2b2Aa">2</a>]. The current results in an electric field, and to attain this field in specific regions of the brain, the electric current should pass through different head layers via skin, fat, skull, meninges, and cortex (part of the brain). In order to model the brain, different layers should be considered, including gray and white matters.</p><p>The meninges, three layers of protective tissue, cover the outer surface of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and comprise three connective tissue layers viz. (from the innermost to the outermost layer) the pia mater, arachnoid and the dura mater. The meninges also support blood vessels and contain cerebrospinal fluid in between. The pia mater is in direct contact with the cortex, and there is space for the highly conductive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the pia mater and the arachnoid [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_ref_003_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab2b2b3Aa">3</a>]. The dura mater is a thin layer that has low conductivity closest to the skull and vertebrae. <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_001_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1ab3Aa">Figure 1</a> shows the layers of the meninges in the brain [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_ref_004_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab2b2b4Aa">4</a>].</p><figure id="j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_001_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1ab3Aa" position="float" fig-type="figure"><h2>Fig. 1</h2><figCaption><p>Cross-section of meninges in brain [4].</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_001.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721f58215d2f6c89dbca62/j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240704T182255Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240704%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=3cdfb6ea05b6dd06f0c2c30948740c751b0c4c202fcbce44a0c4d9085efc47e0" class="mw-100"/></figure><p>In most voxel-based computational models of human brain, the resolution is on the order of millimeters, and fine structures like the meninges are ignored. This leads to negligible error in high frequency simulations, since the capacitive barrier of thin, low conductivity layers tend to be shorted out at high frequencies. In contrast, high discrepancies are expected at lower frequencies. This paper addresses the estimation of amplitude E, electric field due to DC current applied, and J, current density due to the tissue conductivity, by inducing electric current from M1 to FP<sub>2</sub> in two models of the head while considering and ignoring meninges. It also compares these two models in terms of electric field distribution, in order to estimate the computational errors introduced by ignoring the thin layers.</p><p>The dosimetric significance of low conductivity biological membranes has been pointed out in a different context by Miller [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_ref_005_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab2b2b5Aa">5</a>] who demonstrates that the vitelline membrane can electrically isolate the yolk from the rest of the egg. Therefore, the homogeneous approximation is insufficient for detailed dosimetric considerations. Parazini <italic>et al</italic>. [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_ref_006_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab2b2b6Aa">6</a>] have recently modeled the brain and induced electric field in a realistic human head model, but without considering the meninges. Moreover, Chang-Hwan Im <italic>et al</italic>. [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_ref_007_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab2b2b7Aa">7</a>] evaluated the local electric fields which is generated by tDCS but they ignored meninges.</p></sec><sec id="j_joeb-2018-0009_s_002_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b1Aa"><div>Materials and methods</div><p>A commercial software package (CST EM STUDIO® (CST EMS)) was used to design electrodes and to model a layered human head model. The circular electrodes were designed with electric properties of perfect conductors of 0.01 cm thickness and 7.068 cm<sup>2</sup> area, situated at sites commonly used in the tDCS on M1 and FP<sub>2</sub>. <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_002_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b1b2Aa">Figures 2</a> and <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_003_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b1b3Aa">3</a> show the geometry of the electrodes, the current direction, and the model layers, respectively. The real head model consists of different layers.</p><figure id="j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_002_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b1b2Aa" position="float" fig-type="figure"><h2>Fig. 2</h2><figCaption><p>The geometry of electrode and the current direction.</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_002.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721f58215d2f6c89dbca62/j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240704T182255Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240704%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=c80c618bf34676d1dd9e8592351658d2e300e34b40e9c9797afe364182a5f21d" class="mw-100"/></figure><figure id="j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_003_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b1b3Aa" position="float" fig-type="figure"><h2>Fig. 3</h2><figCaption><p>The geometry of layers.</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_003.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721f58215d2f6c89dbca62/j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240704T182255Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240704%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=51bb753991ccbdbd43a204c9e51d6a9f0d734bfdf1ec7c4986778211aace9d97" class="mw-100"/></figure><p>In this research, two different models were simulated and proposed as follows:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>The conventional model with 4 layers, viz. skin, fat, skull, and the grey matter of cortex in which the injected current was simulated with 2 mA amplitude and the whole model consisted of a mesh grid of 2437355 tetrahedrons. This simulation needed 1427 seconds run-time.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The full model with 7 layers, viz. skin, fat, skull, dura mater, arachnoid mater that includes CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), pia mater, and the grey matter in which the injected current was the same as the former model and a mesh grid of 2572507 tetrahedrons. This simulation took 1627 seconds.</p></list-item></list><p>Conductivity of each brain tissue at low frequencies [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_ref_008_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab2b2b8Aa">8</a>] with thickness of each layer is shown in <a ref-type="table" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_tab_001_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b1b7aAa">Table 1</a>. There are two equations in electrostatics that are solved together to provide the final field values in a stationary current solver:</p><p><table-wrap id="j_joeb-2018-0009_tab_001_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b1b7aAa" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Brain tissue dielectric properties</p></caption><table rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center"></th><th align="left">Brain layer</th><th align="center">Thickness</th><th align="center">Conductivity (S/m)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">(a)</td><td align="left">Skin (wet)</td><td align="center">0.5 mm</td><td align="center">0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left">Fat</td><td align="center">1 mm</td><td align="center">0.05</td></tr><tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left">Skull</td><td align="center">7 mm</td><td align="center">0.05</td></tr><tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left">Dura mater</td><td align="center">0.5 mm</td><td align="center">0.0025</td></tr><tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left">Arachnoid mater and CSF</td><td align="center">40 μm</td><td align="center">2</td></tr><tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left">Pia mater</td><td align="center">0.6 mm</td><td align="center">0.05</td></tr><tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left">Grey matter</td><td align="center"><sub>≈</sub> 40 mm</td><td align="center">0.2</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><disp-formula id="j_joeb-2018-0009_eq_001_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b1b8Aa"><label>(1)</label><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_joeb-2018-0009_eq_001.png"></graphic><math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><mrow><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo>⋅</mo><mrow><mover><mi>J</mi><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math><tex-math>$$\vec{\nabla }\cdot \vec{J}=0$$</tex-math></alternatives></disp-formula><disp-formula id="j_joeb-2018-0009_eq_002_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b1b9Aa"><label>(2)</label><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_joeb-2018-0009_eq_002.png"></graphic><math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><mrow><mover><mi>J</mi><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace><mi>σ</mi><mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace><mrow><mover><mi>E</mi><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow></math><tex-math>$$\vec{J}\,=\,\sigma\, \vec{E}$$</tex-math></alternatives></disp-formula><p>Where Е is the electric field, σ the conductivity, and J is the current density. Furthermore the tangential E field component was continuous at the interface between two materials (<inline-formula><alternatives><inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_joeb-2018-0009_eq_003.png"></inline-graphic><math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math><tex-math>${{E}_{1t}}={{E}_{2t}}$</tex-math></alternatives></inline-formula>, which results in <inline-formula><alternatives><inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_joeb-2018-0009_eq_004.png"></inline-graphic><math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac></math><tex-math>$\frac{{{J}_{1}}}{{{\sigma }_{1}}}=\frac{{{J}_{2}}}{{{\sigma }_{2}}}$</tex-math></alternatives></inline-formula>).</p><p>After stimulation with 2mA DC current, depending on the conductivity of the material, the electric field is computed in the model. The amplitude distribution of electric field in the two head models were computed and analyzed. Furthermore, the electric field was computed in bisector of two electrodes from the center of head model to the skin, the external layer, to observe the differences.</p><sec id="j_joeb-2018-0009_s_002_s_001_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b1c12Aa"><div>Ethical approval</div><p>The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.</p></sec></sec><sec id="j_joeb-2018-0009_s_003_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b2Aa"><div>Results</div><p><a ref-type="fig" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_004_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b2b2Aa">Figure 4</a> shows the geometry of electrodes and where they are situated on human head (a), and the amplitude distribution of electric field in the head model without and with considering meninges (b and c). The difference of colors shows a meaningful difference in the distribution of the electric field.</p><figure id="j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_004_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b2b2Aa" position="float" fig-type="figure"><h2>Fig. 4</h2><figCaption><p>Geometry of electrodes on human head (a), and electric field distribution in the head model without and with considering meninges while injected current equal to 2 mA (b and c).</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_004.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721f58215d2f6c89dbca62/j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240704T182255Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240704%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=79bf4e4e1e3b7f60a38ee3212d524d5743ccabd577d76e83dd4dd7d44750ba68" class="mw-100"/></figure><p>As shown in the figure, the distribution of color ranges from blue to red, i.e. 0 to 15 V/m. The highest intensity is related to red and the lowest to the blue through the color spectrum. Different results of amplitude distribution of electric field in the head model is obviously seen in the figure.</p><p>It is obvious that surface electric field intensity in <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_004_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b2b2Aa">figure 4 (C)</a> is higher than that in <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_004_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b2b2Aa">figure 4 (b)</a>. This is caused by low conductivity in the layers of meninges.</p><p><a ref-type="fig" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_005_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b2b6Aa">Figure 5</a> shows the electric field in the bisector of two electrodes in both head models, from the center of the model to the external layer. The electric field from the center of the anode electrode to the center of the head model in both models are demonstrated. In this figure the difference is clearly obvious. Moreover in <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_005_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b2b6Aa">figure 5</a> and <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_006_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b2b7Aa">6</a> the hypothetical line from the center of head model to the skin and from the center of the anode electrode through the center of the head model is demonstrated.</p><figure id="j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_005_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b2b6Aa" position="float" fig-type="figure"><h2>Fig. 5</h2><figCaption><p>Electric field in the hypothetical line in the bisector of the electrodes from the center to the skin in the two models.</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_005.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721f58215d2f6c89dbca62/j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240704T182255Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240704%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=161f718770d29e55d3b75a8c155ffc3be28bb59affe39ee3175a5910993d6acd" class="mw-100"/></figure><figure id="j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_006_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b2b7Aa" position="float" fig-type="figure"><h2>Fig. 6</h2><figCaption><p>Electric field in the hypothetical line from the center of the head model to the center of the anode electrode.</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_006.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721f58215d2f6c89dbca62/j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240704T182255Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240704%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=a00562d15ce103bd3191cc31995427b9867e2f7bb3f551694f3573d4f5a941bd" class="mw-100"/></figure><p>As shown in <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_joeb-2018-0009_fig_005_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b2b6Aa">figure 5</a>, the diagrams depict variation of the electric field from the center to the external layer in the model with and without considering meninges.</p></sec><sec id="j_joeb-2018-0009_s_004_w2aab3b7d185b1b6b1ab1b3Aa"><div>Discussion</div><p>It can be concluded that modeling the tDCS without taking meninges into account can lead to an error of about 15% in evaluating fields within the cortex and gray matter between electrodes. This obviously calls for including the biological membranes in computational models, especially for DC or low frequency simulations.</p></sec></div>

Significance of biological membranes for accurate computational dosimetry of low frequency electric fields

Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Computational dosimetry has become the main tool for estimating induced electric fields within brain tissues in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)...

Significance of biological membranes for accurate computational dosimetry of low frequency electric fields

Article Category: Research articles

Pubblicato online: 19 dic 2018

Pagine: 48 - 51

Ricevuto: 09 gen 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2018-0009

Parole chiave
tDCS, modeling, electric field, meninges

© 2018 S. Marzban, M. Saviz, F. Towhidkhah published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Significance of biological membranes for accurate computational dosimetry of low frequency electric fields

Article Category: Research articles

Pubblicato online: 19 dic 2018

Pagine: 48 - 51

Ricevuto: 09 gen 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2018-0009

Parole chiavetDCS, modeling, electric field, meninges

© 2018 S. Marzban, M. Saviz, F. Towhidkhah published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Parole chiave
tDCS, modeling, electric field, meninges