[
Abay, M. and Akgüngör, S. 2023. Technological paths and smart specialization: analysis of regional entry and exit in Turkey. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science 1-40.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Akgüngör, S. 2006. Geographic concentrations in Turkey’s manufacturing industry: identifying regional highpoint clusters. European Planning Studies 14 (2): 169-197.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Akkemik, K. A. and Göksal, K. 2014. Do exports explain industrial agglomeration and regional disparities in Turkey? Journal of International Development 26 (4): 471-491.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Akkoyunlu-Wigley, A. and Mihci, S. 2006. Effects of the customs union with the European Union on the market structure and pricing behaviour of the Turkish manufacturing industry. Applied Economics 38: 2443-2452.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Anderson, J. E. 2011. The gravity model. Annual Review of Economics 3 (1): 133-160.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Aricanli, T. and Rodrik, D. 1990. An overview of Turkey’s experience with economic liberalization and structural adjustment. World Development 18 (10): 1343-1350.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bailey, N., Holly, S., and Pesaran, M. H. 2016. A two-stage approach to spatio-temporal analysis with strong and weak cross-sectional dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics 31 (1): 249-280.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Boschma, R. 2015. Towards an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience. Regional Studies 49 (5): 733-751.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Boschma, R., Balland, P. A., and Kogler, D. F. 2015. Relatedness and technological change in cities: the rise and fall of technological knowledge in US metropolitan areas from 1981 to 2010. Industrial and corporate change 24 (1): 223-250.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bramati, M. C. and Croux, C. 2007. Robust estimators for the fixed effects panel data model. The Econometrics Journal 10 (3): 521-540.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Brenner, N. 1999. Globalisation as reterritorialisation: the re-scaling of urban governance in the European Union. Urban studies 36 (3): 431-451.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Christopherson, S., Michie, J., and Tyler, P. 2010. Regional resilience: theoretical and empirical perspectives. Cambridge journal of regions, economy and society 3 (1): 3-10.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
De Hoyos, R. E. and Sarafidis, V. 2006. Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. The Stata Journal 6 (4): 482-496.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Delgado, M., Porter, M. E., and Stern, S. 2010. Clusters and entrepreneurship. Journal of economic geography 10 (4): 495-518.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Di Cataldo, M., Monastiriotis, V., and Rodríguez-Pose, A. 2022. How ‘smart’are smart specialization strategies? Journal of Common Market Studies 60 (5): 1272-1298.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Driscoll, J. C. and Kraay, A. C. 1998. Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of economics and statistics 80 (4): 549-560.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Emirhan, P. N., and Turgutlu, E. 2023. Does Labor Demand Respond to International Trade? Evidence from the Turkish Manufacturing Industry. Öneri Dergisi 18 (59): 187-201.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Erguzel, O. S., Tunahan, H. and Esen, S. 2016. Measuring the globalization of cities from the new regionalism perspective. Springer Plus 5 (1536): 1-16.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ertugal, E. 2018. Learning and policy transfer in regional development policy in Turkey. Regional Studies 52 (9): 1181-1190.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Falcıoğlu, P. and Akgüngör, S. 2008. Regional specialization and industrial concentration patterns in the Turkish manufacturing industry: an assessment for the 1980-2000 period. European Planning Studies 16 (2): 303-323.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ferreira, J., Garrido Azevedo, S., and Raposo, M.L. 2012. Specialization of regional clusters and innovative behavior: a case study. Competitiveness Review 22 (2): 147-169.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Feser, E. J. 1998. Old and new theories of industry clusters. In Clusters and Regional Specialisation: On Geography, Technology and Networks, edited by M. Steiner, 18-40. London: Pion.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Feser, E. J. and Bergman, E. M. 2000. National industry cluster templates: A framework for applied regional cluster analysis. Regional studies 34 (1): 1-19.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Frenken, K. and Boschma, R. A. 2007. A theoretical framework for evolutionary economic geography: industrial dynamics and urban growth as a branching process. Journal of economic geography 7 (5): 635-649.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Glaeser, E. L., Kallal, H. D., Scheinkman, J. A., and Shleifer, A. 1992. Growth in cities. Journal of political economy 100 (6): 1126-1152.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gong, H. and Hassink, R. 2017. Exploring the clustering of creative industries. European Planning Studies 25 (4): 583-600.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gül, S. 2021. Domestic demand and exports: Evidence from Turkish firms. Central Bank Review 21 (3): 105-118.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gülcan, Y., Akgüngör, S., and Kuştepeli, Y. 2011. Knowledge generation and innovativeness in Turkish textile industry: comparison of Istanbul and Denizli. European Planning Studies 19 (7): 1229-1243.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hanson, G. H. 1998. Regional adjustment to trade liberalization. Regional science and urban economics 28 (4): 419-444.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hassink, R. 2010. Regional resilience: a promising concept to explain differences in regional economic adaptability? Cambridge journal of regions, economy and society 3(1): 45-58.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hoechle, D. 2007. Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence. The Stata Journal 7 (3): 281–312.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kaygalak, I. and Reid, N. 2016. The geographical evolution of manufacturing and industrial policies in Turkey. Applied Geography 70: 37-48.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kemeny, T. and Storper, M. 2015. Is specialization good for regional economic development?. Regional Studies 49 (6): 1003-1018.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ketels, C. and Protsiv, S. 2021. Cluster presence and economic performance: a new look based on European data. Regional Studies 55 (2): 208-220.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kirankabeş, M. C. and Arik, M. 2014. Industrial clustering approach in regional development: The case of Turkey. Journal of Applied Business and Economics 16 (3): 135-151.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Krugman, P. 1998. What’s new about the new economic geography? Oxford review of economic policy 14 (2): 7-17.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lagendijk, A., Kayasu, S., and Yasar, S. 2009. The role of regional development agencies in Turkey: From implementing EU directives to supporting regional business communities?. European Urban and Regional Studies 16 (4): 383-396.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Larch, M., Schmeißer, A. F., and Wanner, J. 2021. A tale of (almost) 1001 coefficients: The deep and heterogeneous effects of the EU-Turkey customs union. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 59 (2): 242-260.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Marshall, A. 1890. Principles of Economics. London: Macmillan.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Martin, R. and Sunley, P. 2011. The new economic geography and policy relevance. Journal of Economic Geography 11 (2): 357-369.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Müftüler, M. 1995. Turkish economic liberalization and European integration. Middle Eastern Studies 31 (1): 85-98.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Nakamura, R. and Paul, C. J. M. 2019. Measuring agglomeration. In Handbook of regional growth and development theories, edited by R. Capello and P. Nijkamp, 386-412. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Neyaptı, B., Taşkın, F. and Güngör, M. 2007. Has European customs union agreement really affected Turkey’s trade? Applied Economics. 39: 2121-2132.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
O’Donoghue, D. and Gleave, B. 2004. A note on methods for measuring industrial agglomeration. Regional studies 38 (4): 419-427.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Özatay, F. and Sak, G. 2002. Financial Liberalization in Turkey: Why Was the Impact on Growth Limited?. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 6-22.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Özsarı, M., Kılıçaslan, Y., and Töngür, Ü. 2022. Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing. Central Bank Review 22 (4): 141-148.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pesaran, M. H. 2004. General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, No. 0435, University of Cambridge.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pesaran, M. H. 2015. Testing weak cross-sectional dependence in large panels. Econometric Reviews 34 (6): 1089–1117.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Porter, M. E. 2000. Location, competition, and economic development: local clusters in a global economy. Economic Development Quarterly 14 (1): 15-34.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Porter, M. E. 2003. The Economic Performance of Regions. Regional Studies 37 (6): 549-578.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Porter, M.E. 1990. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Free Press, New York: MacMillan.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sat, N. A. 2018. Monocentric or polycentric? Defining morphological structure of NUTS-2 regions of Turkey from 2000 to 2016. Geographica Pannonica 22 (1): 1-13.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Scott, A. and Storper, M. 2003. Regions, globalization, development. Regional studies 37 (6-7): 579-593.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sezgin, E. 2018. New regionalism in Turkey: questioning the ‘new’ and the ‘regional’. European Planning Studies 26 (4): 653-669.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Simmie, J. 2008. The contribution of clustering to innovation: from Porter I agglomeration to Porter II export base theories. In Handbook of Research on Innovation in Clusters, edited by C. Karlsson 19-32. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sjöberg, Ö. and Sjöholm, F. 2004. Trade liberalization and the geography of production: Agglomeration, concentration, and dispersal in Indonesia’s manufacturing industry. Economic Geography 80 (3): 287-310.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Slaper, T. F., Harmon, K. M., and Rubin, B. M. 2018. Industry clusters and regional economic performance: A study across US metropolitan statistical areas. Economic Development Quarterly 32 (1): 44-59.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sobaci, Z. 2009. Regional development agencies in Turkey: are they examples of obligated policy transfer? Public Organization Review 9 (1): 51-65.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sölvell, Ö., Ketels, C. and Lindqvist, G. 2008. Industrial specialization and regional clusters in the ten new EU member states. Competitiveness Review 18 (2): 104-130.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Spencer, G. M., Vinodrai, T., Gertler, M. S., and Wolfe, D. A. 2010. Do clusters make a difference? Defining and assessing their economic performance. Regional studies 44 (6): 697-715.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
SSI (Social Security Institution of Turkey) 2023. Social Security Statistical Yearbooks. https://veri.sgk.gov.tr/ (accessed December 15, 2023).
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Stock, J. H. and Watson, M. W. 2008. Heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors for fixed effects panel data regression. Econometrica 76 (1): 155-174.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Taymaz, E. and Yılmaz, K. 2007. Productivity and trade orientation: Turkish manufacturing industry before and after the Customs Union. Journal of International Trade and Diplomacy. 1 (1): 127–154.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tian, Z. 2013. Measuring agglomeration using the standardized location quotient with a bootstrap method. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy 43 (2): 186-197.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Turkish Statistical Institute 2024. Data Portal for Statistics. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Turcat (accessed June 20, 2024).
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Togan, S. 2015. The EU-Turkey customs union: a model for future Euro-Med integration. In Economic and social development of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries, edited by R. Ayadi, M. Dabrowski, and L. De Wulf, 37-48. Berlin: Springer.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Van der Panne, G. 2004. Agglomeration externalities: Marshall versus jacobs. Journal of evolutionary economics 14 (5): 593-604.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Vanhove, N. 2018. Regional policy: A European approach. London: Routledge.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Vogelsang, T. J. 2012. Heteroskedasticity, autocorrelation, and spatial correlation robust inference in linear panel models with fixed-effects. Journal of Econometrics 166 (2): 303-319.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wennberg, K., and Lindqvist, G. 2010. The effect of clusters on the survival and performance of new firms. Small Business Economics 34 (3): 221-241.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Yılmaz, K. 2011. The EU-Turkey customs union fifteen years later: better, yet not the best alternative. South European Society and Politics 16 (2): 235-249.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Young-Hyman, T. 2008. The potential for effective regional development agencies in turkey: a comparative analysis. Regional and Federal Studies 18 (4): 375-402.
]Search in Google Scholar