Big Five Personality Traits and Workplace Spirituality: A Mixed Method Study

Afsar, B. and Rehman, M. 2015. The relationship between workplace spirituality and innovative work behavior: The mediating role of perceived person–organization fit. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion 12: 329–353.10.1080/14766086.2015.1060515Search in Google Scholar

Altaf, A. and Awan, M. A. 2011. Moderating effect of work-place spirituality on the relationship of job overload and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics 104 (1): 93-99.10.1007/s10551-011-0891-0Search in Google Scholar

Ashmos, D. P. and Duchon, D. 2000. Spirituality at work: A conceptualization and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry 9 (2): 134-145.10.1177/105649260092008Search in Google Scholar

Axinn, W. G. and Pearce, L. D. 2006. Mixed method data collection strategies. New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511617898Search in Google Scholar

Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K. and Judge, T. A. 2001. The FFM personality dimensions and job performance: Meta-Analysis of meta-analyses. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 9: 9-30.Search in Google Scholar

Bozionelos, N. 2004. The big five of personality and work involvement. Journal of Managerial Psychology 19 (1): 69-81.10.1108/02683940410520664Search in Google Scholar

Brinkmann, S. 2013. Qualitative interviewing: Understanding qualitative research. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199861392.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Burger, J. M. 2008. Personality (7th edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Search in Google Scholar

Creswell, J. W. 2012. Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th edition.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: PearsonSearch in Google Scholar

Creswell, J. W. and Clark V. L. P. 2015. Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3th edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Search in Google Scholar

Creswell, J. W. and Garrett, A. L. 2008. The movement of mixed methods research and the role of educators. South African Journal of Education 28 (3): 321–333.10.15700/saje.v28n3a176Search in Google Scholar

Creswell, J. W. and Poth, C. N. 2018. Qualitative inquiry and research design choosing among five approaches. USA: SAGE.Search in Google Scholar

Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2000). Research Methods in Education, (5th edition). Abingdon: Routledge Falmer.Search in Google Scholar

Daniel, J. L. 2010. The effect of workplace spirituality on team effectiveness. Journal of Management Development 29: 442-456.10.1108/02621711011039213Search in Google Scholar

Duffy, R. D., Blustein, D. L., Diemer, M. A. and Autin, K. L. 2016. The psychology of working theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology 63 (2): 127-148.10.1037/cou0000140Search in Google Scholar

Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. F. 1981. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research 18 (1): 39-50.10.1177/002224378101800104Search in Google Scholar

Garcia-Zamor, J. C. 2003. Workplace spirituality and organizational performance. Public Administration Review 63 (3): 355-363.10.1111/1540-6210.00295Search in Google Scholar

Gardner, M. K. 2012. Mixed-methods research. In How to design and evaluate research in education, edited by J. R. Fraenkel, N. E., Wallen and H. H. Hyun, 555-586. USA: McGraw-Hill.Search in Google Scholar

Giacalone, R. A. and Jurkiewicz, C. L. 2003. Toward a Science of Workplace Spirituality. In The handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance, edited by R. A. Giacalone and C. L. Jurkiewicz, 3-28. NY: M.E. Sharpe.Search in Google Scholar

Glass, R., Prichard, J., Lafortune, A. and Schwab, N. 2013. The influence of personality and facebook use on student academic performance. Issues in Information Systems 14 (2): 119-126.Search in Google Scholar

Glesne, C. 2015. Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction (5th edition). White Plains, NY: Longman.Search in Google Scholar

Goldberg, L. R. 1981. Language and individual differences: The search for universals in personality lexicons. Review of Personality and Social Psychology 2 (1): 141-165.Search in Google Scholar

Hough, L.M. and Ones, D. S. 2001. The structure, measurement, validity and use of personality variables in industrial work and organizational psychology. In Handbook of industrial work and organizational psychology, Vol. 1. Personnel psychology, edited by N. Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. K. Sinangil and C. Viswesvaran, 233-277. NY: Sage Publications.10.4135/9781848608320.n13Search in Google Scholar

John, M., Andrew, J. C. and Jeffery, F. 2003. Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes. An exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management 16 (4): 426-447.10.1108/09534810310484172Search in Google Scholar

John, O. P., Naumann, L. P. and Soto C. J. 2008. Paradigm shift to the integrative big-five trait taxonomy: History, measurement and conceptual issues. In Handbook of personality. Theory and research, edited by O. P. John, R. W. Robins and L. A. Pervin, 114-158. New York: Guilford Press.Search in Google Scholar

Johnson, B. and Christensen, L. 2004. Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (2th edition.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn ve Bacon.Search in Google Scholar

Johnson, R. B. and Onwuegbuzie, A. J. 2004. Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher 33 (7): 14-26.10.3102/0013189X033007014Search in Google Scholar

Khan, K. E., Khan, S. E. and Chaudhry, A. G. 2015. Impact of servant leadership on workplace spirituality: Moderating role of involvement culture. Pakistan Journal of Science 67: 109–113.Search in Google Scholar

Kinjerski, V. A. L. and Skrypnek, B. J. 2006. A human ecological model of spirit at work. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion 3 (3): 231-241.10.1080/14766080609518627Search in Google Scholar

Kolodinsky, R.W., Giacalone, R.A. and Jurkiewicz, C.L. 2008. Workplace values and outcomes: Exploring personal, organizational, and interactive workplace spirituality. Journal of Business Ethics 81 (2): 465-480.10.1007/s10551-007-9507-0Search in Google Scholar

Lazar, A. 2016. Personality, religiousness and spirituality–interrelations and structure–in a sample of religious Jewish women. Mental Health, Religion and Culture 19 (4): 307-322.10.1080/13674676.2016.1205572Search in Google Scholar

Lawrence, S. A. and Callan, V. J. 2011. The role of social support in coping during the anticipatory stage of organizational change: A test of an integrative model. British Journal of Management 22 (4): 567-585.10.1111/j.1467-8551.2010.00692.xSearch in Google Scholar

Leung, L. 2015. Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 4 (3): 324–327.10.4103/2249-4863.161306Search in Google Scholar

Liao, H. and Chuang, A. 2004. A multilevel investigation of factors influencing employee service performance and customer outcomes. Academy of Management Journal 47 (1): 41–58.10.2307/20159559Search in Google Scholar

Lips-Wiersma, M. and Mills C. 2002. Coming out of the closet: Negotiating spiritual expression in the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology 17: 183–202.10.1108/02683940210423097Search in Google Scholar

Marczyk, G., DeMatteo, D. and Festinger, D. 2005. Essentials of research design and methodology. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.Search in Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R. and Costa, P. T. 2003. Personality in adulthood a five-factor theory perspective (2th edition). New York: Guilford Press.10.4324/9780203428412Search in Google Scholar

Merriam, S. B. 2013. Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.Search in Google Scholar

Mertens, D. M. 2014. Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. New York: Sage.Search in Google Scholar

Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J. and Ferguson, J. 2003. Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: An exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management 16 (4): 426-447.10.1108/09534810310484172Search in Google Scholar

Milliman, J., Gatling, A. and Kim, J. S. 2018. The effect of workplace spirituality on hospitality employee engagement, intention to stay, and service delivery. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 35: 56-65.10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.03.002Search in Google Scholar

Mitroff, I. I. and Denton, E. A. 1999. A spiritual audit of corporate America: A hard look at spirituality, religion, and values in the workplace. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Search in Google Scholar

Nasina, M. D., Pin, D. and Pin, K. 2011. The workplace spirituality and affective commitment among auditors in big four public accounting firms: Does it matter? Journal of Global Management 2 (1): 216-226.Search in Google Scholar

Neal, J. and Biberman, J. 2003. Introduction: The leading edge in research on spirituality and organizations. Journal of Organizational Change Management 16 (4): 363-366.10.1108/09534810310484127Search in Google Scholar

Patton, M. Q. 2014. Qualitative research and evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4th edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Search in Google Scholar

Petchsawang, P. and Duchon, D. (2009). Measuring work-place spirituality in an Asian context. Human Resource Development International 12 (4): 459-468.10.1080/13678860903135912Search in Google Scholar

Piryaei, S. and Zare, R. 2013. Workplace spirituality and positive work attitudes: The moderating role of individual spirituality. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 1: 91–97.Search in Google Scholar

Rego, A., Cunha, M.P.E. and Oliveira, M. 2008. Eupsychia revisited: The role of spiritual leaders. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 48 (2): 165-195.10.1177/0022167807312202Search in Google Scholar

Rego, A. and Cunha, M. P. E. 2008. Workplace spirituality and organizational commitment: an empirical study. Journal of Organizational Change Management 21 (1): 53-75.10.1108/09534810810847039Search in Google Scholar

Saks, A. M. 2011. Workplace spirituality and employee engagement. Journal of Management Spirituality and Religion 8 (4): 317-340.10.1080/14766086.2011.630170Search in Google Scholar

Sheng, C. W. and Chen. M. C. 2012. Chinese viewpoints of workplace spirituality. International Journal of Business and Economics 3 (2): 31-42.Search in Google Scholar

Somer, O. and Goldberg, L. R. 1999. The structure of Turkish trait descriptive adjective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (3): 421-450.10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.431Search in Google Scholar

Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C. 2003. The past and future of mixed methods research: From data triangulation to mixed model designs. In Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research, edited by A. Tashakkori and C. Teddlie, 671-701. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Search in Google Scholar

Tabachnick, B. G. and Fidell, L. S. 2013. Using multivariate statistics. (6th edition) Boston: Pearson.Search in Google Scholar

Teddlie, C. and Yu, F. 2007. Mixed methods sampling: A typology with examples. Journal of Mixed Methods Research 1 (1): 77-100.10.1177/1558689806292430Search in Google Scholar

Tett, R. P., Jackson, D. N. and Rothstein, M. 1991. Personality measures as predictors of job performance: A meta-analytic review. Personnel Psychology 44 (4): 703-742.10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00696.xSearch in Google Scholar

Tutar, H. and Oruç, E. (2020). Examining the effect of personality traits on workplace spirituality. International Journal of Organizational Analysis 28 (5): 1005-1017.10.1108/IJOA-09-2019-1891Search in Google Scholar

Witt, L., Burke, L. A., Barrick, M. R. and Mount, M. K. 2002. The interactive effects of conscientiousness and agreeableness on job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 87 (1): 164-169.10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.164Search in Google Scholar

Yin, R. K. 2014. Case study methods: Design and methods (5th edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage Pub.Search in Google Scholar