Fluids and Early Vasopressors in the Management of Septic Shock: Do We Have the Right Answers Yet?

1. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–810. SingerM DeutschmanCS SeymourCW The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) JAMA. 2016 315 8 801 810 Search in Google Scholar

2. Martin-Loeches I, Guia MC, Vallecoccia MS, et al. Risk factors for mortality in elderly and very elderly critically ill patients with sepsis: a prospective, observational, multicenter cohort study. Ann. Intensive Care. 2019; 9:26. Martin-LoechesI GuiaMC VallecocciaMS Risk factors for mortality in elderly and very elderly critically ill patients with sepsis: a prospective, observational, multicenter cohort study Ann. Intensive Care. 2019 9 26 Search in Google Scholar

3. Jarczak D, Kluge S, Nierhaus A. Sepsis—Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Concepts. Front. Med.2021 May 14; 8:628302. JarczakD KlugeS NierhausA Sepsis—Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Concepts Front. Med. 2021 May 14 8 628302 Search in Google Scholar

4. Varpula M, Tallgren M, Saukkonen K, Voipio-Pulkki LM, Pettilä V. Hemodynamic variables related to outcome in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2005 Aug;31(8):1066–71. VarpulaM TallgrenM SaukkonenK Voipio-PulkkiLM PettiläV Hemodynamic variables related to outcome in septic shock Intensive Care Med 2005 Aug 31 8 1066 71 Search in Google Scholar

5. Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel JF, et al.; SEPSISPAM Investigators. High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 24;370(17):1583–93. AsfarP MezianiF HamelJF SEPSISPAM Investigators High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock N Engl J Med 2014 Apr 24 370 17 1583 93 Search in Google Scholar

6. Al-Dorzi HM, Tamim HM, Rishu, AH, et al. Intra-abdominal pressure and abdominal perfusion pressure in cirrhotic patients with septic shock. Ann. Intensive Care. 2012 Jul 5;2 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S4. Al-DorziHM TamimHM RishuAH Intra-abdominal pressure and abdominal perfusion pressure in cirrhotic patients with septic shock Ann. Intensive Care. 2012 Jul 5 2 Suppl 1(Suppl 1) S4 Search in Google Scholar

7. Benchekroune S, Karpati PC, Berton C, et al. Diastolic arterial blood pressure: a reliable early predictor of survival in human septic shock. J Trauma. 2008;64(5):1188–1195. BenchekrouneS KarpatiPC BertonC Diastolic arterial blood pressure: a reliable early predictor of survival in human septic shock J Trauma. 2008 64 5 1188 1195 Search in Google Scholar

8. Vincent JL, De Backer D. Circulatory shock, N Engl J Med. 2013; 369:1726–1734 VincentJL De BackerD Circulatory shock N Engl J Med 2013 369 1726 1734 Search in Google Scholar

9. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. for the Early Goal-Directed Therapy Collaborative Group. Early Goal-Directed Therapy in the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1368–77. RiversE NguyenB HavstadS for the Early Goal-Directed Therapy Collaborative Group Early Goal-Directed Therapy in the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock 2001 Nov 8 345 19 1368 77 Search in Google Scholar

10. Mouncey P, Osborn T, Power S, et al. for the ProMISe Trial Investigators. Trial of Early, Goal-Directed Resuscitation for Septic Shock. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372:1301–1311 MounceyP OsbornT PowerS for the ProMISe Trial Investigators Trial of Early, Goal-Directed Resuscitation for Septic Shock N Engl J Med 2015 372 1301 1311 Search in Google Scholar

11. The ARISE Investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Goal-Directed Resuscitation for Patients with Early Septic Shock. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371:1496–1506 The ARISE Investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group Goal-Directed Resuscitation for Patients with Early Septic Shock N Engl J Med. 2014 371 1496 1506 Search in Google Scholar

12. ProCESS Investigators, Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, et al. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014 May 1;370(18):1683–93. ProCESS Investigators YealyDM KellumJA HuangDT A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock N Engl J Med 2014 May 1 370 18 1683 93 Search in Google Scholar

13. The PRISM Investigators. Early, Goal-Directed Therapy for Septic Shock — A Patient-Level Meta-Analysis. N Engl J Med. 2017; 376:2223–2234 The PRISM Investigators Early, Goal-Directed Therapy for Septic Shock — A Patient-Level Meta-Analysis N Engl J Med. 2017 376 2223 2234 Search in Google Scholar

14. Malbrain MLNG, Van Regenmortel N, Saugel B, et al. Principles of fluid management and stewardship in septic shock: it is time to consider the four D's and the four phases of fluid therapy. Ann. Intensive Care. 2018 May 22;8(1):66. MalbrainMLNG Van RegenmortelN SaugelB Principles of fluid management and stewardship in septic shock: it is time to consider the four D's and the four phases of fluid therapy Ann. Intensive Care 2018 May 22 8 1 66 Search in Google Scholar

15. Seymour CW, Kennedy JN, Wang S, et al. Derivation, Validation, and Potential Treatment Implications of Novel Clinical Phenotypes for Sepsis. JAMA. 2019 May 28;321(20):2003–2017. SeymourCW KennedyJN WangS Derivation, Validation, and Potential Treatment Implications of Novel Clinical Phenotypes for Sepsis JAMA 2019 May 28 321 20 2003 2017 Search in Google Scholar

16. Silversides JA, Perner A, Malbrain MLNG. Liberal versus restrictive fluid therapy in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2019 Oct;45(10):1440–1442. SilversidesJA PernerA MalbrainMLNG Liberal versus restrictive fluid therapy in critically ill patients Intensive Care Med 2019 Oct 45 10 1440 1442 Search in Google Scholar

17. Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung CL, et al. Sepsis Occurrence in Acutely Ill Patients Investigators. Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study. Crit Care Med. 2006 Feb;34(2):344–53. VincentJL SakrY SprungCL Sepsis Occurrence in Acutely Ill Patients Investigators Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study Crit Care Med 2006 Feb 34 2 344 53 Search in Google Scholar

18. Sakr Y, Rubatto Birri PN, Kotfis K, Nanchal R, et al. Intensive Care Over Nations Investigators. Higher Fluid Balance Increases the Risk of Death From Sepsis: Results From a Large International Audit. Crit Care Med. 2017 Mar;45(3):386–394. SakrY Rubatto BirriPN KotfisK NanchalR Intensive Care Over Nations Investigators Higher Fluid Balance Increases the Risk of Death From Sepsis: Results From a Large International Audit Crit Care Med 2017 Mar 45 3 386 394 Search in Google Scholar

19. van Mourik N, Geerts BF, Binnekade JM, et al. A Higher Fluid Balance in the Days After Septic Shock Reversal Is Associated With Increased Mortality: An Observational Cohort Study. Crit Care Explor. 2020 Sep 23;2(10):e0219. van MourikN GeertsBF BinnekadeJM A Higher Fluid Balance in the Days After Septic Shock Reversal Is Associated With Increased Mortality: An Observational Cohort Study Crit Care Explor 2020 Sep 23 2 10 e0219 Search in Google Scholar

20. Hernández G, Kattan E, Ospina-Tascón G, Bakker J, Castro R; ANDROMEDA-SHOCK Study Investigators and the Latin America Intensive Care Network (LIVEN). Capillary refill time status could identify different clinical phenotypes among septic shock patients fulfilling Sepsis-3 criteria: a post hoc analysis of ANDROMEDA-SHOCK trial. Intensive Care Med. 2020 Apr;46(4):816–818. HernándezG KattanE Ospina-TascónG BakkerJ CastroR ANDROMEDA-SHOCK Study Investigators and the Latin America Intensive Care Network (LIVEN) Capillary refill time status could identify different clinical phenotypes among septic shock patients fulfilling Sepsis-3 criteria: a post hoc analysis of ANDROMEDA-SHOCK trial Intensive Care Med 2020 Apr 46 4 816 818 Search in Google Scholar

21. Slemko JM, Daniels VJ, Bagshaw SM, et al. Critical care ultrasound training: a survey exploring the “education gap” between potential and reality in Canada. Ultrasound J. 2021;13, 48. SlemkoJM DanielsVJ BagshawSM Critical care ultrasound training: a survey exploring the “education gap” between potential and reality in Canada Ultrasound J. 2021 13 48 Search in Google Scholar

22. Kanji HD, McCallum J, Sirounis D, MacRedmond R, Moss R, Boyd JH Limited echocardiography-guided therapy in subacute shock is associated with change in management and improved outcomes. J Crit Care. 2014;29(5):700–705. KanjiHD McCallumJ SirounisD MacRedmondR MossR BoydJH Limited echocardiography-guided therapy in subacute shock is associated with change in management and improved outcomes J Crit Care 2014 29 5 700 705 Search in Google Scholar

23. Ueyama, H, Kiyonaka S. Predicting the Need for Fluid Therapy—Does Fluid Responsiveness Work?. J Intensive Care. 2017;5, 34. UeyamaH KiyonakaS Predicting the Need for Fluid Therapy—Does Fluid Responsiveness Work? J Intensive Care. 2017 5 34 Search in Google Scholar

24. Martin ND, Codner P, Greene W, Brasel K, Michetti C; AAST Critical Care Committee. Contemporary hemodynamic monitoring, fluid responsiveness, volume optimization, and endpoints of resuscitation: an AAST critical care committee clinical consensus. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2020 Mar 10;5(1):e000411. MartinND CodnerP GreeneW BraselK MichettiC AAST Critical Care Committee Contemporary hemodynamic monitoring, fluid responsiveness, volume optimization, and endpoints of resuscitation: an AAST critical care committee clinical consensus Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2020 Mar 10 5 1 e000411 Search in Google Scholar

25. Shrestha GS, Srinivasan S. Role of Point-of-Care Ultrasonography for the Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2018;13(4):243–251. ShresthaGS SrinivasanS Role of Point-of-Care Ultrasonography for the Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2018 13 4 243 251 Search in Google Scholar

26. Verras C, Ventoulis I, Bezati S, Matsiras D, Parissis J, Polyzogopoulou E. Point of Care Ultrasonography for the Septic Patient in the Emergency Department: A Literature Review. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1105. VerrasC VentoulisI BezatiS MatsirasD ParissisJ PolyzogopoulouE Point of Care Ultrasonography for the Septic Patient in the Emergency Department: A Literature Review J. Clin. Med. 2023 12 1105 Search in Google Scholar

27. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W. et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47, 1181–1247. EvansL RhodesA AlhazzaniW Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021 Intensive Care Med 2021 47 1181 1247 Search in Google Scholar

28. De Backer D, Cecconi M, Chew MS, et al. A plea for personalization of the hemodynamic management of septic shock. Crit Care. 2022;26, 372. De BackerD CecconiM ChewMS A plea for personalization of the hemodynamic management of septic shock Crit Care. 2022 26 372 Search in Google Scholar

29. Zhang Z, Zheng B, Liu N. Individualized fluid administration for critically ill patients with sepsis with an interpretable dynamic treatment regimen model. Sci Rep. 2020;10, 17874. ZhangZ ZhengB LiuN Individualized fluid administration for critically ill patients with sepsis with an interpretable dynamic treatment regimen model Sci Rep. 2020 10 17874 Search in Google Scholar

30. Vincent JL., Cecconi M, De Backer D. The fluid challenge. Crit Care. 2020;24,703. VincentJL CecconiM De BackerD The fluid challenge Crit Care 2020 24 703 Search in Google Scholar

31. Lai C, Monnet X, Teboul JL. Hemodynamic Implications of Prone Positioning in Patients with ARDS. Crit Care. 2023;27, 98. LaiC MonnetX TeboulJL Hemodynamic Implications of Prone Positioning in Patients with ARDS Crit Care. 2023 27 98 Search in Google Scholar

32. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury Clinical Trials Network; Shapiro NI, Douglas IS, Brower RG, et al. Early Restrictive or Liberal Fluid Management for Sepsis-Induced Hypotension. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jan 21. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury Clinical Trials Network ShapiroNI DouglasIS BrowerRG Early Restrictive or Liberal Fluid Management for Sepsis-Induced Hypotension N Engl J Med 2023 Jan 21 Search in Google Scholar

33. Persichini R, Lai C, Teboul JL, Adda I, Guérin L, Monnet X. Venous return and mean systemic filling pressure: physiology and clinical applications. Crit Care. 2022 May 24;26(1):150. PersichiniR LaiC TeboulJL AddaI GuérinL MonnetX Venous return and mean systemic filling pressure: physiology and clinical applications Crit Care 2022 May 24 26 1 150 Search in Google Scholar

34. Guérin L, Teboul JL, Persichini R, et al. Effects of passive leg raising and volume expansion on mean systemic pressure and venous return in shock in humans. Crit Care. 2015; 19, 411. GuérinL TeboulJL PersichiniR Effects of passive leg raising and volume expansion on mean systemic pressure and venous return in shock in humans Crit Care. 2015 19 411 Search in Google Scholar

35. Monge García MI, Barrasa González H. Why did arterial pressure not increase after fluid administration? Med Intensiva. 2017 Dec;41(9):546–549. Monge GarcíaMI Barrasa GonzálezH Why did arterial pressure not increase after fluid administration? Med Intensiva 2017 Dec 41 9 546 549 Search in Google Scholar

36. Vallet B, Pinsky MR, Cecconi M. Resuscitation of patients with septic shock: please “mind the gap”! Intensive Care Med. 2013 Sep;39(9):1653–5. ValletB PinskyMR CecconiM Resuscitation of patients with septic shock: please “mind the gap”! Intensive Care Med 2013 Sep 39 9 1653 5 Search in Google Scholar

37. Permpikul C, Tongyoo S, Viarasilpa T, Trainarongsakul T, Chakorn T, Udompanturak S. Early Use of Norepinephrine in Septic Shock Resuscitation (CENSER). A Randomized Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 May 1;199(9):1097–1105. PermpikulC TongyooS ViarasilpaT TrainarongsakulT ChakornT UdompanturakS Early Use of Norepinephrine in Septic Shock Resuscitation (CENSER). A Randomized Trial Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019 May 1 199 9 1097 1105 Search in Google Scholar

38. Monnet X, Jabot J, Maizel J, Richard C, Teboul JL. Norepinephrine increases cardiac preload and reduces preload dependency assessed by passive leg raising in septic shock patients. Crit Care Med. 2011 Apr;39(4):689–94. MonnetX JabotJ MaizelJ RichardC TeboulJL Norepinephrine increases cardiac preload and reduces preload dependency assessed by passive leg raising in septic shock patients Crit Care Med 2011 Apr 39 4 689 94 Search in Google Scholar

39. Spiegel R. Stressed vs. unstressed volume and its relevance to critical care practitioners. Clin Exp Emerg Med. 2016 Mar 31;3(1):52–54. SpiegelR Stressed vs. unstressed volume and its relevance to critical care practitioners Clin Exp Emerg Med 2016 Mar 31 3 1 52 54 Search in Google Scholar

40. Magder S. Volume and its relationship to cardiac output and venous return. Crit Care. 2016;20, 271. MagderS Volume and its relationship to cardiac output and venous return Crit Care. 2016 20 271 Search in Google Scholar

41. Chalkias A, Laou E, Papagiannakis N, et al. Assessment of Dynamic Changes in Stressed Volume and Venous Return during Hyperdynamic Septic Shock. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 724. ChalkiasA LaouE PapagiannakisN Assessment of Dynamic Changes in Stressed Volume and Venous Return during Hyperdynamic Septic Shock J. Pers. Med. 2022 12 724 Search in Google Scholar

42. Hamzaoui O, Georger JF, Monnet X, et al. Early administration of norepinephrine increases cardiac preload and cardiac output in septic patients with life-threatening hypotension. Crit Care. 2010;14(4):R142. HamzaouiO GeorgerJF MonnetX Early administration of norepinephrine increases cardiac preload and cardiac output in septic patients with life-threatening hypotension Crit Care. 2010 14 4 R142 Search in Google Scholar

43. Georger JF, Hamzaoui O, Chaari A, Maizel J, Richard C, Teboul JL. Restoring arterial pressure with norepinephrine improves muscle tissue oxygenation assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy in severely hypotensive septic patients. Intensive Care Med. 2010 Nov;36(11):1882–9. GeorgerJF HamzaouiO ChaariA MaizelJ RichardC TeboulJL Restoring arterial pressure with norepinephrine improves muscle tissue oxygenation assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy in severely hypotensive septic patients Intensive Care Med 2010 Nov 36 11 1882 9 Search in Google Scholar

44. Ospina-Tascón GA, Hernandez G, Alvarez I, et al. Effects of very early start of norepinephrine in patients with septic shock: a propensity score-based analysis. Crit Care. 2020 Feb 14;24(1):52. Ospina-TascónGA HernandezG AlvarezI Effects of very early start of norepinephrine in patients with septic shock: a propensity score-based analysis Crit Care 2020 Feb 14 24 1 52 Search in Google Scholar

45. Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle: 2018 update. Intensive Care Med. 2018 Jun;44(6):925–928. LevyMM EvansLE RhodesA The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle: 2018 update Intensive Care Med 2018 Jun 44 6 925 928 Search in Google Scholar

46. Scheeren TWL, Bakker J, De Backer D, et al. Current use of vasopressors in septic shock. Ann. Intensive Care. 2019; 9, 20. ScheerenTWL BakkerJ De BackerD Current use of vasopressors in septic shock Ann. Intensive Care. 2019 9 20 Search in Google Scholar

47. Li Y, Li H, Zhang D. Timing of norepinephrine initiation in patients with septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2020 Aug 6;24(1):488. LiY LiH ZhangD Timing of norepinephrine initiation in patients with septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis Crit Care 2020 Aug 6 24 1 488 Search in Google Scholar

48. Bai X, Yu W, Ji W, et al. Early versus delayed administration of norepinephrine in patients with septic shock. Crit Care. 2014 Oct 3;18(5):532. BaiX YuW JiW Early versus delayed administration of norepinephrine in patients with septic shock Crit Care 2014 Oct 3 18 5 532 Search in Google Scholar

49. Colon Hidalgo D, Patel J, Masic D, et al. Delayed vasopressor initiation is associated with increased mortality in patients with septic shock. J Crit Care. 2020;55:145–8. Colon HidalgoD PatelJ MasicD Delayed vasopressor initiation is associated with increased mortality in patients with septic shock J Crit Care. 2020 55 145 8 Search in Google Scholar

50. Elbouhy MA, Soliman M, Gaber A, et al. Early use of norepinephrine improves survival in septic shock: earlier than early. Arch Med Res 2019;50:325–32. ElbouhyMA SolimanM GaberA Early use of norepinephrine improves survival in septic shock: earlier than early Arch Med Res 2019 50 325 32 Search in Google Scholar

51. Vincent JL, Nielsen ND, Shapiro NI, et al. Mean arterial pressure and mortality in patients with distributive shock: a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-III database. Ann Intensive Care. 2018;8:107. VincentJL NielsenND ShapiroNI Mean arterial pressure and mortality in patients with distributive shock: a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-III database Ann Intensive Care. 2018 8 107 Search in Google Scholar

52. Persichini R, Silva S, Teboul JL, et al. Effects of norepinephrine on mean systemic pressure and venous return in human septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:3146–53. PersichiniR SilvaS TeboulJL Effects of norepinephrine on mean systemic pressure and venous return in human septic shock Crit Care Med. 2012 40 3146 53 Search in Google Scholar

53. Hamzaoui O, Jozwiak M, Geffriaud T, et al. Norepinephrine exerts an inotropic effect during the early phase of human septic shock. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120:517–24. HamzaouiO JozwiakM GeffriaudT Norepinephrine exerts an inotropic effect during the early phase of human septic shock Br J Anaesth. 2018 120 517 24 Search in Google Scholar

54. Monnet X, Jabot J, Maizel J, et al. Norepinephrine increases cardiac preload and reduces preload dependency assessed by passive leg raising in septic shock patients. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:689–94. MonnetX JabotJ MaizelJ Norepinephrine increases cardiac preload and reduces preload dependency assessed by passive leg raising in septic shock patients Crit Care Med. 2011 39 689 94 Search in Google Scholar

55. Hamzaoui O, Jozwiak M, Geffriaud T, et al. Norepinephrine exerts an inotropic effect during the early phase of human septic shock. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120:517–24. HamzaouiO JozwiakM GeffriaudT Norepinephrine exerts an inotropic effect during the early phase of human septic shock Br J Anaesth. 2018 120 517 24 Search in Google Scholar

56. Georger JF, Hamzaoui O, Chaari A, et al. Restoring arterial pressure with norepinephrine improves muscle tissue oxygenation assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy in severely hypotensive septic patients. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:1882–9. GeorgerJF HamzaouiO ChaariA Restoring arterial pressure with norepinephrine improves muscle tissue oxygenation assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy in severely hypotensive septic patients Intensive Care Med. 2010 36 1882 9 Search in Google Scholar

57. Macdonald SPJ, Keijzers G, Taylor DM, et al. Restricted fluid resuscitation in suspected sepsis associated hypotension (REFRESH): a pilot randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44:2070–8. MacdonaldSPJ KeijzersG TaylorDM Restricted fluid resuscitation in suspected sepsis associated hypotension (REFRESH): a pilot randomised controlled trial Intensive Care Med. 2018 44 2070 8 Search in Google Scholar

58. Boyd JH, Forbes J, Nakada T-a, et al. Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: a positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:259–65. BoydJH ForbesJ NakadaT-a Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: a positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality Crit Care Med. 2011 39 259 65 Search in Google Scholar

59. Shi R, Hamzaoui O, De Vita N, Monnet X, Teboul JL. Vasopressors in septic shock: which, when, and how much? Ann Transl Med. 2020 Jun;8(12):794. ShiR HamzaouiO De VitaN MonnetX TeboulJL Vasopressors in septic shock: which, when, and how much? Ann Transl Med 2020 Jun 8 12 794 Search in Google Scholar

60. Elbouhy MA, Soliman M, Gaber A, Taema KM, Abdel-Aziz A. Early Use of Norepinephrine Improves Survival in Septic Shock: Earlier than Early. Arch Med Res. 2019 Aug;50(6):325–332. ElbouhyMA SolimanM GaberA TaemaKM Abdel-AzizA Early Use of Norepinephrine Improves Survival in Septic Shock: Earlier than Early Arch Med Res 2019 Aug 50 6 325 332 Search in Google Scholar

61. Adda I, Lai C, Teboul JL, Guerin L, Gavelli F, Monnet X. Norepinephrine potentiates the efficacy of volume expansion on mean systemic pressure in septic shock. Crit Care. 2021 Aug 21;25(1):302. AddaI LaiC TeboulJL GuerinL GavelliF MonnetX Norepinephrine potentiates the efficacy of volume expansion on mean systemic pressure in septic shock Crit Care 2021 Aug 21 25 1 302 Search in Google Scholar

62. Hamzaoui O, Shi R. Early norepinephrine use in septic shock. J Thorac Dis. 2020 Feb;12(Suppl 1):S72–S77. HamzaouiO ShiR Early norepinephrine use in septic shock J Thorac Dis 2020 Feb 12 Suppl 1 S72 S77 Search in Google Scholar

63. Holder AL, Gupta N, Lulaj E. et al. Predictors of early progression to severe sepsis or shock among emergency department patients with nonsevere sepsis. Int J Emerg Med 2016;9, 10. HolderAL GuptaN LulajE Predictors of early progression to severe sepsis or shock among emergency department patients with nonsevere sepsis Int J Emerg Med 2016 9 10 Search in Google Scholar

64. Ospina-Tascón GA, Teboul JL, Hernandez G, et al. Diastolic shock index and clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock. Ann Intensive Care. 2020 Apr 16;10(1):41. Ospina-TascónGA TeboulJL HernandezG Diastolic shock index and clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock Ann Intensive Care 2020 Apr 16 10 1 41 Search in Google Scholar

65. Huang H, Wu C, Shen Q, Xu H, Fang Y, Mao W. The effect of early vasopressin use on patients with septic shock: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Oct;48:203–208. HuangH WuC ShenQ XuH FangY MaoW The effect of early vasopressin use on patients with septic shock: A systematic review and meta-analysis Am J Emerg Med 2021 Oct 48 203 208 Search in Google Scholar

66. Gordon AC, Mason AJ, Thirunavukkarasu N, et al.; VANISH Investigators. Effect of Early Vasopressin vs Norepinephrine on Kidney Failure in Patients With Septic Shock: The VANISH Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016 Aug 2;316(5):509–18. GordonAC MasonAJ ThirunavukkarasuN VANISH Investigators Effect of Early Vasopressin vs Norepinephrine on Kidney Failure in Patients With Septic Shock: The VANISH Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA 2016 Aug 2 316 5 509 18 Search in Google Scholar

67. Rydz AC, Elefritz JL, Conroy M, et al. Early initiation of vasopressin reduces organ failure and mortality in septic shock. Shock. 2022 Oct 1;58(4):269–274. RydzAC ElefritzJL ConroyM Early initiation of vasopressin reduces organ failure and mortality in septic shock Shock 2022 Oct 1 58 4 269 274 Search in Google Scholar

68. Nakamura K, Nakano H, Naraba H, et al. Vasopressin Loading for Refractory Septic Shock: A Preliminary Analysis of a Case Series. Front Med. 2021 May 4;8:644195. NakamuraK NakanoH NarabaH Vasopressin Loading for Refractory Septic Shock: A Preliminary Analysis of a Case Series Front Med 2021 May 4 8 644195 Search in Google Scholar

69. Gibbison B, López-López JA, Higgins JP, et al. Corticosteroids in septic shock: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2017 Mar 28;21(1):78. GibbisonB López-LópezJA HigginsJP Corticosteroids in septic shock: a systematic review and network meta-analysis Crit Care 2017 Mar 28 21 1 78 Search in Google Scholar

70. Legrand M, Zarbock A. Ten tips to optimize vasopressors use in the critically ill patient with hypotension. Intensive Care Med. 2022 Jun;48(6):736–739. LegrandM ZarbockA Ten tips to optimize vasopressors use in the critically ill patient with hypotension Intensive Care Med 2022 Jun 48 6 736 739 Search in Google Scholar

71. Cardenas-Garcia J, Schaub KF, Belchikov YG, Narasimhan M, Koenig SJ, Mayo PH. Safety of peripheral intravenous administration of vasoactive medication. J Hosp Med. 2015 Sep;10(9):581–5. Cardenas-GarciaJ SchaubKF BelchikovYG NarasimhanM KoenigSJ MayoPH Safety of peripheral intravenous administration of vasoactive medication J Hosp Med 2015 Sep 10 9 581 5 Search in Google Scholar

72. Maksim K, Abhinav A, Zubair H, et al. Safety of peripheral intravenous administration of vasoactive medication: a retrospective one year follow up. Chest. 2018;154. 292A. MaksimK AbhinavA ZubairH Safety of peripheral intravenous administration of vasoactive medication: a retrospective one year follow up Chest. 2018 154 292A Search in Google Scholar

73. Liwei Liu, Lan Luo, Lu Li, Mu Jin. Safety of high-concentration norepinephrine for peripheral intravenous use. Comment on Br J Anaesth 2020; 124: e108–14, Br J Anaesth. 2021;127, 4, e135–e137. LiuLiwei LuoLan LiLu JinMu Safety of high-concentration norepinephrine for peripheral intravenous use Comment on Br J Anaesth 2020 124 e108 14 Br J Anaesth 2021 127 4 e135 e137 Search in Google Scholar

74. Chawla LS, Ostermann M, Forni L. et al. Broad spectrum vasopressors: a new approach to the initial management of septic shock?. Crit Care. 2019;23, 124. ChawlaLS OstermannM ForniL Broad spectrum vasopressors: a new approach to the initial management of septic shock? Crit Care 2019 23 124 Search in Google Scholar

75. Monnet X, Lai C, Teboul JL. How I personalize fluid therapy in septic shock? Crit Care. 2023 Mar 24;27(1):123. MonnetX LaiC TeboulJL How I personalize fluid therapy in septic shock? Crit Care 2023 Mar 24 27 1 123 Search in Google Scholar