Accesso libero

The effect of time-saving household appliance ownership on outcomes for children and married women: evidence from India

Smriti Bhargava
Smriti Bhargava
 e 
Amanda Kerr
Amanda Kerr
   | 14 set 2022
IZA Journal of Labor Policy's Cover Image
INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
Articolo precedente
Articolo Successivo
Cita
Pubblicato online: 14 set 2022
Pagine: -
Accettato: 15 ago 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajolp-2022-0008
Parole chiave
© 2022 Smriti Bhargava et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

OLS: effect of living in a household that owns an appliance on married women's employment

Washing machine Refrigerator
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Owns washing machine 0.030*** (0.009) 0.004 (0.018)
Owns refrigerator −0.001 (0.007) −0.010 (0.011)
Age 0.054*** (0.002) 0.064*** (0.002) 0.054*** (0.002) 0.063*** (0.002)
Age-squared −0.001*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000)
Years of schooling −0.007*** (0.001) −0.012*** (0.001) −0.007*** (0.001) −0.012*** (0.001)
Rural 0.244*** (0.014) 0.043* (0.025) 0.246*** (0.014) 0.043* (0.025)
Hindu 0.060*** (0.009) 0.078*** (0.014) 0.060*** (0.009) 0.079*** (0.014)
SC or ST 0.015** (0.007) 0.013 (0.009) 0.014** (0.007) 0.013 (0.009)
Wealth index −0.146*** (0.006) −0.112*** (0.008) −0.144*** (0.006) −0.110*** (0.008)
No. of children (household) 0.000 (0.002) −0.004* (0.002) −0.000 (0.002) −0.005** (0.002)
Village controls
Distance to nearest town (km) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000)
Distance to road access (km) 0.003** (0.001) 0.003* (0.001)
Phone access −0.014 (0.011) −0.013 (0.011)
Distance to railway station (km) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
Distance to market (km) 0.002** (0.001) 0.002*** (0.001)
Distance to secondary school (km) 0.002*** (0.001) 0.003*** (0.001)
Distance to higher secondary school (km) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
Average appliance ownership 0.096 0.046 0.294 0.191
Average employment 0.466 0.619 0.465 0.619
N 70,263 38,109 73,078 39,398
R2 0.303 0.228 0.302 0.225

2SLS: effect of living in a household that owns an appliance on married women's employment

Washing machine Refrigerator
(1) (2) (3) (4)
First stage
Owns washing machine (single women) 0.501*** (0.017) 0.485*** (0.031)
Owns refrigerator (single women) 0.376*** (0.013) 0.352*** (0.020)
Owns air conditioner 0.437*** (0.024) 0.523*** (0.0450) 0.158*** (0.019) 0.223*** (0.031)
Owns color television 0.003 (0.004) 0.000 (0.004) 0.121*** (0.008) 0.100*** (0.011)
F–statistic 638.36 146.45 495.87 193.80
2SLS
Owns washing machine 0.030 (0.035) −0.074 (0.061)
Owns refrigerator −0.102*** (0.031) −0.097* (0.055)
Age 0.054*** (0.002) 0.064*** (0.002) 0.054*** (0.002) 0.064*** (0.002)
Age–squared −0.001*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000)
Years of schooling −0.007*** (0.001) −0.012*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.011*** (0.001)
Rural 0.242*** (0.014) 0.041 (0.025) 0.239*** (0.014) 0.036 (0.026)
Hindu 0.060*** (0.009) 0.075*** (0.014) 0.057*** (0.009) 0.074*** (0.014)
SC or ST 0.015** (0.007) 0.012 (0.009) 0.013* (0.007) 0.010 (0.009)
Wealth index −0.140*** (0.007) −0.102*** (0.009) −0.107*** (0.010) −0.082*** (0.016)
No. of children (household) 0.000 (0.002) −0.004* (0.002) 0.001 (0.002) −0.004* (0.002)
Village controls
Distance to nearest town (km) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000)
Distance to road access (km) 0.003** (0.001) 0.003* (0.001)
Phone access −0.014 (0.011) −0.016 (0.011)
Distance to railway station (km) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
Distance to market (km) 0.002** (0.001) 0.001** (0.001)
Distance to secondary school (km) 0.002*** (0.001) 0.002*** (0.001)
Distance to higher secondary school (km) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
Average appliance ownership 0.096 0.046 0.294 0.194
Average employment 0.466 0.619 0.467 0.619
N 70,160 38,059 70,221 38,071
R2 0.303 0.227 0.298 0.225

2SLS: effect of living in a household that owns a refrigerator on married women's work

Work inside household Work outside household
(1) (2) (3) (4)
First stage
Owns Refrigerator (single women) 0.376*** (0.0132) 0.352*** (0.0204) 0.376*** (0.0132) 0.352*** (0.0204)
Owns air conditioner 0.158*** (0.0190) 0.223*** (0.0313) 0.158*** (0.0190) 0.223*** (0.0313)
Owns color television 0.121*** (0.00848) 0.0999*** (0.0112) 0.121*** (0.00848) 0.0999*** (0.0112)
F–statistic 495.87 193.8 495.87 193.8
2SLS
Owns refrigerator −0.145*** (0.030) −0.106* (0.058) 0.082*** (0.026) 0.010 (0.045)
Age 0.037*** (0.002) 0.050*** (0.002) 0.034*** (0.001) 0.038*** (0.002)
Age–squared −0.000*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000)
Years of schooling −0.006*** (0.001) −0.009*** (0.001) −0.002** (0.001) −0.007*** (0.001)
Rural 0.285*** (0.014) 0.072*** (0.026) 0.010 (0.011) −0.016 (0.020)
Hindu 0.053*** (0.009) 0.089*** (0.016) 0.026*** (0.006) 0.012 (0.009)
SC or ST −0.065*** (0.008) −0.079*** (0.010) 0.113*** (0.008) 0.136*** (0.009)
Wealth index −0.025** (0.010) −0.012 (0.016) −0.150*** (0.010) −0.136*** (0.014)
No. of children (household) 0.004*** (0.002) −0.000 (0.002) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.002)
Village controls
Distance to nearest town (km) −0.001 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
Distance to road access (km) 0.003* (0.002) 0.002 (0.002)
Phone access −0.046*** (0.013) 0.016 (0.010)
Distance to railway station (km) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
Distance to market (km) 0.003*** (0.001) −0.002*** (0.001)
Distance to secondary school (km) 0.003*** (0.001) 0.000 (0.001)
Distance to higher secondary school (km) 0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000)
N 70,160 38,059 70,160 38,059
R2 0.288 0.191 0.206 0.249

Summary statistics by ownership of appliance: children 12–18 years of age

Variable Owns washing machine (7.3%) Does not own washing machine (92.7%)
Mean Standard deviation N Mean Standard deviation N
Completed primary 0.965 0.185 3,607 0.855 0.352 45,882
Years of schooling 8.660 2.414 3,607 7.216 2.939 45,882
Currently enrolled 0.950 0.219 3,607 0.746 0.435 45,890
Currently employed 0.045 0.207 3,616 0.182 0.386 45,987
Female 0.468 0.499 3,616 0.488 0.500 45,987
Hindu 0.683 0.465 3,616 0.784 0.411 45,987
SC or ST 0.154 0.361 3,605 0.296 0.456 45,964
Rural 0.264 0.441 3,616 0.650 0.477 45,987
Owns refrigerator 0.943 0.232 3,613 0.187 0.390 45,898
Owns color television 0.956 0.205 3,616 0.473 0.499 45,932
Wealth index 2.582 0.299 3,616 1.726 0.596 45,987
Father's age 44.610 6.680 2,492 43.820 8.402 29,733
Father's years of schooling 10.514 4.064 2,490 5.916 4.610 29,680
Mother's age 39.448 7.132 2,700 38.404 8.246 31,803
Mother's years of schooling 8.641 4.897 2,700 3.710 4.270 31,752

2SLS: effect of living in a household that owns a washing machine on married women's work

Work inside household Work outside household
(1) (2) (3) (4)
First stage
Owns washing machine (single women) 0.501*** (0.0171) 0.485*** (0.0310) 0.501*** (0.0171) 0.485*** (0.0310)
Owns air conditioner 0.437*** (0.0239) 0.523*** (0.0450) 0.437*** (0.0239) 0.523*** (0.0450)
Owns color television 0.00278 (0.00409) 0.0000 (0.00407) 0.00278 (0.00409) 0.0000 (0.00407)
F–statistic 638.36 146.45 638.36 146.45
2SLS
Owns washing machine −0.068** (0.027) −0.147** (0.067) 0.154*** (0.023) 0.080** (0.033)
Age 0.037*** (0.002) 0.050*** (0.002) 0.035*** (0.001) 0.039*** (0.002)
Age–squared −0.000*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000)
Years of schooling −0.008*** (0.001) −0.010*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.001) −0.007*** (0.001)
Rural 0.286*** (0.014) 0.076*** (0.024) 0.014 (0.010) −0.014 (0.019)
Hindu 0.054*** (0.009) 0.088*** (0.016) 0.027*** (0.006) 0.013 (0.009)
SC or ST −0.064*** (0.008) −0.078*** (0.010) 0.113*** (0.008) 0.137*** (0.009)
Wealth index −0.062*** (0.007) −0.029*** (0.009) −0.140*** (0.007) −0.140*** (0.009)
No. of children (household) 0.004** (0.002) −0.000 (0.002) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.002)
Village controls
Distance to nearest town (km) −0.001 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
Distance to road access (km) 0.003** (0.002) 0.002 (0.001)
Phone access −0.043*** (0.013) 0.016 (0.010)
Distance to railway station (km) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
Distance to market (km) 0.003*** (0.001) −0.002*** (0.001)
Distance to secondary school (km) 0.003*** (0.001) 0.000 (0.001)
Distance to higher secondary school (km) 0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000)
N 70,160 38,059 70,160 38,059
R2 0.288 0.191 0.206 0.249

Summary statistics of the women in the study, by marital status

Variable Married women aged 15–59 years Single women aged 15–59 years
2005 2012 2005 2012
Urban 27.76 32.97 31.98 34.04
Age 35.15 36.64 25.16 26.72
Hindu 82.77 82.4 78.43 79.64
Mean number of kids in the household 1.674 (1.585) 2.049 (1.99) 0.796 (1.242) 1.639 (1.909)
Education:
Mean years of schooling 3.921 4.988 6.46 7.46
Literate 49.59 59.32 72.69 77.35
Employment:
Work inside the household:
  Animal care 29.59 22.34 17.47 11.91
  Farm work 20.93 18.31 9.94 8.92
  Family business work 3.05 3.99 2.31 2.72
Work outside the household:
  Agricultural labor 14.38 11.96 9.03 8.24
  Nonagricultural labor 4.39 7.12 3.44 5.06
  Salaried position 3.47 4.69 5.36 6.85
Employment rate 51.73 48.25 35.64 33.63
Rural 63.71 60.48 43.3 39.09
Urban 20.57 23.37 19.34 23.07
Mean wealth index 1.537 (0.687) 1.760 (0.693) 1.607 (0.679) 1.757 (0.674)
N 45,538 42,715 18,727 20,937

OLS: effect of living in a household that owns a washing machine on children's outcomes

Enrollment Employment
All Male Female All Male Female
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
Owns washing machine 0.001 (0.008) 0.019 (0.013) −0.004 (0.011) 0.018 (0.015) 0.007 (0.010) 0.024 (0.019) −0.004 (0.007) −0.025* (0.014) −0.006 (0.010) −0.024 (0.020) −0.004 (0.009) −0.023 (0.018)
Age 0.142*** (0.017) 0.168*** (0.024) 0.167*** (0.022) 0.202*** (0.030) 0.108*** (0.027) 0.129*** (0.038) −0.064*** (0.017) −0.062** (0.025) −0.096*** (0.023) −0.092*** (0.032) 0.012 (0.023) 0.016 (0.035)
Age–squared −0.007*** (0.001) −0.008*** (0.001) −0.008*** (0.001) −0.009*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) 0.004*** (0.001) 0.004*** (0.001) 0.005*** (0.001) 0.005*** (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001)
Female −0.016*** (0.005) −0.032*** (0.008) −0.055*** (0.005) −0.051*** (0.007)
Rural 0.030*** (0.008) −0.034* (0.018) 0.046*** (0.011) −0.019 (0.023) 0.006 (0.010) −0.048 (0.031) 0.058*** (0.009) 0.009 (0.023) 0.054*** (0.011) 0.017 (0.031) 0.062*** (0.010) 0.003 (0.030)
Hindu 0.080*** (0.010) 0.073*** (0.014) 0.077*** (0.011) 0.065*** (0.014) 0.085*** (0.012) 0.084*** (0.020) −0.007 (0.006) −0.005 (0.010) −0.019** (0.009) −0.020 (0.015) 0.003 (0.007) 0.010 (0.013)
SC or ST −0.011* (0.006) −0.020*** (0.008) −0.018** (0.008) −0.027*** (0.009) −0.003 (0.008) −0.010 (0.011) −0.009 (0.006) −0.007 (0.008) −0.007 (0.007) −0.008 (0.010) −0.013* (0.007) −0.009 (0.011)
Wealth index 0.096*** (0.008) 0.079*** (0.011) 0.096*** (0.009) 0.076*** (0.011) 0.095*** (0.010) 0.083*** (0.014) −0.067*** (0.006) −0.054*** (0.008) −0.065*** (0.008) −0.050*** (0.011) −0.068*** (0.008) −0.058*** (0.011)
Father's age −0.003*** (0.000) −0.002*** (0.001) −0.002*** (0.001) −0.002* (0.001) −0.004*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.001) 0.001** (0.000) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001** (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) 0.001* (0.001) 0.001 (0.001)
Mother's age 0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001)
Father's years of schooling 0.012*** (0.001) 0.012*** (0.001) 0.012*** (0.001) 0.012*** (0.001) 0.013*** (0.001) 0.013*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001)
Mother's years of schooling 0.006*** (0.001) 0.006*** (0.001) 0.007*** (0.001) 0.006*** (0.001) 0.006*** (0.001) 0.005*** (0.001) −0.004*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.001) −0.004*** (0.001)
Village controls
Distance to nearest town (km) 0.000 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) −0.001 (0.000) −0.000 (0.001) −0.001** (0.001)
Distance to road access (km) 0.001 (0.002) 0.003 (0.002) −0.000 (0.002) 0.000 (0.002) −0.002 (0.003) 0.002 (0.002)
Phone access 0.003 (0.011) 0.001 (0.013) 0.010 (0.015) −0.030** (0.012) −0.027* (0.014) −0.029* (0.016)
Distance to railway station (km) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000)
Distance to market (km) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) 0.002* (0.001)
Distance to secondary school (km) −0.001 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) −0.002 (0.001) 0.002** (0.001) 0.002 (0.001) 0.002* (0.001)
Distance to higher secondary school (km) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.000)
Average washing machine ownership 0.079 0.037 0.076 0.038 0.083 0.037 0.079 0.037 0.076 0.038 0.083 0.037
Average Yict 0.819 0.806 0.813 0.806 0.827 0.807 0.152 0.194 0.184 0.226 0.110 0.152
N 30,348 17,127 17,168 9,744 13,176 7,378 30,363 17,132 17,177 9,748 13,182 7,379
R2 0.248 0.245 0.249 0.246 0.281 0.290 0.170 0.167 0.196 0.196 0.163 0.166

2SLS: effect of living in a household that owns a washing machine on children's outcomes

Enrollment Employment
All Male Female All Male Female
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
First stage
Owns washing machine (no children) 0.379*** (0.027) 0.406*** (0.042) 0.405*** (0.026) 0.454*** (0.045) 0.348*** (0.034) 0.348*** (0.055) 0.379*** (0.027) 0.406*** (0.042) 0.405*** (0.026) 0.454*** (0.045) 0.348*** (0.034) 0.348*** (0.055)
Owns air conditioner 0.483*** (0.028) 0.496*** (0.075) 0.460*** (0.035) 0.499*** (0.093) 0.515*** (0.033) 0.504*** (0.091) 0.484*** (0.028) 0.496*** (0.075) 0.460*** (0.035) 0.499*** (0.093) 0.515*** (0.033) 0.504*** (0.091)
Owns color television −0.002 (0.005) 0.004 (0.005) 0.005 (0.005) 0.008* (0.005) −0.009 (0.007) −0.002 (0.006) −0.002 (0.005) 0.004 (0.005) 0.005 (0.005) 0.008* (0.005) −0.009 (0.007) −0.001 (0.006)
F–statistic 108.67 17.72 156.08 50.09 175.99 30.48 207.77 55.00 156.10 50.08 176.29 30.48
2SLS
Owns washing machine −0.014 (0.022) 0.034 (0.062) −0.016 (0.028) 0.022 (0.064) −0.020 (0.030) 0.036 (0.087) 0.009 (0.021) −0.055 (0.067) 0.004 (0.032) −0.002 (0.074) −0.003 (0.022) −0.162* (0.087)
Age 0.143*** (0.017) 0.169*** (0.024) 0.168*** (0.022) 0.203*** (0.030) 0.109*** (0.027) 0.129*** (0.038) −0.065*** (0.017) −0.063** (0.025) −0.098*** (0.023) −0.094*** (0.032) 0.012 (0.023) 0.019 (0.035)
Age–squared −0.007*** (0.001) −0.008*** (0.001) −0.008*** (0.001) −0.009*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) 0.004*** (0.001) 0.004*** (0.001) 0.005*** (0.001) 0.005*** (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001)
Female −0.016*** (0.005) −0.032*** (0.008) −0.055*** (0.005) −0.051*** (0.007)
Rural 0.029*** (0.008) −0.033* (0.019) 0.045*** (0.012) −0.019 (0.023) 0.004 (0.011) −0.047 (0.033) 0.058*** (0.009) 0.006 (0.024) 0.054*** (0.010) 0.017 (0.031) 0.062*** (0.010) −0.009 (0.034)
Hindu 0.081*** (0.010) 0.074*** (0.014) 0.078*** (0.011) 0.066*** (0.015) 0.085*** (0.013) 0.086*** (0.020) −0.007 (0.006) −0.007 (0.011) −0.019** (0.009) −0.021 (0.015) 0.003 (0.007) 0.006 (0.014)
SC or ST −0.011* (0.006) −0.020*** (0.008) −0.018** (0.008) −0.027*** (0.009) −0.002 (0.008) −0.010 (0.012) −0.009 (0.006) −0.008 (0.008) −0.007 (0.007) −0.008 (0.010) −0.013* (0.007) −0.010 (0.011)
Wealth index 0.090*** (0.007) 0.072*** (0.010) 0.090*** (0.008) 0.069*** (0.011) 0.091*** (0.010) 0.076*** (0.015) −0.065*** (0.006) −0.050*** (0.009) −0.063*** (0.008) −0.050*** (0.011) −0.064*** (0.008) −0.046*** (0.012)
Father's age −0.003*** (0.000) −0.002*** (0.001) −0.002*** (0.001) −0.002* (0.001) −0.004*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.001) 0.001** (0.000) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001* (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) 0.001* (0.001) 0.001 (0.001)
Mother's age 0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001)
Father's years of schooling 0.012*** (0.001) 0.013*** (0.001) 0.012*** (0.001) 0.012*** (0.001) 0.013*** (0.001) 0.013*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001)
Mother's years of schooling 0.007*** (0.001) 0.006*** (0.001) 0.007*** (0.001) 0.007*** (0.001) 0.006*** (0.001) 0.005*** (0.001) −0.004*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.001) −0.003** (0.001)
Distance to nearest town (km) 0.000 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) −0.001 (0.000) −0.000 (0.001) −0.001** (0.001)
Distance to road access (km) 0.002 (0.002) 0.003 (0.002) −0.000 (0.002) 0.000 (0.002) −0.002 (0.003) 0.002 (0.002)
Phone access 0.003 (0.011) 0.001 (0.013) 0.011 (0.015) −0.030** (0.012) −0.028** (0.014) −0.029* (0.016)
Distance to railway station (km) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000)
Distance to market (km) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) 0.002* (0.001)
Distance to secondary school (km) −0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) −0.002 (0.001) 0.002** (0.001) 0.002 (0.001) 0.002* (0.001)
Distance to higher secondary school (km) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.000)
Average washing machine ownership 0.079 0.037 0.076 0.038 0.083 0.037 0.079 0.037 0.076 0.038 0.083 0.037
Average Yict 0.819 0.806 0.812 0.806 0.827 0.807 0.152 0.194 0.185 0.226 0.110 0.152
N 30,322 17,119 17,150 9,737 13,168 7,377 30,337 17,124 17,159 9,741 13,174 7,378
R2 0.357 0.245 0.248 0.246 0.281 0.290 0.170 0.167 0.196 0.196 0.163 0.162

2SLS: effect of living in a household that owns a refrigerator on children's outcomes

Enrollment Employment
All Male Female All Male Female
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
First stage
Owns refrigerator (no children) 0.290*** (0.019) 0.268*** (0.030) 0.310*** (0.022) 0.285*** (0.034) 0.264*** (0.022) 0.246*** (0.035) 0.290*** (0.019) 0.267*** (0.030) 0.310*** (0.022) 0.285*** (0.034) 0.265*** (0.022) 0.246*** (0.035)
Owns air conditioner 0.167*** (0.028) 0.217*** (0.052) 0.159*** (0.033) 0.192** (0.077) 0.174*** (0.028) 0.256*** (0.052) 0.167*** (0.028) 0.217*** (0.052) 0.160*** (0.033) 0.192** (0.077) 0.174*** (0.028) 0.256*** (0.052)
Owns color television 0.092*** (0.009) 0.073*** (0.011) 0.101*** (0.010) 0.080*** (0.013) 0.082*** (0.011) 0.066*** (0.013) 0.092*** (0.009) 0.073*** (0.011) 0.101*** (0.010) 0.080*** (0.013) 0.083*** (0.011) 0.066*** (0.013)
F–statistic 154.95 58.22 165.63 49.05 83.00 35.51 156.18 58.14 166.03 49.01 84.50 35.49
2SLS
Own refrigerator 0.153*** (0.034) 0.150*** (0.056) 0.175*** (0.037) 0.161** (0.062) 0.127** (0.049) 0.135* (0.076) −0.091** (0.036) −0.065 (0.077) −0.075* (0.042) −0.014 (0.081) −0.106** (0.044) −0.133 (0.098)
Age 0.142*** (0.018) 0.169*** (0.024) 0.163*** (0.023) 0.199*** (0.031) 0.112*** (0.027) 0.134*** (0.038) −0.065*** (0.017) −0.065*** (0.025) −0.096*** (0.023) −0.095*** (0.032) 0.009 (0.023) 0.011 (0.035)
Age–squared −0.007*** (0.001) −0.008*** (0.001) −0.007*** (0.001) −0.009*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.007*** (0.001) 0.004*** (0.001) 0.004*** (0.001) 0.005*** (0.001) 0.005*** (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001)
Female −0.016*** (0.005) −0.030*** (0.008) −0.056*** (0.005) −0.051*** (0.007)
Rural 0.032*** (0.009) −0.024 (0.018) 0.047*** (0.012) −0.010 (0.023) 0.008 (0.011) −0.037 (0.031) 0.055*** (0.009) 0.005 (0.024) 0.051*** (0.010) 0.016 (0.032) 0.059*** (0.010) −0.009 (0.030)
Hindu 0.086*** (0.010) 0.079*** (0.014) 0.085*** (0.011) 0.072*** (0.015) 0.090*** (0.012) 0.090*** (0.020) −0.010 (0.007) −0.008 (0.011) −0.021** (0.009) −0.020 (0.016) 0.000 (0.008) 0.004 (0.015)
SC or ST −0.010 (0.006) −0.017** (0.008) −0.017** (0.008) −0.024** (0.010) −0.001 (0.008) −0.007 (0.012) −0.010* (0.006) −0.009 (0.008) −0.007 (0.007) −0.009 (0.010) −0.014* (0.008) −0.012 (0.011)
Wealth index 0.048*** (0.011) 0.038** (0.016) 0.042*** (0.012) 0.032* (0.018) 0.055*** (0.016) 0.046* (0.023) −0.040*** (0.010) −0.038** (0.019) −0.043*** (0.013) −0.046** (0.021) −0.035*** (0.014) −0.025 (0.024)
Father's age −0.003*** (0.000) −0.002*** (0.001) −0.002*** (0.001) −0.001* (0.001) −0.004*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.001) 0.001** (0.000) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001** (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) 0.001* (0.001) 0.001 (0.001)
Mother's age 0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.000) 0.001 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001)
Father's years of schooling 0.011*** (0.001) 0.012*** (0.001) 0.010*** (0.001) 0.011*** (0.001) 0.011*** (0.001) 0.012*** (0.001) −0.004*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.002** (0.001) −0.004** (0.001)
Mother's years of schooling 0.005*** (0.001) 0.005*** (0.001) 0.005*** (0.001) 0.005*** (0.001) 0.004*** (0.001) 0.004*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.001) −0.004*** (0.001) −0.004*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.002) −0.001 (0.001) −0.003* (0.001)
Distance to nearest town (km) 0.000 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) −0.001 (0.000) −0.000 (0.001) −0.001** (0.001)
Distance to road access (km) 0.001 (0.002) 0.002 (0.002) 0.000 (0.002) 0.000 (0.002) −0.001 (0.003) 0.002 (0.002)
Phone access 0.006 (0.011) 0.003 (0.013) 0.013 (0.015) −0.032*** (0.012) −0.028** (0.014) −0.031** (0.016)
Distance to railway station (km) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000)
Distance to market (km) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001)
Distance to secondary school (km) −0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) −0.001 (0.001) 0.002** (0.001) 0.002 (0.001) 0.002* (0.001)
Distance to higher secondary school (km) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.000)
Average refrigerator ownership 0.260 0.168 0.249 0.166 0.274 0.171 0.260 0.168 0.249 0.166 0.274 0.171
Average Yict 0.819 0.806 0.812 0.806 0.827 0.806 0.152 0.194 0.185 0.226 0.110 0.152
N 30,370 17,121 17,183 9,743 13,183 7,375 30,385 17,126 17,192 9,747 13,189 7,376
R2 0.234 0.235 0.231 0.234 0.272 0.283 0.162 0.165 0.191 0.196 0.150 0.155

Summary statistics by ownership of appliance: married women aged 15–59 years

Variable Owns washing machine (9.6%) Does not own washing machine (90.4%)
Mean Standard deviation N Mean Standard deviation N
Age, years 38.367 10.624 6,809 35.83 10.671 64,205
No. of children 1.459 1.565 6,809 1.768 1.629 64,205
Completed primary 0.873 0.333 6,801 0.52 0.500 64,006
Years of schooling 9.936 4.723 6,801 4.806 4.675 64,006
Currently employed 0.26 0.439 6,809 0.488 0.500 64,205
Hindu 0.718 0.450 6,809 0.822 0.382 64,205
SC or ST 0.121 0.326 6,780 0.279 0.449 64,142
Rural 0.277 0.447 6,809 0.645 0.479 64,205
Owns refrigerator 0.952 0.215 6,807 0.224 0.417 64,072
Owns color television 0.970 0.171 6,807 0.533 0.499 64,107
Wealth index 2.602 0.288 6,809 1.791 0.605 64,205

2SLS: effect of living in a household that owns an appliance on married women's employment by education

Washing machine Refrigerator
Below primary education Primary & above Below primary education Primary & above
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
First stage
Owns washing machine (single women) 0.394*** (0.026) 0.303*** (0.037) 0.472*** (0.019) 0.520*** (0.041)
Owns refrigerator (single women) 0.336*** (0.018) 0.309*** (0.025) 0.350*** (0.015) 0.354*** (0.026)
Owns air conditioner 0.509*** (0.049) 0.443*** (0.099) 0.385*** (0.024) 0.501*** (0.040) 0.318*** (0.039) 0.276*** (0.058) 0.0915*** (0.017) 0.148*** (0.035)
Owns color television 0.0102*** (0.003) 0.00598* (0.003) −0.000673 (0.006) −0.00571 (0.006) 0.100*** (0.009) 0.0808*** (0.011) 0.144*** (0.011) 0.121*** (0.014)
F–statistic 141.1 32.11 372.77 133.3 209.87 72.14 295.98 105.74
2SLS
Owns washing machine −0.082 (0.062) 0.004 (0.120) 0.005 (0.036) −0.100 (0.069)
Owns refrigerator −0.184*** (0.054) −0.090 (0.083) −0.131*** (0.031) −0.117* (0.064)
Age 0.058*** (0.002) 0.065*** (0.002) 0.048*** (0.002) 0.061*** (0.003) 0.057*** (0.002) 0.064*** (0.002) 0.047*** (0.002) 0.061*** (0.003)
Age−squared −0.001*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000) −0.001*** (0.000)
Years of schooling −0.007*** (0.002) −0.007** (0.003) 0.003** (0.001) −0.008*** (0.002) −0.006** (0.002) −0.006* (0.003) 0.006*** (0.001) −0.007*** (0.002)
Rural 0.274*** (0.016) 0.053 (0.033) 0.221*** (0.016) 0.020 (0.028) 0.273*** (0.016) 0.046 (0.033) 0.219*** (0.016) 0.016 (0.030)
Hindu 0.075*** (0.011) 0.075*** (0.016) 0.037*** (0.010) 0.065*** (0.020) 0.072*** (0.012) 0.073*** (0.016) 0.034*** (0.010) 0.067*** (0.020)
SC or ST 0.012 (0.008) 0.010 (0.009) 0.010 (0.009) 0.015 (0.013) 0.011 (0.009) 0.009 (0.009) 0.005 (0.009) 0.011 (0.014)
Wealth index −0.114*** (0.009) −0.077*** (0.010) −0.153*** (0.008) −0.128*** (0.013) −0.077*** (0.013) −0.059*** (0.017) −0.104*** (0.013) −0.100*** (0.022)
No. of children (household) 0.000 (0.002) −0.005** (0.002) 0.003 (0.002) −0.002 (0.003) 0.001 (0.002) −0.005* (0.002) 0.004* (0.002) −0.001 (0.003)
Village controls
Distance to nearest town (km) −0.001 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) −0.001* (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
District to road access (km) 0.003* (0.002) 0.003* (0.002) 0.003* (0.002) 0.003 (0.002)
Phone access −0.001 (0.012) −0.035*** (0.013) −0.003 (0.012) −0.039*** (0.013)
Distance to railway station (km) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
Distance to market (km) 0.001 (0.001) 0.002** (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.002* (0.001)
Distance to secondary school (km) 0.001* (0.001) 0.003*** (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.003*** (0.001)
Distance to higher secondary school (km) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.001 (0.000)
Average appliance ownership 0.027 0.0167 0.151 0.08 0.1313 0.099 0.425 0.305
Average employment 0.618 0.722 0.344 0.498 0.6187 0.723 0.344 0.498
N 31285 20575 38875 17484 31309 20581 38912 17490
R2 0.271 0.174 0.249 0.222 0.261 0.171 0.240 0.220

OLS: effect of living in a household that owns a refrigerator on children's outcomes

Enrollment Employment
All Male Female All Male Female
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
Owns refrigerator 0.017** (0.007) 0.010 (0.010) 0.015* (0.009) 0.003 (0.011) 0.018** (0.009) 0.018 (0.014) 0.005 (0.006) −0.001 (0.010) 0.006 (0.007) 0.001 (0.013) 0.002 (0.008) −0.005 (0.015)
Age 0.149*** (0.017) 0.169*** (0.024) 0.173*** (0.022) 0.201*** (0.031) 0.113*** (0.027) 0.133*** (0.037) −0.067*** (0.017) −0.068*** (0.024) −0.100*** (0.022) −0.099*** (0.032) 0.011 (0.022) 0.015 (0.035)
Age–squared −0.007*** (0.001) −0.008*** (0.001) −0.008*** (0.001) −0.009*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.007*** (0.001) 0.004*** (0.001) 0.004*** (0.001) 0.005*** (0.001) 0.006*** (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001)
Female −0.015*** (0.005) −0.030*** (0.008) −0.056*** (0.005) −0.051*** (0.007)
Rural 0.029*** (0.008) −0.036* (0.018) 0.044*** (0.011) −0.022 (0.023) 0.005 (0.010) −0.047 (0.031) 0.059*** (0.008) 0.010 (0.023) 0.056*** (0.010) 0.016 (0.031) 0.061*** (0.010) 0.007 (0.029)
Hindu 0.080*** (0.009) 0.074*** (0.014) 0.077*** (0.011) 0.066*** (0.014) 0.085*** (0.012) 0.084*** (0.020) −0.004 (0.006) −0.001 (0.011) −0.014 (0.009) −0.013 (0.015) 0.003 (0.007) 0.010 (0.013)
SC or ST −0.010* (0.006) −0.019** (0.008) −0.016** (0.008) −0.025** (0.010) −0.003 (0.008) −0.010 (0.011) −0.008 (0.005) −0.007 (0.008) −0.007 (0.007) −0.007 (0.010) −0.011 (0.007) −0.007 (0.011)
Wealth index 0.090*** (0.008) 0.079*** (0.011) 0.092*** (0.009) 0.080*** (0.012) 0.088*** (0.011) 0.078*** (0.015) −0.071*** (0.006) −0.059*** (0.008) −0.071*** (0.008) −0.058*** (0.011) −0.069*** (0.008) −0.058*** (0.011)
Father's age −0.003*** (0.000) −0.002*** (0.001) −0.002*** (0.001) −0.002* (0.001) −0.004*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.001) 0.001*** (0.000) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001** (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) 0.001** (0.001) 0.001 (0.001)
Mother's age 0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001)
Father's years of schooling 0.012*** (0.001) 0.012*** (0.001) 0.011*** (0.001) 0.012*** (0.001) 0.012*** (0.001) 0.013*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001)
Mother's years of schooling 0.006*** (0.001) 0.006*** (0.001) 0.007*** (0.001) 0.007*** (0.001) 0.006*** (0.001) 0.005*** (0.001) −0.004*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.001) −0.004*** (0.001)
Village controls
Distance to nearest town (km) 0.000 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) −0.001 (0.000) −0.000 (0.001) −0.001* (0.001)
Distance to road access (km) 0.001 (0.001) 0.002 (0.002) −0.000 (0.002) 0.000 (0.002) −0.002 (0.003) 0.002 (0.002)
Phone access 0.003 (0.011) 0.000 (0.012) 0.009 (0.015) −0.032*** (0.012) −0.029** (0.014) −0.030* (0.016)
Distance to railway station (km) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000)
Distance to market (km) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) 0.002 (0.001)
Distance to secondary school (km) −0.001 (0.001) −0.000 (0.001) −0.002 (0.001) 0.002** (0.001) 0.002* (0.001) 0.003** (0.001)
Distance to higher secondary school (km) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.000)
Average refrigerator ownership 0.261 0.166 0.250 0.164 0.276 0.169 0.261 0.166 0.250 0.163 0.276 0.169
Average Yict 0.819 0.807 0.812 0.805 0.828 0.808 0.151 0.194 0.183 0.227 0.108 0.151
N 31,376 17,518 17,833 10,009 13,539 7,506 31,391 17,523 17,842 10,013 13,545 7,507
R2 0.247 0.244 0.248 0.246 0.280 0.289 0.170 0.167 0.195 0.195 0.162 0.165

Summary statistics of the women in the study, by ownership of refrigerator

Variable Owns refrigerator Does not own refrigerator
2005 2012 2005 2012
Urban 68.62 64.3 20.95 22.07
Mean number of kids in household 1.358 (1.42) 1.634 (1.70) 1.727 (1.60) 2.194 (2.06)
Mean years of education 8.68 8.48 3.12 3.77
Literate 85.89 85.48 43.5 50.22
Employment:
Work inside the household:
  Animal care 12.13 11.88 32.53 25.98
  Farm work 6.11 8.35 23.42 21.78
  Family business work 3.48 4.96 2.98 3.66
Work outside the household:
  Agricultural labor 0.39 1.11 16.68 15.73
  Nonagricultural labor 0.34 1.94 5.06 8.92
  Salaried position 6.68 7.38 2.94 3.76
Mean wealth index 2.519 (0.37) 2.459 (0.33) 1.376 (0.59) 1.517 (0.62)
Owns washing machine 24.94 30.87 0.2 0.62
Owns color television 88.13 96.55 15.46 49.11
Owns air conditioner 4.05 7.07 0.03 0.13
N 8,440 13,119 36,008 29,562

2SLS: effect of living in a household that owns a refrigerator on married women's employment by job type

Animal care Farm work Agricultural labor Nonagricultural labor Salaried post Family business
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
First stage
Owns refrigerator (single women) 0.376*** (0.0132) 0.352*** (0.0204) 0.376*** (0.0132) 0.352*** (0.0204) 0.376*** (0.0132) 0.352*** (0.0204) 0.376*** (0.0132) 0.352*** (0.0204) 0.376*** (0.0132) 0.352*** (0.0204) 0.376*** (0.0132) 0.352*** (0.0204)
Owns air conditioner 0.158*** (0.0190) 0.223*** (0.0313) 0.158*** (0.0190) 0.223*** (0.0313) 0.158*** (0.0190) 0.223*** (0.0313) 0.158*** (0.0190) 0.223*** (0.0313) 0.158*** (0.0190) 0.223*** (0.0313) 0.158*** (0.0189) 0.224*** (0.0314)
Owns color television 0.121*** (0.00848) 0.0999*** (0.0112) 0.121*** (0.00848) 0.0999*** (0.0112) 0.121*** (0.00848) 0.0999*** (0.0112) 0.121*** (0.00848) 0.0999*** (0.0112) 0.121*** (0.00848) 0.0999*** (0.0112) 0.121*** (0.00848) 0.100*** (0.0112)
F–statistic 497.52 193.73 495.87 193.8 495.88 193.82 495.68 193.6 495.54 193.74 495.69 193.82
2SLS
Owns refrigerator −0.106*** (0.028) −0.076 (0.054) −0.105*** (0.029) −0.139** (0.057) 0.100*** (0.019) 0.021 (0.035) −0.008 (0.016) −0.012 (0.030) −0.008 (0.013) −0.010 (0.014) −0.021** (0.009) −0.007 (0.013)
Age 0.030*** (0.001) 0.044*** (0.002) 0.019*** (0.001) 0.028*** (0.002) 0.017*** (0.001) 0.023*** (0.002) 0.009*** (0.001) 0.010*** (0.001) 0.011*** (0.001) 0.009*** (0.001) 0.007*** (0.001) 0.006*** (0.001)
Age–squared −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000)
Years of schooling −0.006*** (0.001) −0.008*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.007*** (0.001) −0.011*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.000) −0.004*** (0.001) 0.008*** (0.000) 0.007*** (0.001) 0.000 (0.000) 0.001* (0.000)
Rural 0.206*** (0.013) 0.039* (0.023) 0.209*** (0.016) 0.036 (0.023) 0.050*** (0.010) −0.012 (0.012) −0.001 (0.006) 0.026* (0.015) −0.034*** (0.004) −0.026 (0.019) −0.008** (0.004) 0.015* (0.008)
Hindu 0.025*** (0.007) 0.047*** (0.013) 0.072*** (0.008) 0.110*** (0.013) 0.030*** (0.005) 0.028*** (0.007) −0.005 (0.004) −0.013** (0.006) 0.003 (0.003) −0.002 (0.004) −0.004 (0.003) −0.005 (0.006)
SC or ST −0.040*** (0.007) −0.050*** (0.009) −0.053*** (0.008) −0.072*** (0.010) 0.077*** (0.007) 0.102*** (0.008) 0.022*** (0.004) 0.029*** (0.005) 0.023*** (0.003) 0.017*** (0.003) −0.009*** (0.003) −0.007** (0.003)
Wealth index −0.027*** (0.009) −0.023 (0.015) −0.019* (0.010) 0.006 (0.016) −0.122*** (0.009) −0.118*** (0.011) −0.027*** (0.006) −0.023** (0.009) −0.009** (0.004) −0.003 (0.004) 0.013*** (0.003) 0.012*** (0.004)
No. of children (household) 0.002 (0.001) −0.003 (0.002) 0.003** (0.001) 0.001 (0.002) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) −0.001** (0.001) −0.001* (0.001) −0.001 (0.000) −0.001** (0.001)
Village controls
Distance to nearest town (km) −0.001 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000** (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
Distance to road access (km) 0.000 (0.002) 0.005*** (0.002) 0.003** (0.001) 0.000 (0.002) 0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001)
Phone access −0.027** (0.013) −0.065*** (0.014) 0.007 (0.009) 0.013* (0.007) 0.003 (0.003) −0.003 (0.003)
Distance to railway station (km) −0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
Distance to market (km) 0.003*** (0.001) 0.003*** (0.001) −0.001** (0.001) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000** (0.000) −0.001** (0.000)
Distance to secondary school (km) 0.001 (0.001) 0.004*** (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) −0.000* (0.000) 0.001 (0.000)
Distance to higher secondary school (km) 0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.000) −0.000* (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000* (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
N 70,207 38,060 70,221 38,071 70,217 38,068 70,216 38,066 70,215 38,070 70,109 38,027
R2 0.249 0.193 0.269 0.217 0.275 0.279 0.101 0.120 0.059 0.049 0.022 0.030

2SLS: effect of living in a household that owns a washing machine on married women's employment by job type

Animal care Farm work Agricultural labor Nonagricultural labor Salaried post Family business
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
First stage
Owns washing machine (single women) 0.501*** (0.0171) 0.485*** (0.0310) 0.501*** (0.0171) 0.485*** (0.0310) 0.501*** (0.0171) 0.485*** (0.0310) 0.501*** (0.0171) 0.485*** (0.0310) 0.501*** (0.0171) 0.485*** (0.0311) 0.502*** (0.0174) 0.486*** (0.0309)
Owns air conditioner 0.437*** (0.0239) 0.523*** (0.0450) 0.437*** (0.0239) 0.523*** (0.0450) 0.437*** (0.0239) 0.523*** (0.0450) 0.437*** (0.0239) 0.523*** (0.0450) 0.437*** (0.0239) 0.523*** (0.0449) 0.437*** (0.0240) 0.523*** (0.0449)
Owns color television 0.003 (0.00409) 0.000 (0.00407) 0.003 (0.00409) 0.000 (0.00407) 0.003 (0.00409) 0.000 (0.00407) 0.003 (0.00409) 0.000 (0.00407) 0.003 (0.00409) 0.000 (0.00407) 0.003 (0.00409) 0.000 (0.00404)
F–statistic 638.49 146.37 638.36 146.45 638.37 146.45 638.37 146.55 637.65 145.43 638 147.85
2SLS
Owns washing machine −0.068** (0.027) −0.136** (0.069) −0.002 (0.018) −0.073 (0.051) 0.141*** (0.015) 0.098*** (0.022) −0.016 (0.011) −0.049*** (0.018) 0.032** (0.015) 0.017 (0.020) −0.023*** (0.008) −0.016 (0.013)
Age 0.030*** (0.001) 0.043*** (0.002) 0.019*** (0.001) 0.028*** (0.002) 0.017*** (0.001) 0.023*** (0.002) 0.009*** (0.001) 0.010*** (0.001) 0.011*** (0.001) 0.009*** (0.001) 0.007*** (0.001) 0.006*** (0.001)
Age–squared −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000) −0.000*** (0.000)
Years of schooling −0.007*** (0.001) −0.008*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.006*** (0.001) −0.007*** (0.001) −0.012*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.000) −0.003*** (0.000) 0.007*** (0.001) 0.007*** (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.001* (0.000)
Rural 0.206*** (0.013) 0.040* (0.022) 0.211*** (0.016) 0.045** (0.021) 0.052*** (0.010) −0.009 (0.011) −0.001 (0.006) 0.025* (0.015) −0.032*** (0.004) −0.025 (0.019) −0.008** (0.004) 0.015* (0.008)
Hindu 0.026*** (0.007) 0.046*** (0.013) 0.074*** (0.008) 0.111*** (0.012) 0.031*** (0.005) 0.029*** (0.007) −0.005 (0.004) −0.014** (0.006) 0.003 (0.003) −0.002 (0.004) −0.004 (0.003) −0.005 (0.005)
SC or ST −0.039*** (0.007) −0.050*** (0.009) −0.051*** (0.008) −0.069*** (0.010) 0.077*** (0.007) 0.103*** (0.008) 0.022*** (0.004) 0.029*** (0.005) 0.024*** (0.003) 0.017*** (0.003) −0.009*** (0.003) −0.007** (0.003)
Wealth index −0.053*** (0.005) −0.034*** (0.008) −0.050*** (0.007) −0.025*** (0.009) −0.106*** (0.007) −0.120*** (0.008) −0.027*** (0.004) −0.022*** (0.004) −0.015*** (0.003) −0.007*** (0.002) 0.009*** (0.002) 0.011*** (0.002)
No. of children (household) 0.001 (0.001) −0.003 (0.002) 0.003** (0.001) 0.001 (0.002) −0.005*** (0.001) −0.005*** (0.002) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) −0.001** (0.001) −0.001* (0.001) −0.001 (0.000) −0.001** (0.001)
Village controls
Distance to nearest town (km) −0.001 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000** (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
Distance to road access (km) 0.000 (0.002) 0.005*** (0.002) 0.003** (0.001) 0.000 (0.002) 0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001)
Phone access −0.025* (0.013) −0.062*** (0.014) 0.007 (0.009) 0.013* (0.007) 0.003 (0.003) −0.002 (0.003)
Distance to railway station (km) −0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
Distance to market (km) 0.003*** (0.001) 0.003*** (0.001) −0.001* (0.001) −0.000 (0.000) −0.000** (0.000) −0.001** (0.000)
Distance to secondary school (km) 0.001 (0.001) 0.004*** (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.001) −0.000* (0.000) 0.001 (0.000)
Distance to higher secondary school (km) 0.000 (0.001) 0.000 (0.000) −0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000* (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
N 70,146 38,048 70,160 38,059 70,156 38,056 70,155 38,054 70,154 38,058 70,048 38,015
R2 0.256 0.193 0.276 0.223 0.277 0.279 0.101 0.119 0.061 0.050 0.024 0.031
eISSN:
2193-9004
Lingua:
Inglese
Frequenza di pubblicazione:
Volume Open
Argomenti della rivista:
Business and Economics, Political Economics, Microeconomics, Macroecomics, Economic Policy, Mathematics and Statistics for Economists, Econometrics
Feed RSS della rivista