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A Highly Selective Real-Time Electroanalytical Detection of Sulfide Via Laser-Induced Graphene Sensor

Ritesh Kumar Singh
Ritesh Kumar Singh
, 
Khairunnisa Amreen
Khairunnisa Amreen
, 
Satish Kumar Dubey
Satish Kumar Dubey
 e 
Sanket Goel
Sanket Goel
   | 07 feb 2024
International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems's Cover Image
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Article Category: Review
Pubblicato online: 07 feb 2024
Pagine: -
Ricevuto: 09 ago 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijssis-2024-0001
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© 2024 Ritesh Kumar Singh et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Scheme I:

Schematic of the electrochemical sensor fabrication with the real image of the sensor.
Schematic of the electrochemical sensor fabrication with the real image of the sensor.

Figure 1:

(a) SEM image of bare LIG (b) modified with MB (c) EDX analysis. EDX, energy dispersive X-ray; LIG, laser-induced graphene; MB, methylene blue; SEM, scanning electron microscopy.
(a) SEM image of bare LIG (b) modified with MB (c) EDX analysis. EDX, energy dispersive X-ray; LIG, laser-induced graphene; MB, methylene blue; SEM, scanning electron microscopy.

Figure 2:

(a) XRD of the LIG/MB (b) XPS of the LIG/MB modification. LIG, laser-induced graphene; MB, methylene blue; XRD, X-ray diffraction; XPS, X-ray photoelectron scattering.
(a) XRD of the LIG/MB (b) XPS of the LIG/MB modification. LIG, laser-induced graphene; MB, methylene blue; XRD, X-ray diffraction; XPS, X-ray photoelectron scattering.

Figure 3:

(a) EIS of bare LIG and LIG/MB, (b) Comparative CV response of LIG and LIG/MB with the potassium ferricyanide–KCl solution for 50 mV/S, n = 4 (number of cycle). CV, cyclic voltammetry; EIS, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; LIG, laser-induced graphene; MB, methylene blue.
(a) EIS of bare LIG and LIG/MB, (b) Comparative CV response of LIG and LIG/MB with the potassium ferricyanide–KCl solution for 50 mV/S, n = 4 (number of cycle). CV, cyclic voltammetry; EIS, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; LIG, laser-induced graphene; MB, methylene blue.

Figure 4:

(a) Comparative CV of bare LIG in pH7 PBS and 1 mM Na2S at 10 mV/S for n = 4, (b) Comparative CV of LIG/MB in (pH = 7) PBS and 1 mM Na2S at 10 mV/S for n = 4. CV, cyclic voltammetry; LIG, laser-induced graphene; MB, methylene blue; PBS, phosphate buffer solution.
(a) Comparative CV of bare LIG in pH7 PBS and 1 mM Na2S at 10 mV/S for n = 4, (b) Comparative CV of LIG/MB in (pH = 7) PBS and 1 mM Na2S at 10 mV/S for n = 4. CV, cyclic voltammetry; LIG, laser-induced graphene; MB, methylene blue; PBS, phosphate buffer solution.

Figure 5:

(a) Scan rate of 0.1 M PBS (pH = 7.4) on LIG/MB electrochemical sensor, (b) Scan rate test of 1 mM Na2S on LIG/MB electrochemical sensor, (c) Scan rate calibration curve (Ipa vs. sqrt(ν)) (d) Laviron plot of the LIG/MB electrochemical sensor from the scan rate plot. LIG, laser-induced graphene; MB, methylene blue; PBS, phosphate buffer solution.
(a) Scan rate of 0.1 M PBS (pH = 7.4) on LIG/MB electrochemical sensor, (b) Scan rate test of 1 mM Na2S on LIG/MB electrochemical sensor, (c) Scan rate calibration curve (Ipa vs. sqrt(ν)) (d) Laviron plot of the LIG/MB electrochemical sensor from the scan rate plot. LIG, laser-induced graphene; MB, methylene blue; PBS, phosphate buffer solution.

Figure 6:

(a) Concentration analysis on LIG/MB–based electrochemical sensor (b) calibration curve of the concentration analysis Ipa vs. concentration. Two linear ranges can be observed. LIG, laser-induced graphene; MB, methylene blue.
(a) Concentration analysis on LIG/MB–based electrochemical sensor (b) calibration curve of the concentration analysis Ipa vs. concentration. Two linear ranges can be observed. LIG, laser-induced graphene; MB, methylene blue.

Figure 7

(a) pH analysis of PBS on the LIG/MB electrochemical sensor ranging from 3 to 11 pH (b) Ipa vs. pH (c) Epa vs. pH. LIG, laser-induced graphene; MB, methylene blue; PBS, phosphate buffer solution.
(a) pH analysis of PBS on the LIG/MB electrochemical sensor ranging from 3 to 11 pH (b) Ipa vs. pH (c) Epa vs. pH. LIG, laser-induced graphene; MB, methylene blue; PBS, phosphate buffer solution.

Figure 8:

Interference effect analysis (a) with the direct interfering analyte (b) with the gases.
Interference effect analysis (a) with the direct interfering analyte (b) with the gases.

Figure 9:

(a) Repeatability and (b) reproducibility of the fabricated electrochemical.
(a) Repeatability and (b) reproducibility of the fabricated electrochemical.

Figure 10:

Real Sample analysis of (a) Kapra Lake, (b) Hussain Sagar Lake, (c) Shameerpet Lake.
Real Sample analysis of (a) Kapra Lake, (b) Hussain Sagar Lake, (c) Shameerpet Lake.

Real sample analysis.

Source of Lake Water S. No. Added (μM) Found (μM) Recovery (%) RSD
Shameerpet Lake 1 10 9.866667 98.7 2.055076
2 50 49.26667 98.6 4.72582
3 100 99.3 99.3 2.64575
Hussain Sagar Lake 1 10 9.8 98 1.37477
2 50 49.71333 99.44 2.41316
3 100 99.89 99.89 3.6056
Kapra Lake 1 10 9.843333 98.5 1.76376
2 50 49.07667 98.2 4.45459
3 100 99.61 99.61 2.91376

Comparison with the previously reported works.

Material Method Range (μM) LoD (μM) Ref.
CoPCNF/GCE CV 75–770 46 [22]
CEC CV 100–1000 9 [23]
Mercury/Platinum CSSV 1–20 0.25 [24]
HMDE SWP 0.2–83 0.1 [25]
HMDE DPCSV 3–20 2 [26]
BDD CV 20–100 0.8 [27]
GCE SWV 3–120 0.10 [28]
LIG/MB CA/CV 0.5–500 0.435 This work
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