This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Agrawal, A., Horton, J., Lacetera, N., Lyons, E. (2013). Digitization and the contract labor market: a research agenda. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, nr 1952, Cambridge.AgrawalA.HortonJ.LaceteraN.LyonsE.(2013).National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, nr 1952,Cambridge.Search in Google Scholar
Alsos, K., Jesnes, K., Sletvold Øistad, B., Nesheim, T. (2017), Når sjefen er en app, FAFO-Rapport No. 41, Oslo.AlsosK.JesnesK.Sletvold ØistadB.NesheimT.(2017),,Oslo.Search in Google Scholar
Balaram, B., Warden, J., Wallace-Stephens, F. (2017), Good gigs: A fairer future for the UK’s gig economy, RSA, Action and Research Centre, London.BalaramB.WardenJ.Wallace-StephensF.(2017),,RSA, Action and Research Centre,London.Search in Google Scholar
Beręsewicz, M., Nikulin, D. (2021), COVID-19 and the Gig Economy in Poland, https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.11124 [3rd March 2022].BeręsewiczM.NikulinD.(2021),,https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.11124[3rdMarch2022].Search in Google Scholar
Boeri, T., Giupponi, G., Krueger, A.B., Machin, S. (2020), Solo-self employment and alternative work arrangements: A cross-country perspective on the changing composition of jobs, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 170-195.BoeriT.GiupponiG.KruegerA.B.MachinS.(2020),Solo-self employment and alternative work arrangements: A cross-country perspective on the changing composition of jobs,, Vol.34, No.1, pp.170-195.Search in Google Scholar
Boeri, T., Giupponi, G., Krueger, A.B., Machin, S.J. (2018), Social protection for independent workers in the digital age, XX European Conference of the Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti, Pavia, May 26th. https://www.frdb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/01_Stephen_Machin.pdfBoeriT.GiupponiG.KruegerA.B.MachinS.J.(2018),,XX European Conference of the Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti,Pavia,May26th.https://www.frdb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/01_Stephen_Machin.pdfSearch in Google Scholar
Bogenhold, D., Klinglmair, R., Kandutsch, F. (2017), Solo-self-employment, human capital and hybrid labour in the gig economy, Foresight and STI Governance, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 23-32.BogenholdD.KlinglmairR.KandutschF.(2017),Solo-self-employment, human capital and hybrid labour in the gig economy,, Vol.11, No.4, pp.23-32.Search in Google Scholar
Bracha, A., Burke, M.A. (2021), How big is the gig? The extensive margin, the intensive margin, and the hidden margin, Labour Economics, Vol. 69, p. 101974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2021.101974.BrachaA.BurkeM.A.(2021),How big is the gig? The extensive margin, the intensive margin, and the hidden margin,, Vol.69, p.101974.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2021.101974.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Braesemann, F., Lehdonvirta, V., Kässi O. (2022), ICTs and the urban-rural divide: Can online labour platforms bridge the gap? Information, Communication & Society, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 34-54.BraesemannF.LehdonvirtaV.KässiO.(2022),ICTs and the urban-rural divide: Can online labour platforms bridge the gap? Information,, Vol.25, No.1, pp.34-54.Search in Google Scholar
Braesmann, F., Stephany, F., Teutloff, O., Kässi, O., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V. (2021), The Polaristaion of Remote Work, Working Paper. Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, Virginia. http://dx.doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/q8a96 [1st December 2021].BraesmannF.StephanyF.TeutloffO.KässiO.GrahamM.LehdonvirtaV.(2021),,Working Paper. Center for Open Science,Charlottesville, Virginia.http://dx.doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/q8a96[1stDecember2021].Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Cambridge Dictionary (n.d.). Gig Economy, retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pl/dictionary/ [3rd January 2022].Cambridge Dictionaryn.d.retrieved fromhttps://dictionary.cambridge.org/pl/dictionary/[3rdJanuary2022].Search in Google Scholar
CIPD. (2017), To gig or not to gig? Stories from the modern economy, CIPD Survey Raport (march).CIPD2017Search in Google Scholar
Dazzi, D. (2019), Gig economy in Europe, Italian Labour Law e-Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 67-122.DazziD.(2019),Gig economy in Europe,, Vol.12, No.2, pp.67-122.Search in Google Scholar
Demirel, P., Nemkova, E.,Taylor, R. (2021), Reproducing global inequalities in the online labour market: Valuing capital in the design field. Work, Employment and Society, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 914-930.DemirelP.NemkovaE.TaylorR.(2021),Reproducing global inequalities in the online labour market: Valuing capital in the design field. Work,, Vol.35, No.5, pp.914-930.Search in Google Scholar
Difallah D.E., Catasta M., Demartini G., Ipeirotis, P.G., Cudre-Mauroux, P., (2015), The dynamics of micro-task crowdsourcing: the case of Amazon MTurk, pp. 238-247, in: A.Gangiemi, S. Leonardi (Eds), WWW’15: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web, May 2015.DifallahD.E.CatastaM.DemartiniG.IpeirotisP.G.Cudre-MaurouxP., (2015),, pp.238-247, in:GangiemiA.LeonardiS.(Eds),WWW’15: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web,May2015.Search in Google Scholar
Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., Mc Donnell, A. (2020), Algorithmic management and app-work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 114-132.DugganJ.ShermanU.CarberyR.Mc DonnellA.(2020),Algorithmic management and app-work in the gig economy:A research agenda for employment relations and HRM,, Vol.30, No.1, pp.114-132.Search in Google Scholar
Dunn, M., Stephany, F., Sawyer, S., Munoz, I., Raheja, R., Vaccaro, G., Lehdonvirta, V. (2020), When motivation becomes desperation: Online freelancing during the COVID-19 pandemic, retrieved from https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/67ptf/; https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/67ptf [4th January 2022].DunnM.StephanyF.SawyerS.MunozI.RahejaR.VaccaroG.LehdonvirtaV.(2020),,retrieved from https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/67ptf/; https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/67ptf[4th January 2022].Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Eurobarometer (2016), The use of collaborative platforms, Flash Eurobarometer 438. retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/COMMFrontOffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/Docum [2nd January 2022].Eurobarometer(2016),The use of collaborative platforms,438.retrieved fromhttp://ec.europa.eu/COMMFrontOffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/Docum[2ndJanuary2022].Search in Google Scholar
Eurobarometer (2018), The use of the collaborative economy, Flash Eurobarometer 467, retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/COMMFrontOffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/Docum [2nd January 2022].Eurobarometer(2018),The use of the collaborative economy,467,retrieved fromhttp://ec.europa.eu/COMMFrontOffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/Docum[2ndJanuary2022].Search in Google Scholar
European Commission (2018), Platform Workers in Europe: Evidence from the COLLEEM Survey, retrieved from https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC112157 [3rd January 2022].European Commission(2018),,retrieved fromhttps://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC112157[3rdJanuary2022].Search in Google Scholar
Farrell D. and Greig F. (2016), Paychecks, Paydays, and the Online Platform Economy: Big Data on Income Volatility, JP Morgan Chase & Co. Institute, New York.FarrellD.GreigF.(2016),,JP Morgan Chase & Co. Institute,New York.Search in Google Scholar
Florisson, R., Mandl, I. (2018), Platform work: Types and implications for work and employment – Literature review, Eurofound, Publication Office of European Union, Dublin.FlorissonR.MandlI.(2018),,Eurofound, Publication Office of European Union,Dublin.Search in Google Scholar
Graham, M., Anwar, M.A. (2019), The global gig economy: Toward the planetary labour market? First Monday, Vol. 24, No. 4. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v24i4.9913.GrahamM.AnwarM.A.(2019),The global gig economy: Toward the planetary labour market?, Vol.24,No.4.https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v24i4.9913.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Graham, M., Anwar, M.A. (2020), The global gig economy: Toward a planetary labor market, Chapter 13, pp. 213-234, in: A. Larrson, R. Teigland (Eds.), Digital transformation of labor, Routlege, New York.GrahamM.AnwarM.A.(2020),The global gig economy: Toward a planetary labor market, Chapter 13, pp.213-234, in:LarrsonA.TeiglandR.(Eds.),,Routlege,New York.Search in Google Scholar
Howcroft, D., Bergvall-Käreborn, B. (2019), A typology of crowdwork platforms, Work, Employment and Society, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 21-38.HowcroftD.Bergvall-KärebornB.(2019),A typology of crowdwork platforms,, Vol.33,No.1, pp.21-38.Search in Google Scholar
Huws, U., Joyce, S. (2016a), Size of the Germany’s “gig economy” revealed for the first time, Crowd Working Survey, FEPS, Uni Europa, University of Hertfordshire, Brussels.HuwsU.JoyceS.(2016a),,University of Hertfordshire,Brussels.Search in Google Scholar
Huws, U., Joyce, S. (2016b), Size of the Sweden’s “gig economy” revealed for the first time, Crowd Working Survey, FEPS, Uni Europa, University of Hertfordshire, Brussels.HuwsU.JoyceS.(2016b),,University of Hertfordshire,Brussels.Search in Google Scholar
Huws, U., Joyce, S. (2016c), Size of the UK’s “Gig Economy” revealed for the first time, Crowd Working Survey, FEPS, Uni Europa, University of Hertfordshire, Brussels.HuwsU.JoyceS.(2016c),,University of Hertfordshire,Brussels.Search in Google Scholar
Huws, U., Spencer, N.H., Coates, M. (2019), The platformisation of work in Europe: Results of research in 13 European countries, Foundation for European Progressive Studies, Uni Europa and University of Hertfordshire, Brussels.HuwsU.SpencerN.H.CoatesM.(2019),The platformisation of work in Europe: Results of research in 13 European countries,,Uni Europa and University of Hertfordshire,Brussels.Search in Google Scholar
Huws, U., Spencer, N.H., Syrdal, D.S., Holts, K. (2017), Work in the European gig economy. research results from the UK, Sweden, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Italy, FEPS, Uni Europa, University of Hertfordshire, Brussels.HuwsU.SpencerN.H.SyrdalD.S.HoltsK.(2017),,University of Hertfordshire,Brussels.Search in Google Scholar
ILO (2021), World employment and social outlook. The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of work, International Labour Office, Geneva.ILO(2021),,International Labour Office,Geneva.Search in Google Scholar
Ilsoe, A., Larsen, T.P., Bach, E.S. (2020), Multiple Jobholding in the digital platform economy: Signs of segmentation, Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 201-218.IlsoeA.LarsenT.P.BachE.S.(2020),Multiple Jobholding in the digital platform economy: Signs of segmentation,, Vol.27, No.2, pp.201-218.Search in Google Scholar
Ipeirotis, P.G. (2010), Analyzing the Amazon Mechanical Turk Marketplace, XRDS: Crossroads: The ACM magazine for Students, Vol. 17, No.2, pp. 16-21.IpeirotisP.G.(2010),Analyzing the Amazon Mechanical Turk Marketplace,, Vol.17, No.2, pp.16-21.Search in Google Scholar
Kässi O., Lehdonvirta V. (2018), Online labour index: measuring the online gig economy for policy and research, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 137, pp. 241-248.KässiO.LehdonvirtaV.(2018),Online labour index: measuring the online gig economy for policy and research,, Vol.137, pp.241-248.Search in Google Scholar
Kassi, O., Lehdonvirta, V., Stephany, F. (2021), How many online workers are there in the world? A data driven assessment. Open Research Europe. retrieved from https://open-research-europe.ec.europa.eu/articles/1-53/v1 [28th December 2021].KassiO.LehdonvirtaV.StephanyF.(2021),How many online workers are there in the world? A data driven assessment..retrieved fromhttps://open-research-europe.ec.europa.eu/articles/1-53/v1[28thDecember2021].Search in Google Scholar
Katz, L.F., Krueger, A.B. (2016), The rise and nature of alternative work arrangements in the United States, 1995-2015, ILR Review, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 382-416.KatzL.F.KruegerA.B.(2016),The rise and nature of alternative work arrangements in the United States, 1995-2015,, Vol.72, No.2, pp.382-416.Search in Google Scholar
Kessler, S. (2018), Gigged: The end of the job and the future of work, St. Martin’s Press, New York.KesslerS.(2018),,St. Martin’s Press,New York.Search in Google Scholar
Kilhoffer, Z., De Groen, P., Lenaerts, K., Smits, I., Hauben, H., Waeyaert, W., Giacumacatos, E., Lhernould, J.-P., Robin-Olivier, S. (2019), Study to gather evidence on the working conditions of platform workers, European Commission, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.KilhofferZ.De GroenP.LenaertsK.SmitsI.HaubenH.WaeyaertW.GiacumacatosE.LhernouldJ.-P.Robin-OlivierS.(2019),,Publications Office of the European Union,Luxembourg.Search in Google Scholar
Koutsimpogiorgos, N., Van Slageren, J., Herrmann, A.M., Frenken, K., (2020), Conceptualizing the gig economy and its regulatory problems, Policy and Internet, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 525-545.KoutsimpogiorgosN.Van SlagerenJ.HerrmannA.M.FrenkenK., (2020),Conceptualizing the gig economy and its regulatory problems,, Vol.20, No.4, pp.525-545.Search in Google Scholar
Kuek S.C., Paradi-Guilford C., Fayomi T., Imaizumi S., Ipeirotis P. (2015), The global opportunity in online outsourcing, World Bank, Washington.KuekS.C.Paradi-GuilfordC.FayomiT.ImaizumiS.IpeirotisP.(2015),World Bank,Washington.Search in Google Scholar
Lehdonvirta V., Ernkvist M. (2011), Knowledge Map of the Virtual Economy. Converting virtual economy into development potential, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Washington.LehdonvirtaV.ErnkvistM.(2011),The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank,Washington.Search in Google Scholar
Mahato, M., Kumar, N., Kesari, J.L. (2021), Re-thinking gig economy in conventional workforce post-COVID-19: A bended approach for upholding fair balance, Journal of Work-Applied Management, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 261-276.MahatoM.KumarN.KesariJ.L.(2021),Re-thinking gig economy in conventional workforce post-COVID-19: A bended approach for upholding fair balance,, Vol.13, No.2, pp.261-276.Search in Google Scholar
Makó, C., Miklós, I., Nosratabadi, S. (2020), Emerging platform work in Europe, European Journal of Workplace Innovation, Vol. 5, No. 20, pp. 147-172.MakóC.MiklósI.NosratabadiS.(2020),Emerging platform work in Europe,, Vol.5, No.20, pp.147-172.Search in Google Scholar
Malik, R., Visvizi, A., Skrzek-Lubasińska, M. (2021), The gig economy: Current issues, the debate and the new avenues of research, Sustainability, Vol. 13, No. 9, p. 5023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095023.MalikR.VisviziA.Skrzek-LubasińskaM.(2021),The gig economy: Current issues, the debate and the new avenues of research,, Vol.13, No.9, p.5023.https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095023.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mandl, I. (2021), The digital age: Implications of automation, digitization and platforms for work and employment, challenges and prospects in the EU, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.MandlI.(2021),,Publications Office of the European Union,Luxembourg.Search in Google Scholar
Mia, J.B.R., Habaradas, R. (2020), The gig economy: Overview and procpects for the Philippines, DLSU Business Notes and Breifings, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 1-10.MiaJ.B.R.HabaradasR.(2020),The gig economy: Overview and procpects for the Philippines,, Vol.8, No.3, pp.1-10.Search in Google Scholar
Minter K. (2017), Negotiating labour standards in the gig economy: Airtasker and Unions New South Wales, Economic and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 438-454.MinterK.(2017),Negotiating labour standards in the gig economy: Airtasker and Unions New South Wales,, Vol.28, No.3, pp.438-454.Search in Google Scholar
Muszyński, K., Pulignano, V., Domecka, M., Mrozowicki, A. (2021), Coping with precarity during COVID-19: A study of platform work in Poland. International Labour Review, Vol. 161, No. 3, pp. 463-485.MuszyńskiK.PulignanoV.DomeckaM.MrozowickiA.(2021),Coping with precarity during COVID-19: A study of platform work in Poland., Vol.161, No.3, pp.463-485.Search in Google Scholar
OECD (2019), Measuring Platforms Mediated Workers, OECD Digital Economy Papers, 282. OECD Publishing.OECD(2019),,282.OECD Publishing.Search in Google Scholar
OLI (2021), retrieved from https://ilabour.oii.ox.ac.uk/online-labour-index/ [1st September 2021]OLI(2021),https://ilabour.oii.ox.ac.uk/online-labour-index/[1stSeptember2021]Search in Google Scholar
Online Labour Observatory. (n.d.). retrieved from http://onlinelabourobservatory.org/o37l32i-deman34d/ [31st January 2022].(n.d.). retrieved fromhttp://onlinelabourobservatory.org/o37l32i-deman34d/[31stJanuary2022].Search in Google Scholar
Pesole, A., Urzí Brancati, C., Fernández-Macías, E., Biagi, F., Gonzalez-Vázquez, I. (2018), Platform workers in Europe, JRC Science for Policy Report, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.PesoleA.UrzíBrancatiC.Fernández-MacíasE.BiagiF.Gonzalez-VázquezI.(2018),,Publications Office of the European Union,Luxembourg.Search in Google Scholar
Pew Research Center (2016), Gig Work, Online Selling and Home Sharing, retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/11/17/gig-work-online-selling-and-home-sharing/ [2nd December 2021]Pew Research Center(2016),,retrieved fromhttps://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/11/17/gig-work-online-selling-and-home-sharing/[2ndDecember2021]Search in Google Scholar
Piasna, A. (2020), Counting gigs. How can we measure the scale of online platform work? Working Paper, European Trade Union Institute, Brussels.PiasnaA.(2020),Working Paper, European Trade Union Institute,Brussels.Search in Google Scholar
Piasna, A. (2021), Measuring the platform economy: Different approches to estimating the size of the online platform workforce, in: J. Drahokoupil, K. Vandaele, (Eds), A modern guide to labour and the platform economy, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, Northampton, pp. 66-80.PiasnaA.(2021),Measuring the platform economy: Different approches to estimating the size of the online platform workforce, in:DrahokoupilJ.VandaeleK., (Eds),,Edward Elgar Publishing,Cheltenham, Northampton, pp.66-80.Search in Google Scholar
Piasna, A., Drahokoupil, J. (2019), Digital labour in Central and Eastern Europe: Evidence from the ETUI internet and platform work survey, Working Paper European Trade Union Institute, Brussels.PiasnaA.DrahokoupilJ.(2019),,Working Paper European Trade Union Institute,Brussels.Search in Google Scholar
Piasna, A., Zwysen, W., Drahokoupil, J. (2022), The platform economy in Europe. Results from the second ETUI internet and platform work survey, ETUI Working Paper, Brussels.PiasnaA.ZwysenW.DrahokoupilJ.(2022),,ETUI Working Paper,Brussels.Search in Google Scholar
Polkowska, D. (2019), Does the app contribute to the precarization of work? The case of Uber drivers in Poland, Partecipazione & Conflitto, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 717-741.PolkowskaD.(2019),Does the app contribute to the precarization of work?, Vol.12, No.3, pp.717-741.Search in Google Scholar
Polkowska, D. (2021) Platform work during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Glovo couriers in Poland, European Societies, Vol. 23, No. 51, pp. 5321-5331.PolkowskaD.(2021)Platform work during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Glovo couriers in Poland,, Vol.23, No.51, pp.5321-5331.Search in Google Scholar
Prassl, J. (2018), Humans as a service: The promise and perils of work in the gig economy, Oxford University Press, Oxford.PrasslJ.(2018),,Oxford University Press,Oxford.Search in Google Scholar
Spithoven, A. (2021), Gig workers and policies of minimal social dislocation, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 516-523.SpithovenA.(2021),Gig workers and policies of minimal social dislocation,Vol.55, No.2, pp.516-523.Search in Google Scholar
SSCU (2019), Digital Footprint: The Platformisation of Work in Europe. Factsheet for Estonia, Arenguseire Keskus, Statistical Services and Consultancy Unit, Foundation for Europa Progressive Studies, Uni Europa, University of Hertfordshire.SSCU(2019),,University of Hertfordshire.Search in Google Scholar
Statistics Finland (2018), Around 0.3 per cent of Finns earned at least a quarter of their income through digital platforms in 2017, retrieved from http://www.stat.fi/til/tyti/2017/14/tyti_2017_14_2018-04- 17_tie_001_en.html [31st December 2021].Statistics Finland(2018),,retrieved fromhttp://www.stat.fi/til/tyti/2017/14/tyti_2017_14_2018-04- 17_tie_001_en.html[31stDecember2021].Search in Google Scholar
Stephany, F., Kässi, O., Rani, U., Lehdonvirta, V. (2021), Online Labour Index 2020: New ways to measure the world’s remote freelancing market, Forthcoming with Big Data & Society, retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3849445 [31st January 2022].StephanyF.KässiO.RaniU.LehdonvirtaV.(2021),Online Labour Index 2020: New ways to measure the world’s remote freelancing market,,retrieved fromhttps://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3849445[31stJanuary2022].Search in Google Scholar
Vallas, S., Schor, J.B. (2020), What do platforms do? Understanding the gig economy, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 46, pp. 273-294.VallasS.SchorJ.B.(2020),What do platforms do? Understanding the gig economy,, Vol.46, pp.273-294.Search in Google Scholar
Wallenstein, J., Chlendar, A., Reeves, H., Bailley, A. (2019), The new freelancers: Tapping talent in the gig economy, Consulting Group Henderson Institute, Boston.WallensteinJ.ChlendarA.ReevesH.BailleyA.(2019),,Consulting Group Henderson Institute,Boston.Search in Google Scholar