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Evaluation of the cytotoxicity and anthelmintic activity of Olea europaea (stem and leaves) methanolic extract: in vitro investigation

E. M. Al-Shaebi

E. M. Al-Shaebi

Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Shaebi, E. M.
, 
R. Abdel-Gaber

R. Abdel-Gaber

Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abdel-Gaber, R.
, 
N. Al-Hoshani

N. Al-Hoshani

Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Hoshani, N.
 e 
S. Al-Quraishy

S. Al-Quraishy

Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Quraishy, S.
  
24 mag 2025
Evaluation of the cytotoxicity and anthelmintic activity of Olea europaea (stem and leaves) methanolic extract: in vitro investigation's Cover Image
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Pubblicato online: 24 mag 2025
Pagine: 8 - 18
Ricevuto: 13 set 2024
Accettato: 28 mar 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2025-0002
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© 2025 E. M. Al-Shaebi et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig 1.

FT-IR of OESME in an aqueous medium showing the functional characteristic of the material.
FT-IR of OESME in an aqueous medium showing the functional characteristic of the material.

Fig 2.

FT-IR of OELME in an aqueous medium showing the functional characteristic of the material.
FT-IR of OELME in an aqueous medium showing the functional characteristic of the material.

Fig 3.

ABTS radical scavenging activity of the methanolic stem and leaves extracts of O. europaea. Results are presented as the means ± SD.
ABTS radical scavenging activity of the methanolic stem and leaves extracts of O. europaea. Results are presented as the means ± SD.

Fig 4.

The ability of OESME and OELME extracts to reduce ferric iron. The ability of antioxidants to reduce the oxidative effects of reactive oxygen species is measured by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test. Results are presented as the means ± SD.
The ability of OESME and OELME extracts to reduce ferric iron. The ability of antioxidants to reduce the oxidative effects of reactive oxygen species is measured by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test. Results are presented as the means ± SD.

Fig 5.

Cell viability determined by MTT assay of OESME at various concentrations (µg/mL) against the lung (A549) cancer and human breast (MCF7) cell lines after 48 h of incubation. Every experiment was conducted thrice, and results are presented as the means ± SD.
Cell viability determined by MTT assay of OESME at various concentrations (µg/mL) against the lung (A549) cancer and human breast (MCF7) cell lines after 48 h of incubation. Every experiment was conducted thrice, and results are presented as the means ± SD.

Fig 6.

Cell viability determined by MTT assay of OELME at various concentrations (µg/mL) against the lung (A549) cancer and human breast (MCF7) cell lines after 48 h of incubation. Every experiment was conducted thrice, and results are presented as the means ± SD.
Cell viability determined by MTT assay of OELME at various concentrations (µg/mL) against the lung (A549) cancer and human breast (MCF7) cell lines after 48 h of incubation. Every experiment was conducted thrice, and results are presented as the means ± SD.

Fig 7.

Cuticle thickness of E. fetida with various treatments. (A) worms in dist. H2O (control). (B) worms in OESME (200 mg/ml). (C) worms in OELME (200 mg/ml). (D) worms in mebendazole. Scale bar = 25 µm
Cuticle thickness of E. fetida with various treatments. (A) worms in dist. H2O (control). (B) worms in OESME (200 mg/ml). (C) worms in OELME (200 mg/ml). (D) worms in mebendazole. Scale bar = 25 µm

Infrared (IR) spectrum of OESME by frequency range_

Absorption (cm−1) Transmittance (%) Appearance Group Compound class
3410.86 1.911949 medium N-H stretching aliphatic primary amine
2933.25 5.776791 medium C-H stretching alkane
1717.40 8.022296 strong C=O stretching conjugated acid
1613.77 4.368951 strong C=C stretching α,β-unsaturated ketone
1517.71 8.653738 strong N-O stretching nitro compound
1447.29 5.797619 medium C-H bending alkane
1356.37 5.676562 medium O-H bending alcohol
1202.98 5.827868 strong C-N stretching vinyl ether
1101.19 5.561848 strong C-O stretching secondary alcohol
1047.44 4.379712 strong, broad CO-O-CO stretching anhydride
863.12 12.04349 strong C-H bending 1,2,4-trisubstituted
798.46 11.73666 strong C-H bending 1,2,3-trisubstituted
761.97 10.57862 strong C-H bending 1,2-disubstituted
650.63 9.6639 strong C-I stretching halo compound

Cytotoxicity in terms of IC50 dose of OESME and OELME against the lung (A549) cancer and human breast (MCF7) cell lines after 48 h of incubation by MTT Assay_

Sample Cell lines and IC50 (µg/ml)
A549 MCF-7
OESME 303.5 ± 3.25 * 326.5 ± 2.87 *
OELME 252.5 ± 3.9 * 363.3 ± 3.04 *
Doxorubicin 1.5 ± 0.04 1.2 ± 0.06

In vitro anthelmintic activity of Olea europaea extract (OESME and OELME)_

Test samples Concentration (mg/ml) Time is taken for paralysis (min.) Percentage of worms paralyzed Time is taken for death (min.) Percentage of worms’ dead
Control (H2O) -- -- -- -- --
OELME 25 mg/ml 135.292 ± 9.247 *# 20% 164.548 ± 8.597 *# 20%
50 mg/ml 63.074 ± 8.660 *# 40% 146.732 ± 5.756 *# 40%
100 mg/ml 84.808 ± 7.796 *# 60% 119.158 ± 9.198 *# 60%
200 mg/ml 39.158 ± 4.068 *# 100% 48.336 ± 11.027 *# 100%
OESME 25 mg/ml 145.368 ± 3.639 *# 20% 161.306 ± 7.641 *# 20%
50 mg/ml 79.988 ± 8.372 *# 40% 106.456 ± 9.346 *# 40%
100 mg/ml 82.47 ± 8.231 *# 60% 94.066 ± 8.834 *# 60%
200 mg/ml 35.728 ± 2.396 *# 100% 36.848 ± 2.328 *# 100%
Mebendazole 10 mg/ml 13.91 ± 0.373 * 100% 18.2 ± 0.980 * 100%

Infrared (IR) spectrum of OELME by frequency range_

Absorption (cm−1) Transmittance (%) Appearance Group Compound class
3397.55 1.252463 medium N-H stretching aliphatic primary amine
2933.45 4.512668 strong, broad N-H stretching amine salt
1719.84 6.204029 strong C=O stretching α.β-unsaturated ester
1610.96 2.947124 strong C=C stretching α.β-unsaturated ketone
1515.67 7.879805 strong N-O stretching nitro compound
1447.61 4.298548 medium C-H bending alkane
1354.99 3.710983 medium O-H bending alcohol
1202.49 3.755297 strong C-O stretching vinyl ether
1099.89 4.343475 strong C-O stretching Secondary alcohol
1046.74 3.118347 strong, broad CO-O-CO stretching anhydride
905.22 13.43325 strong C=C bending alkene
863.38 12.6943 strong C-H bending 1,2,4-trisubstituted
799.03 12.05039 medium C=C bending alkene
762.46 10.30954 strong C-H bending 1,2-disubstituted
650.57 9.489779 strong C-I stretching halo compound
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