Horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) have a life cycle which consists of a parasitic and a free-living phase (Hanelt et al., 2005). In freshwater/terrestrial species (taxon Gordiida), which make up most of Nematomorpha, most species parasitize terrestrial hosts such as crickets, beetles or praying mantids and influence their behavior to move towards water (Thomas et al., 2002). There the gordiid worm emerges; its reproduction and early larval development take place in freshwater. Apart from this life cycle, gordiids were several times found close to humans, raising the questions whether they are able to parasitize humans and whether they are dangerous to humans. The reported cases were reviewed by Schmidt-Rhaesa (Schmidt-Rhaesa, 2013), who came to the conclusion that, with the exception of very few unexplained cases, there was no true parasitism and the association between humans and gordiids was accidental. People with certain health complaints may assume that they have expelled the worms from their own body, which they
bring to their doctor’s office for the confirmation that the worm has been the cause of their complaints. We report here a new record of a
The patient, a 73 years old man, reported seeing a hairworm whilst urinating in a container which had stayed during the day in the open air. The event took place at end of August 2020 in Eastern Serbia, in the rural settlement Vrbovac (43° 41′ 11″ N; 21° 44′ 31″ E). The worm was brought to the Public Health Institute of the University of Niš, Serbia, where macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the parasite´s morphometric characteristics was performed. The sample was sent to the Institute of Histology and Embryology of the University of Niš, Serbia, for histological analysis.
The worm tissue samples were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin and routinely processed to paraffin blocks. The paraffin blocks were cut on the Leica microtome in order to obtain 5 μm thick tissue sections. The obtained paraffin sections were deparaffinized (in the thermostat at 64°C and xylene) and rehydrated in a series of descending concentrations of alcohol (100 %, 96 %, and 75 %) and distilled water. The sections were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), dehydrated in the ascending concentrations of alcohol (75 %, 96 % and 100 %), cleared in xylene and mounted with cover slips by using Canada balsam. The photo documentation, used for microscopic analysis, was obtained using an Olympus BX50 light microscope equipped with a Leica DFC295 digital camera (Leica Microsystems, Germany).
Pieces of the worm were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). They were dehydrated in an increasing ethanol series, critically point dried and coated with gold in a sputter coater. The observation took place using a JEOL JSM 5300 SEM at 20 kV and digital images were taken. The worm was not deposited in the collection.
For this study formal consent was not required. The article does not contain any studies with human participants.
The worm was 12 cm long and 0.3 cm wide along the entire length. The body was dark brown, cylindrical and with uniform diameter along the entire length (Fig. 1A). Individual parts of the worm were observed under a light microscope. A calotte was observed at the anterior end (Fig. 1B). Notable is the absence of a dark, ring-like pigmentation which is present in gordiids of several other genera. The histological analysis revealed the presence of the cuticle, muscular layer, parenchyma and ventral nerve cord, which corresponded to the microscopic structure of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) (Fig. 2A, B). Paired dorsolateral cavities within the parenchyma, the testes (Fig. 2B); are absent in anterior sections (Fig. 2A). The analysis of the digital SEM images established that the specimen belongs to
SEM is the standard technique for gordiid identification. PCR and molecular barcoding is potentially very helpful in identification, but as the COI gene of no
The characteristic of the genus
During the life cycle of gordiids, the parasites influence the behavior of the host, compelling it to approach water (Thomas et al., 2002, Hanelt et al., 2005). The nature of this behavioral impact is still not completely understood, but the effect is that hosts search for water and even enter water, which is beyond their natural behavior. This behavior can transport gordiid worms to nearly any accumulation of water, including cattle troughs, drinking pots for pets, toilets and more. The host often survives the emergence of the parasite (Schmidt-Rhaesa 2013). Therefore, the most likely explanation for the occurrence of gordiids in toilets or equivalent containers after urinating is that they were released there from their host and did not emerge from the human urinary system.
In the past decade, the Parasitology Laboratory of the Public Health Institute in Niš received three samples (author’s unpublished data) found in a toilet, water tank and glass for water of a patient with pulmonary complaints, but these cases were not identified further.
There are several published case reports in which gordiids were found in patients urin immediately after urination (Schmidt-Rhae-sa, 2003; Burger, 1972). Clinical manifestations in humans were reported as well (in the form of vague pain in the lower abdomen) immediately before the release of parasites via urin (Burger, 1972; Carvalho, 1942). However, the potential symptoms and signs of infection have to be taken with caution, because unrelated health complaints and diseases might have been present. In order to establish the possible source of parasites, it is essential to obtain detailed anamnestic and socioepidemiological data, as well as the information about hygienic situation in the patient’s living environment. Health of the people, individuals and population, should be considered against the interaction of animal-human (and vice versa) occurring in the common living environment.