The genus
The detection of larvae in stool is the major identification stage of the parasite (Siddiqui et al., 2001). The direct saline microscopy (DSM) is a very simple and rapid diagnostic method (Nielsen et al., 1987); however, it has poor sensitivity in
Although better detection rate of
The PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science direct databases and Addis Ababa University repository were searched for articles written in English during the year 2010 to 2020 containing the keywords: “Strongyloidiasis” AND “Ethiopia” OR “
The data was extracted independently from each study and the pooled prevalence of
The meta-analysis was also performed using comprehensive meta-analysis 2.2 software (Biostat Inc., Englewood, NJ, USA). The pooled prevalence rate of
A total of 207 studies identified from PubMed, Google scholar, Science direct databases and Addis Ababa University repository. Forty three studies were screened and recorded after duplications removed. Finally, 43 studies were eligible after full text assessment and included in qualitative analysis (Fig 1).
A total of 43 studies having
N |
First Authors | Year of Pub | Region | Participant history | Sample size | N |
Prevalence (95%CI) | Diagnostic method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hailu T | 2020 | Amhara | Sch | 844 | 127 | 15.05 [12.74-17.68] | FECT,STST,BCT,APC |
2 | Aramendia AA | 2020 | Amhara | >5 years | 792 | 441 | 55.68 [52.14-59.17] | FECT,BCT,PCR |
3 | Getaneh F | 2020 | Amhara | Patient | 67 | 2 | 3.0 [0.82-10.25 | DSM, KK |
4 | Kuti KA | 2020 | Oromia | FH | 198 | 8 | 4.04 [2.06-7.77] | DSM, FECT |
5 | Tsegay B | 2020 | SNNPR | Children | 622 | 12 | 1.93 [1.11-3.34] | DSM,FECT |
6 | Menjetta T | 2019 | SNNPR | UN/student | 13,679 | 41 | 0.30 [0.22-0.41] | DSM |
7 | Gemech A | 2019 | SNNPR | Prisoner | 320 | 18 | 5.63 [3.59-8.72] | DSM, FECT |
8 | Alemu G | 2019 | SNNPR | Sch | 351 | 7 | 1.99 [0.97-0.41] | DSM, FECT |
9 | Alemu G | 2018 | SNNPR | HIV | 220 | 4 | 1.82 [0.71-4.58] | DSM, FECT |
10 | Gebretsadik D | 2018 | Amhara | HIV | 223 | 1 | 0.45 [0.02-2.86] | DSM, FECT |
11 | Hailegebriel T | 2018 | Amhara | Sch | 382 | 5 | 1.31 [0.48-3.21 | FECT |
12 | Teklmariam D | 2018 | Oromia | Sch | 280 | 4 | 1.43 [0.46-3.87] | FECT,KK |
13 | Mengist HM | 2017 | Oromia | Pregnant | 372 | 1 | 0.27 [0.01-1.73] | DSM,FECT |
14 | Eshetu T | 2017 | Amhara | HIV | 223 | 8 | 3.59 [1.68-7.21] | FECT |
15 | Feleke DG | 2017 | Tigray | Patient | 7,663 | 47 | 0.61 [0.45-0.82] | DSM,FECT |
16 | Alemu M | 2017 | Tigray | Patient | 427 | 8 | 1.87 [0.87-3.80] | DSM,KK |
17 | Hailegebriel T | 2017 | AA | Patient | 351 | 43 | 12.25 [9.22-16.09] | DSM,FECT, BCT Culture |
18 | Abdi M | 2017 | Amhara | Sch | 408 | 3 | 0.74 [0.25-2.15] | FECT |
19 | Derso A | 2016 | Amhara | Pregnant | 348 | 6 | 1.72 [0.79-3.70] | FECT |
20 | Amor A | 2016 | Amhara | Sch | 396 | 82 | 20.71 [17.01-24.97] | FECT,BCT, PCR |
21 | Shimlis T | 2016 | SNNPR | HIV | 491 | 22 | 4.48 [2.90-6.81] | DSM,FECT |
22 | Shiferaw MB | 2015 | Amhara | Patient | 464 | 5 | 1.08 [0.40-2.65] | DSM,FECT |
23 | Aleka Y | 2015 | Amhara | Patient | 277 | 1 | 0.36 [0.06-2.01] | DSM,FECT |
24 | Gedle D | 2015 | SNNPR | HIV | 305 | 5 | 1.6 4[0.70-3.78] | DSM, FECT |
25 | Ramos JM | 2014 | SNNPR | Patient | 32,191 | 92 | 0.29 [0.24-0.35] | DSM |
26 | Mekonnen B | 2014 | AA | St/dweller | 355 | 19 | 5.35 [3.45-8.20] | DSM, FECT, KK |
27 | Mamo H | 2014 | Amhara | Prisoner | 236 | 6 | 2.54 [1.10-5.71] | DSM,FECT |
28 | Eriso F | 2014 | SNNPR | Sch | 710 | 142 | 20.0 [17.16-23.17] | BCT |
29 | Mahmud MA | 2013 | Tigray | Sch | 600 | 5 | 0.83 [0.31-2.05] | DSM,FECT,KK |
30 | Adamu H | 2013 | Oromia | HIV | 378 | 1 | 0.26 [0.01-1.69] | DSM,FECT |
31 | Bayessa C | 2013 | SNNPR | Patient | 6,342 | 73 | 1.15 [0.92-1.44] | DSM, FECT |
32 | Abera B | 2013 | Amhara | Sch | 778 | 27 | 3.47 [2.40-5.00] | FECT, KK |
33 | Zeynudin A | 2013 | Oromia | HIV | 91 | 6 | 6.59 [3.05-13.64] | DSM,FECT |
34 | Abate A | 2013 | Amhara | Patient | 410 | 1 | 0.24 [0.04-1.36] | DSM, FECT |
35 | King JD | 2013 | Amhara | Children | 2,338 | 5 | 0.21 [0.09-0.49] | FECT |
36 | Fekadu S | 2013 | SNNPR | HIV | 343 | 12 | 3.50 [2.01-6.02] | DSM, FECT |
37 | Teklemariam Z | 2013 | Harari | HIV | 371 | 15 | 4.04 [2.46-6.56] | DSM,FECT |
38 | Wogayehu T | 2013 | SNNPR | All age | 858 | 51 | 5.94 [4.55-7.73] | DSM,FECT |
39 | Huruy K | 2011 | Amhara | Patient | 384 | 12 | 3.13 [1.80-5.39] | DSM |
40 | Legese L | 2010 | Tigray | Sch | 386 | 1 | 0.26 [0.05-1.45] | KK |
41 | Nyantekyi LA | 2010 | SNNPR | Children | 288 | 2 | 0.69 [0.19-2.49] | FECT, KK |
42 | Getaneh A | 2010 | SNNPR | HIV | 384 | 27 | 7.03 [4.88-10.04] | DSM, FECT, BCT |
43 | Belyhun Y | 2010 | SNNPR | Kid+ Mother | 1,813 | 39 | 2.15 [1.58-2.93] | FECT |
*AA = Addis Ababa, SNNPR = Southern Nations, Nationalities Peoples’ Region, Sch = School children, FH = Food handler, HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus, St = Street, SS =
A relatively high prevalence (55.68 %) of
A very low prevalence of
In this review, the lowest prevalence of
Regarding regional reports relatively high prevalence of
Among studies used single diagnostic methods, high prevalence (20.0 %) of
Using random effect analysis, the pooled prevalence of
The studies were distributed symmetrically about the combined effect size that showed the absence of publication bias (Fig 3).
From 43 studies, 16 (37.21 %) were conducted in Amhara regional state followed by 15 (34.88 %) in SNNPR. The number of participants was high 58,917 (74.62 %) and 9,076 (11.49 %) in the SNNPR and the Tigray Regional State, respectively. The pooled prevalence of
The prevalence of
Name of the region | Number of studies [N] | Total examined [N] | Pooled prevalence (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 706 | 62 | 8.78 [6.85 – 11.17] | |
16 | 8,570 | 732 | 8.54 [7.96 – 9.16] | |
1 | 371 | 15 | 4.04 [2.36 – 6.72] | |
5 | 1319 | 20 | 1.52 [0.96 – 2.38] | |
15 | 58,917 | 547 | 0.93 [0.85 – 1.01] | |
4 | 9,076 | 61 | 0.67 [0.52 – 0.86] | |
*SS =
Using random effect analysis, the pooled prevalence of
The prevalence of
Diagnostic methods | N |
Total examined [N] | Pooled prevalence (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 46,254 | 145 | 0.31 [0.26 – 0.36] | |
1 | 386 | 1 | 0.26 [0.05 – 1.45] | |
6 | 5,512 | 66 | 1.20 [0.94 – 1.53] | |
1 | 710 | 142 | 20.0 [17.16 – 23.17]1 | |
2 | 494 | 10 | 2.02 [1.10 – 3.68] | |
20 | 20,535 | 296 | 1.44 [1.28 – 1.61] | |
3 | 1,346 | 33 | 2.45 [1.72 – 3.46] | |
2 | 955 | 24 | 2.51 [1.65 – 3.77] | |
1 | 384 | 27 | 7.03 [4.88 – 10.04] | |
2 | 1,188 | 523 | 44.02 [41.18 – 46.90] | |
1 | 351 | 43 | 12.25 [9.22 – 16.09] | |
1 | 844 | 127 | 15.05 [12.74 – 17.68] | |
*DSM = Direct saline microscopy, FECT = Formol ether concentration technique, KK = Kato-Katz, STST = Spontaneous tube sedimentation technique, BCT = Baermann concentration technique, PCR = Polymerase chain reaction
The pooled prevalence of
The true prevalence estimation of
The low distribution of
On the other hand, spontaneous tube sedimentation technique (STST) (Tello et al., 2012), BCT, stool culture and molecular (e.g. PCR) methods are more sensitive than DSM and FECT for the diagnosis of
In the current review, the overall prevalence of human
The prevalence of
Generally, the low prevalence of