Clinorotation (simulated μg) |
Zhang 2014 |
Bovine aortic VSMC |
12 d |
Alters P2 receptor expression pattern; VSMCs secreted different cytokines under μg, leading to increased (pathogenic) proliferation and migration |
In Vitro |
Not specified |
|
|
Kang 2013 |
Rat aortic VSMC |
24 - 144 h |
Decreased proliferation and migration, increased cell apoptosis and NO release, and disrupted cytoskeleton; ≥72 h of μg caused contractile phenotype via sm-MHC upregulation |
Male Only |
|
|
Kang 2013 |
Rat aortic VSMC |
4 d; 6 d |
Cell surface HSPG reduced; NOS activated; downregulation of glypican-1, constitutive NOS, and F-actin; Heparinase III and NaClO3 attenuated NOS and F-actin changes |
Male Only |
|
Random position machine (simulated μg) |
Grimm 2014 |
Vascular SMC |
21 d |
VSMCs in coculture with EA.hy926 cells and fibroblasts can form tubular structures in vitro |
In Vitro |
Not Specified |
|
Hindlimb unloading (simulated μg) |
Jiang 2022 |
Rat cerebral artery VSMC |
28 d |
Induced phenotype switching and proliferation, which could be mitigated by propyl pyrazole triol activation of ERα signaling to reestablish fission-fusion-mitophagy hemostasis |
In Vivo |
Male Only |
|
|
Liu 2021 |
Rat cerebral artery VSMC |
3 w |
Increased cytoplasmic Ca2+; decreased mitochondrial/sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+; fusion proteins (mitofusin 1/2 [MFN1/2]) downregulated and fission proteins (dynamin-related protein 1 [DRP1] and fission-mitochondrial 1 [FIS1]) upregulated |
Male Only |
|
|
Zhang 2020 |
Rat cerebral artery VSMC |
28 d |
Increased proliferation and migration, modulated by T-type CaV 3.1 channel's regulation of calcineurin/NFATc3 pathway |
Not Specified |
|
|
Zhang 2020 |
Rat cerebral artery VSMC |
7 - 28 d |
Mitochondria oxidative stress & ER stress caused phenotypic shifts in VSMCs via PERK-elFα2-ATF4 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways; mitoTEMPO helped alleviate these effects |
Male Only |
|
|
|
Hindlimb unloading (simulated μg) |
Su 2020 |
Rat cerebral and mesenteric artery VSMC |
4 w |
Increased proliferation and reduced apoptosis, acid sphingomyelinase protein, and ceramide content in cerebral artery SMCs; opposite effect in mesenteric artery SMCs |
In Vivo |
Male Only |
Kang 2019 |
Rat common carotid artery, abdominal aorta, and femoral artery VSMC |
3 w |
For VSMCs & ECs: all NOS isoforms downregulated in aorta, iNOS and eNOS upregulated in carotid artery; VSMC apoptosis reduced in aorta and carotid |
In Vivo |
Female Only |
Jiang 2018 |
Rat basilar and femoral artery VSMC |
4 w |
VSMC volume, arterial wall thickness, and p-FAK Y397 and p-Src Y418 expression increased in basilar artery, decreased in femoral artery |
Male Only |
Ghosh 2016 |
Mouse skeletal muscle artery VSMC |
13 - 16 d |
Reduced vasodilatory response to exogenous NO; reduction increased by radiation exposure |
Male Only |
Dabertrand 2012 |
Rat hepatic portal vein VSMC |
8 d |
Decreased expression in ryanodine receptor subtype 1; calcium signaling pathway adaptation to pressure via regulation of ryanodine receptor subtype 1 expression |
Male Only |
Xue 2011 |
Rat cerebral and mesenteric artery VSMC |
28 d |
Increased sarcoplasmic reticulum CaL channel and ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release functions in cerebral SMCs; decreased in mesenteric VSMCs |
Male Only |
Xue 2007 |
Rat cerebral and mesenteric artery VSMC |
3 d; 28 d |
Increased L-type Ca2+ channel density and protein expression in cerebral artery VSMCs; decreased channel density and protein expression in mesenteric artery VSMCs |
Male Only |
Coinu 2006 |
Rat aortic VSMC |
24 h |
Induced partial arrest in cell cycle (at G2M) and increased expression of p14-3-3, HSP70, HSP60 and p21 |
Male Only |
Morel 1997 |
Rat portal vein VSMC |
14 d |
Ca2+ sensitivity of ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release channels was unchanged by μg; Ca2+ waves were significantly reduced and [3H]ryanodine binding to vascular membranes was inhibited |
Male Only |
Spaceflight (real μg) |
Scotti 2024 |
Human aortic VSMC |
3 d |
Down-regulation of markers of contractile, synthetic, and osteogenic phenotypes, including α-SMA, matrix metalloproteinases, and bone morphogenic proteins |
In Vitro |
Not Specified |
Sofronova 2015 |
Mouse basilar artery |
30 d |
Reduced vasoconstriction via voltage-gated Ca2+ and thromboxane A2 receptors in cerebral arteries |
In Vivo |
Male Only |
Behnke 2013 |
Mouse mesenteric artery |
13 d; 15 d |
Reduced maximum vasoconstriction response to norepinephrin, KCl, and caffeine immediately after and 1-day post-spaceflight; downregulated arterial ryanodine receptor-3 mRNA expression |
In Vivo |
Female Only |
Dabertrand 2012 |
Rat hepatic portal vein VSMC |
8 d |
Decreased expression in ryanodine receptor subtype 1; calcium signaling pathway adaptation to pressure via regulation of ryanodine receptor subtype 1 expression |
Both |
Male Only |