Reviewing Plasma Seed Treatments for Advancing Agriculture Applications on Earth and Into the Final Frontier
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24 dic 2021
INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
Categoria dell'articolo: Research Note
Pubblicato online: 24 dic 2021
Pagine: 133 - 158
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2021-0011
Parole chiave
© 2021 Annie Meier et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Potential reactions in the plasma discharge region_
(1) | e− + H2O → e− + OH* + H | ( |
(2) | e− + CO2 → CO + O + e− | |
(3) | e− + O2 → O(1D) + O (3P) + e− | |
(4) | O(1D) + H2O → OH* + OH* | |
(1) | e + O2 → 2O + e | ( |
(2) | O + O2 + M → O3 + M, k = 3.4 × 10−34cm6/s | |
(3) | e + N2 → e + 2N | |
(4) | N + O2 → NO + O, k = 7.7 × 10−17cm3/s | |
(5) | N+ O3 → NO + O2, k = 3.7 × 10−13cm3/s | |
(6) | O + NO2 → NO + O2, k = 9.7 × 10−12cm3/s | |
(7) | NO + O3 → NO2 + O2, k = 2.1 × 10−14cm3/s | |
(8) | H2O + e → OH + H + e | |
(9) | H + O2 + M → HO2 + M, k = 1.8 × 10−32cm3/s | |
(10) | NO + HO2 → NO2 + OH, k = 7.8 × 10−12cm3/s |
Experimental parameters of plasma agriculture experiments_
( |
Spring wheat ( |
(1) 50 |
Air | N/A | (1) 0.5 Torr |
Petri dish | (1) 2.5 min, 5 min, 8 min, 10 min |
RF | (1) 5.28 MHz; 0.2–0.6 W/cm2 |
Germination (+); Seedling health (±) treatment dependent; microorganisms (±) treatment dependent |
( |
Lentil ( |
2 (1 pair) | Air | N/A | 0.5 Torr | Silk wires inside a capacitor | 60 s | RF | Frequency: 13.56 MHz; RF discharge: 18 W; voltage: 6 kV | Surface charge density and kinetics (+); wettability: (+) |
( |
Grain crops (rye, wheat, barley), legumes (peas and narrow-leaved lupin), and aster | 100 | Air | N/A | 0.3–0.7 Torr | Two parallel round Cu electrodes | 7 min, 15 min, and 30 min | RF | 5.28 MHz; RF discharge: 5.28 MHz; power: 0.9 W/cm3 | Germination (+); pathogenic microbes (+) ( |
( |
Soybean ( |
N/A | He | N/A | 1.1 Torr | Polar plates | 15 s | RF | 0 W, 60 W, 80 W, 100 W, and 120 W | Germination (+); growth (+); water uptake (+); soluble sugar and protein content (+) |
( |
Peanut | N/A | He | N/A | 1.1 Torr | Conveyer belt | 15 s | RF | 60–140 W; 13.56 MHz | Germination (+); yield (+); growth (+) |
( |
Cabbage | 1,000 | (1) Air, (2) O2 | N/A | 0.45 Torr | Plastic pot | 0–3 h | RF | 13.56 MHz, 100 W | Inactivation of bacteria on plant seed (+) |
( |
Pepper, lentil | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.5 Torr | N/A | 60 s | RF | 13.56 MHz, 18 W | Seed surface charging (0) |
( |
Wheat, barley, oats, lentil | 1–8 g | Air and SF6 | N/A | 500 mTorr | Quartz tube | 30 s to 30 min | Low pressure cold plasma | 1 kHz, 300 W, 20 kV | Microbial reduction (+);germination (+) |
( |
Yellow dent corn hybrid | (1) 1,500 |
(1) N2 |
(1) N/A |
(1) 100 mTorr, 10−6 Torr |
(1) Mesh plate |
(1) 2 min., 10 min |
(1) RF |
(1) 800 W, 13.56 MHz |
Seed growth (0); germination (0); yield (0) |
( |
Soybean | N/A | (1) Air |
N/A | Atm. | N/A | N/A | (1) DBD |
(1) 28–32 kHz, 6–12 kV, AC |
Germination (±) treatment dependent |
( |
Spinach ( |
(1) 50 |
(1) Air + N2 |
(1) 1.5 LPM |
Atm. | (1) Petri dish |
30 s, 1 min, 3 min | (1) DBD |
N/A | Germination (±); growth (±); treatment dependent |
( |
Quinoa | N/A | Air | (1) N/A |
(1) 375 Torr |
(1) Quartz plate |
10 s, 30 s, 60 s, 180 s, 900 s | (1) DBD |
(1) 6.4 W |
Germination (±); treatment dependent; surface chemistry (+) |
( |
Cotton | 350 | (1) Air |
1 LPM | Atm. | Borosilicate glass cylinder | (1) 0 min, 3 min, 27 min (2) 81 min | DBD | N/A | Germination (+); water uptake (+) |
( |
Wheat | 50 | Air | 1.5 LPM | Atm. | Wire netting in a plexiglass cylinder | 4 min | DBD | Discharge voltage: 0.0 kV, 9 kV, 11 kV, 13 kV, 15 kV, and 17 kV, 50 Hz | Vitality (+); growth (+); water uptake (+) |
( |
Radish sprouts | 10 per line | Air | N/A | Atm. | Glass plate | 180 s | DBD | 10 kHz AC. P2P discharge voltage and current 9.2 kV/0.2 A. Discharge power: 1.49 W/cm2 | Growth (+); NO x and O3 emissions (0) |
( |
Cotton | 120 g | Air N2 | 1 SLPM | Atm. | Needle-plate structure | 3 min, 9 min, 27 min | DBD | 19 kV, 1 kHz AC | Seed spectral characteristics (0); water uptake (+) |
( |
Rice | 25 | Air, air + Ar | N/A | Atm. | Glass plate | 15 s, 30 s, 45 s, 1 min, 2 min | DBD | N/A | Sterilization(+); germination (+); water uptake (+) |
( |
Mimosa caesalpiniafolia Benth | 100 | N/A | N/A | Atm. | Glass tubes, metal mesh screen | 3 min, 9 min, 15 min | DBD | 17.5 kV, 990 Hz | Seed wettability (+); imbibition (+); germination (+) |
( |
Rice | N/A | Air | N/A | Atm. | Dish (unknown material) | 20 min | DBD | 10 kHz | Surface sterilization of seed and fruit surfaces (+) |
( |
Wheat | 105 | N/A | N/A | Atm. | Glass plate | 5 min, 15 min, 30 min | DBD | 2.7 W, 15 kV, 50 Hz | Germination |
( |
Soybean ( |
500 | (1) O2 |
6 NL min−1 | Atm. | N/A | 60–180 s | DBD | 50 Hz,0–25 kV, AC | Pathogenic reduction (+); plant growth (+) |
( |
Sprout seeds: onion ( |
10 g | Ar | 5.6 NL min−1 | Atm. | PC | 500 ns | DBD | 2.5–10 kHz, 6–10 kV | Germination (+); microbial inactivation (+) |
( |
Brassicaceous ( |
20 | Ar | 0.5–1 LPM | 10.7–16.0 kPa | Mesh sheet, unknown material | 0 min, 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 40 min | DBD | AC, 10 kHz, 2.5–5.5 kV | Disinfection and DNA of pathogen (+) ( |
( |
Rice ( |
3–5 | Air | N/A | Atm. | Aluminum holder | 0 min, 0.5 min, 1 min, 2 min, 3 min | DBD | 30 kV, 22 kHz, 3 W dishcarge | Fungal pathogen reduction (+) ( |
( |
Chickpea ( |
NA | Air | N/A | Atm. | Polyoxymethylene–copolymer | 0.5–5 min | DBD | 17 kVpp, 5 kVpp, 0 kVpp | Germination (+); microbial reduction (+) |
( |
Barley grain | 11–12 | Air | N/A | Atm. | Plastic cup | 0 min, 2 min, 4 min, 6 min, 8 min, 10 min | DBD | 0–34 kV; 3,500 Hz; duty cycle 70%; 1 Amp; 300 W | Microbial reduction of DON (+); germination (+) |
( |
Winter wheat grain | 200 | Air | N/A | Atm. | Packed bed | 3 s, 10 s, 30 s | PBDBD | 100 Hz, 83 kHz, 8 kV (AC) | Fungus colonization reduction (+) |
( |
Maize ( |
200–250 | Air | N/A | Atm. | Ceramic plate | 30–300 s | DCSBD | 14 kHz, up to 20 kV, 400 W, AC | Inhibition of surface microorganisms (+); seedling growth (+/0) treatment dependent |
( |
Wheat ( |
100–300 | Air | N/A | Atm. | Ceramic plate | 30–300 s | DCSBD | 14 kHz, up to 20 kV, 400 W, AC | Inhibition of surface microorganisms (+); germination (+); water uptake (+) |
( |
Cucumber ( |
100 | Air | N/A | Atm. | Ceramic | 20–50 s 4–12 s | DCSBD | 400 W, 20 kV, 15 kHz AC | Germination (+); Pathogenic microbes (+) ( |
( |
Lentil | 1 g | Air | N/A | Atm. | Alumina ceramic plate | 0–10 min | DCSBD | 400 W | Germination (+); microbial inactivation (+) (several strains of bacteria and fungi) |
( |
Black peppercorn | 5 g | Air | N/A | Atm. | Ceramic plate | 60 s, 120 s, 180 s, 240 s, and 300 s | DCSBD | 400 W DC, 18 kHz, 10 kV | Pathogenic bacteria inhibition |
( |
Radish | 3 g | Air | 2.5 m/s | Atm. | Petri dish | 0–3 min | Plasma jet | 20 kV DC, 1.5 A, 58 kHz | Germination (±); treatment dependent; decontamination |
( |
Radish | 10 | Ar | 4 LPM | Atm. | Acrylic box | 2 min, 4 min, 6 min | Plasma jet | (1) 90 W (21.2 kV) (2) 140 W (30 kV) | Germination |
( |
Black pepper | 1 g | (1) Ar |
(1) 20 LPM |
Atm. | Petri dish | 5 min | Plasma jet | Pulse – 280 V, 8 A, 16–20 kHz | Sterilization |
( |
Broccoli ( |
1 g | N/A | N/A | N/A | Petri plate | 0–3 min | Plasma jet | 220 V AC, 20 kV DC, 58 kHz | Microbial reduction (+); germination (+) |
( |
150–300 seeds | (1) Air |
(1) N/A |
(1) Atm | (1) Glass plate |
(2) 15 min | (1) DBD |
(1) HV |
Germination (+); growth (+) |