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Detection of Microorganisms with an Electronic Nose for Application under Microgravity Conditions

Ulrich Reidt
Ulrich Reidt
, 
Andreas Helwig
Andreas Helwig
, 
Gerhard Müller
Gerhard Müller
, 
Joachim Lenic
Joachim Lenic
, 
Jan Grosser
Jan Grosser
, 
Viktor Fetter
Viktor Fetter
, 
Andrei Kornienko
Andrei Kornienko
, 
Sergey Kharin
Sergey Kharin
, 
Natalia Novikova
Natalia Novikova
 e 
Thomas Hummel
Thomas Hummel
   | 17 giu 2020
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Article Category: Research Note
Pubblicato online: 17 giu 2020
Pagine: 1 - 17
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2020-0001
Parole chiave
© 2020 Ulrich Reidt et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

(A) Cultivation station with twelve custom-built gas vessels in which the organisms are grown under controlled gaseous environments. Left hand side the E-Nose’ is contacted for growth monitoring of the cultures. (B) Gas vessels with the culture of Bacillus subtilis in liquid Tryptic Soy Broth media.
(A) Cultivation station with twelve custom-built gas vessels in which the organisms are grown under controlled gaseous environments. Left hand side the E-Nose’ is contacted for growth monitoring of the cultures. (B) Gas vessels with the culture of Bacillus subtilis in liquid Tryptic Soy Broth media.

Figure 2

Fungi culture of Penicilium expansum growing on the substrates NOMEX (top line in blue) and cable marker (below line in yellow) at mini Petri dishes, left hand side the negative control without Penicilium expansum.
Fungi culture of Penicilium expansum growing on the substrates NOMEX (top line in blue) and cable marker (below line in yellow) at mini Petri dishes, left hand side the negative control without Penicilium expansum.

Figure 3

‘E-Nose’ system featuring a display for programming and data visualization with external sampling head (‘Air Sampler’) for taking MVOC air samples from microorganisms.
‘E-Nose’ system featuring a display for programming and data visualization with external sampling head (‘Air Sampler’) for taking MVOC air samples from microorganisms.

Figure 4

Block circuit diagram of the ‘E-Nose’.
Block circuit diagram of the ‘E-Nose’.

Figure 5

CAD drawing of air sampling head called ‘Air Sampler’.
CAD drawing of air sampling head called ‘Air Sampler’.

Figure 6

Bacterial growth from Bacillus subtilis as monitored by sensor 7 of the ‘E-Nose’. (A) Initiation of bacterial growth after an initial lag phase followed by exponential growth; results of negative control experiment (culture media without bacteria) are shown for comparison, (B) stationary and death phases of the same culture including two CFU determinations. The red dotted line indicates the sensor response towards the negative control.
Bacterial growth from Bacillus subtilis as monitored by sensor 7 of the ‘E-Nose’. (A) Initiation of bacterial growth after an initial lag phase followed by exponential growth; results of negative control experiment (culture media without bacteria) are shown for comparison, (B) stationary and death phases of the same culture including two CFU determinations. The red dotted line indicates the sensor response towards the negative control.

Figure 7

Growth of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus warneri as monitored by sensor 7. Hatched areas: Staphylococcus warneri, non-hatched areas: Bacillus subtilis. The signal amplitude corresponding to the negative control is represented by the red dotted line. The negative control was sterile culture media without bacteria.
Growth of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus warneri as monitored by sensor 7. Hatched areas: Staphylococcus warneri, non-hatched areas: Bacillus subtilis. The signal amplitude corresponding to the negative control is represented by the red dotted line. The negative control was sterile culture media without bacteria.

Figure 8

Early emissions from young fungi cultures. (A) Amplitudes of sensors S6, S7, S8 and S10 from Aspergillus versicolor. (B) Left: young culture of Aspergillus versicolor; right: negative control (NC), culture medium Czapek-Dox Broth without organism; (C) Responses of sensors S6, S7, S8 and S10 to Penicillium expansum; (D) Left: young culture of Penicillium expansum; right: negative control (NC), culture medium Czapek-Dox Broth without organism.
Early emissions from young fungi cultures. (A) Amplitudes of sensors S6, S7, S8 and S10 from Aspergillus versicolor. (B) Left: young culture of Aspergillus versicolor; right: negative control (NC), culture medium Czapek-Dox Broth without organism; (C) Responses of sensors S6, S7, S8 and S10 to Penicillium expansum; (D) Left: young culture of Penicillium expansum; right: negative control (NC), culture medium Czapek-Dox Broth without organism.

Figure 9

PC-1/2 score plot of ‘E-Nose’ data. Data clusters deriving from measurements on different microorganisms are indicated by colored ovals. Bacillussubtilis: green squares, Staphylococcuswarneri: red rhombs, Penicilliumexpansum: blue triangle and Aspergillusversicolor: turquoise triangle; grey spheres: results of negative control experiments with ambient air.
PC-1/2 score plot of ‘E-Nose’ data. Data clusters deriving from measurements on different microorganisms are indicated by colored ovals. Bacillussubtilis: green squares, Staphylococcuswarneri: red rhombs, Penicilliumexpansum: blue triangle and Aspergillusversicolor: turquoise triangle; grey spheres: results of negative control experiments with ambient air.

Figure 10

PC-2/3 score plot of ‘E-Nose’ measurements. The small grey clusters close to the origin derive from negative control experiments with ambient air.
PC-2/3 score plot of ‘E-Nose’ measurements. The small grey clusters close to the origin derive from negative control experiments with ambient air.

Figure 11

Three-dimensional score plot of ‘E-Nose’ data (PC-2/3/4). The small clusters of data around the origin derive from negative control experiments with ambient air.
Three-dimensional score plot of ‘E-Nose’ data (PC-2/3/4). The small clusters of data around the origin derive from negative control experiments with ambient air.

Figure 12

Results diagrammed by three-dimensional PC (PC-2/3/4). Negative controls were done by culture media without organisms. Bacterial culture medium, Tryptic Soy Broth media (TSB): black triangles, Fungal culture medium, Czapek-Dox: black asterisk.
Results diagrammed by three-dimensional PC (PC-2/3/4). Negative controls were done by culture media without organisms. Bacterial culture medium, Tryptic Soy Broth media (TSB): black triangles, Fungal culture medium, Czapek-Dox: black asterisk.

Sensors and chemical compounds sensitivity from the ‘E-Nose’.

No. of sensors of the ‘E-Nose’ and chemical compounds sensitivity
Sensor 1:Aromatic compound, Alkane
Sensor 2:Nitrogen oxides, Alcohols, Aromatic compounds
Sensor 3:Aromatic compound, Alkane
Sensor 4:Hydrogen
Sensor 5:Aromatic compounds, Alkane
Sensor 6:Methane, Alcohol
Sensor 7:Inorganic sulfur compounds, Terpenes, Sulfur containing organic compounds, Aromatic compound
Sensor 8:Alcohol, Aromatic compound
Sensor 9:Aromatic compounds and inorganic sulfur compounds as H2S
Sensor 10:Methane and aliphatic organic compounds

Confusion Table; SW: Staphylococcus warneri, BS: Bacillus subtilis, PE: Penicilium expansum, AV: Apergillus versicolor, TSB: Tryptic Soy Broth, CZ: Czapek-Dox Agar

SW (TSB)BS (TSB)PE, AV (CZ)Negative (CZ)Negative (TSB)Empty ‘Airsampler’
Predicted as SW2000020
Predicted as BS0120000
Predicted as PE, AV007000
Predicted as (CZ) Negative001220
Predicted as (TSB) Negative020029
Predicted as Empty ‘Airsampler’0011028

Confusion matrix; SW: Staphylococcus warneri, BS: Bacillus subtilis, PE: Penicilium expansum, AV: Apergillus versicolor, TSB: Tryptic Soy Broth, CZ: Czapek-Dox Agar

Correctly identified positiveFalse positiveCorrectly identified negativeFalse negative
SW (TSB)0.952380.027780.972220.04762
BS (TSB)0.857140.000001.000000.14286
PE, AV (CZ)0.777780.000001.000000.22222
Negative (CZ)0.666670.033330.966670.33333
Negative (TSB)0.333330.126440.873560.66667
Empty Airsampler0.756760.053570.946430.24324
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