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Calcium Oxalate Crystal Yield in Various Gravity Environments

Riann J. Egusquiza
Riann J. Egusquiza
, 
Robert Benjamin Runyon
Robert Benjamin Runyon
, 
Jordan Ringel
Jordan Ringel
, 
Craig W.C. Seber
Craig W.C. Seber
, 
Gonzalo Leyva
Gonzalo Leyva
, 
Jose Correa
Jose Correa
, 
Coulibaly Datoliban Roland
Coulibaly Datoliban Roland
, 
Mujahid Umar
Mujahid Umar
, 
Ming Xiao
Ming Xiao
, 
John T. Bushoven
John T. Bushoven
 e 
Joy J. Goto
Joy J. Goto
   | 02 mar 2022
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Article Category: Research Article
Pubblicato online: 02 mar 2022
Pagine: 3 - 12
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2014-0013
Parole chiave
© 2014 Riann J. Egusquiza et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Preliminary crystals formed by mixing sodium oxalate and calcium chloride. The scale bar represents 100 μm.
Preliminary crystals formed by mixing sodium oxalate and calcium chloride. The scale bar represents 100 μm.

Figure 2

Examples of crystals formed with: (a) Equimolar concentrations of oxalic acid and calcium chloride. The COM elongated, ‘orzo-shaped’ crystalline form is indicated by the right-pointing arrow and the COD octagonal, ‘envelope-shaped’ crystalline form is indicated by the left-pointing arrow. The COM form is more abundant in this equimolar mixture; (b) 200 mM oxalic acid and 100 mM calcium chloride collected using vacuum filtration; (c) Same reagent conditions as in Figure 2B, except synthesized in the luer lock 3-way syringe apparatus; (d) 100 mM oxalic acid and 200 mM calcium chloride. Each scale bar represents 10 μm.
Examples of crystals formed with: (a) Equimolar concentrations of oxalic acid and calcium chloride. The COM elongated, ‘orzo-shaped’ crystalline form is indicated by the right-pointing arrow and the COD octagonal, ‘envelope-shaped’ crystalline form is indicated by the left-pointing arrow. The COM form is more abundant in this equimolar mixture; (b) 200 mM oxalic acid and 100 mM calcium chloride collected using vacuum filtration; (c) Same reagent conditions as in Figure 2B, except synthesized in the luer lock 3-way syringe apparatus; (d) 100 mM oxalic acid and 200 mM calcium chloride. Each scale bar represents 10 μm.

Figure 3

The parabolic flight path of the NASA Zero-G (“Weightless Wonder”) aircraft.
The parabolic flight path of the NASA Zero-G (“Weightless Wonder”) aircraft.

Figure 4

Schematic diagram of experimental rig. Top: Schematic drawing of the syringe apparatus used in the experiment. Bottom: CAD drawing of the experimental glove box for the formation and capture of crystals formed during the two flights. Glove box for experimental procedures and manipulations.
Schematic diagram of experimental rig. Top: Schematic drawing of the syringe apparatus used in the experiment. Bottom: CAD drawing of the experimental glove box for the formation and capture of crystals formed during the two flights. Glove box for experimental procedures and manipulations.

Figure 5

Photograph of the experimental rig. The image on the bottom shows the top view looking into the chamber. The layout of the syringes is shown for each of the three users.
Photograph of the experimental rig. The image on the bottom shows the top view looking into the chamber. The layout of the syringes is shown for each of the three users.

Figure 6

Microscope light images of calcium oxalate crystals formed under varying gravity conditions: 6A and 6B (Terrestrial gravity (1 g)); 6C and 6D (microgravity (0.01 g)); 6E and 6F (Lunar gravity (0.16 g)); and, 6G and 6H (Martian gravity (0.38 g)). Scale bar is 100 μm for 6A, 6C, 6E, and 6G. Total magnification of 400x. Scale bar = 25 μm for 6B, 6D, 6F, and 6H.
Microscope light images of calcium oxalate crystals formed under varying gravity conditions: 6A and 6B (Terrestrial gravity (1 g)); 6C and 6D (microgravity (0.01 g)); 6E and 6F (Lunar gravity (0.16 g)); and, 6G and 6H (Martian gravity (0.38 g)). Scale bar is 100 μm for 6A, 6C, 6E, and 6G. Total magnification of 400x. Scale bar = 25 μm for 6B, 6D, 6F, and 6H.

The average mass of synthesized crystals from each of the gravity environments (control, micro, lunar, and Martian), for each of the two successive flights. The number of trials (n) is given for each flight and gravity environment condition. The average mass (in gram units) and standard deviation (S.D.) are listed.

ConditionControl (1 g)Micro (~0.01 g)Lunar (.16 g)Martian (0.38 g)
Flight #12121212
# of trials (n) for each flight2112144636
Average mass (g) ±S.D.0.077 ±0.030.070 n/a0.108 ±0.040.220 ±0.100.082 ±0.040.216 ±0.070.069 ±0.030.194 ±0.06
eISSN:
2332-7774
Lingua:
Inglese
Frequenza di pubblicazione:
2 volte all'anno
Argomenti della rivista:
Life Sciences, other, Materials Sciences, Physics
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