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The insular distribution of beech forests in Romania – reminiscent of the glacial period induced by genetic and ecological plasticity

Iuliana Florentina Gheorghe

Iuliana Florentina Gheorghe

Ecological University of Bucharest, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental SciencesBucharest, Romania
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Gheorghe, Iuliana Florentina
, 
Adrian Lorent

Adrian Lorent

  • National Institute for Forestry Research and Development (INCDS) “Marin Drăcea”Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania
  • Transilvania University of BrasovBrașov, Romania
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Lorent, Adrian
 e 
Daniela Strat

Daniela Strat

University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography, Department of Meteorology and HydrologyBucharest, Romania
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Strat, Daniela
  
14 set 2025
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Categoria dell'articolo: Original Article
Pubblicato online: 14 set 2025
Pagine: 196 - 207
Ricevuto: 22 gen 2025
Accettato: 29 apr 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2025-0015
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© 2025 Iuliana Florentina Gheorghe et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Map of the Romanian beech forests and positions of five study zones (Valea Fagilor, Gogoşu, Stârmina, Epureni, and Snagov forests) (Gancz et al. 2008) modified
Map of the Romanian beech forests and positions of five study zones (Valea Fagilor, Gogoşu, Stârmina, Epureni, and Snagov forests) (Gancz et al. 2008) modified

Figure 2.

The similarity degree between 13 plots presents in the five study areas from the point of view of biological structural parameters (using the MVSP program)
The similarity degree between 13 plots presents in the five study areas from the point of view of biological structural parameters (using the MVSP program)

Figure 3.

The similarity degree between the five forests from the climate point of view (using the MVSP statistics program)
The similarity degree between the five forests from the climate point of view (using the MVSP statistics program)

Climatic variable, climatic and bioclimatic indices, and quotients that describe study sites for the period of 1901–2020

Nr. Crt Climatic variable, Index/quotient Epureni Forest 46° 14′ 42.48″ N 27° 53′ 59.21″ E 140 m asl Valea Fagilor Forest 45° 12′ 48.28″ N 28° 18′ 43.18″ E 179 m asl Snagov Forest 44° 43′ 15.74″ N 26° 08′ 25.15″ E 107 m asl Stârmina Forest 44° 29′ 44.19″ N 22° 46′ 12.90″ E 170 m asl Gogoșu Forest 44° 26′ 09.25″ N 23° 22′ 25.71″ E 238 m asl
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 AMT (°C) 9.9 10.5 10.7 10.8 10.8
2 MTWM (°C) 21.3 21.7 21.9 21.5 21.6
3 MTCM (°C) −3.1 −1.9 −2.4 −0.8 −1.7
4 ART (°C) 24.4 23.6 24.3 22.3 23.3
5 AP (mm) 524.7 479.2 586 614 613.6
6 MJJA(°C) 26.5 26.6 27.7 26.8 26.9
7 PJJA (mm) 189.4 153 201.3 190.6 192.4
8 MTVS (°C) 17.5 17.7 18.1 17.8 17.9
9 APVS (mm) 334.2 278.8 362.1 354.1 354.8
10 DD<0 356.7 276 294.7 215.6 256.3
11 DD>5 2602.4 2673.8 2756.3 2698.9 2724.9
12 DD<18 3234.3 3076.1 3029.6 2932 2965.2
13 DD>18 389.8 421.7 448 388.5 410.5
14 NFFD 254.2 264.9 258.6 273.2 269.3
15 FFP 193.7 202.9 195.4 206.3 203.7
16 bFFP 100 95.9 99.4 93.4 94.6
17 eFFP 293.8 298.9 294.7 299.7 298.7
18 Eref 785.7 790.9 866.9 844.9 844.1
19 CMD 378.4 423.8 404.6 375.4 375.65
20 Q 56.52 51.9 59.9 67.7 65.5
21 SDI 7.14 5.75 7.3 7.1 7.15
22 WI 80.7 83.4 85.4 83.9 84.1
23 ABT 10.4 10.7 10.9 10.9 10.9
24 CI −21.6 −17.8 −17.6 −14.3 −15.7
25 K 37.21 38.8 36.2 33.7 36.2
26 R 1.75 1.4 1.6 1.36 1.37
27 *EQ 40.6 45.3 37.4 35 35.2
28 * IdM 26.4 23.4 28.3 29.5 29.5
29 IdMVS 24.4 19.3 25.6 25.8 25.7
30 I 53 45.6 54.8 56.9 56.8
31 *FAI 6.82 8.63 6.46 6.68 6.69
32 QBTI 14.85 12.76 13.8 13.7 13.6
33 *cot G 0.8166 0.74 1.074 0.96 0.9
34 *MT 19.5 19.7 20.02 19.5 19.7
35 CSOi 12.7 10.3 13.6 13.3 13.2

Structural parameters of study forests

Plots–forest/parameters 67 Valea Fagilor 68 Valea Fagilor 69A Valea Fagilor 8C Epureni 13B Epureni 15C Epureni 99B Snagov 16C Gogoşu 18B Gogoşu 14J Gogoşu 20A Stârmina 21A Stârmina 22A Stârmina
Surface (ha) 23.27 18.84 35.61 1.16 3.91 3.79 1.3 14.58 8.05 0.97 15.15 29.11 18.14
Altitude (m) 225 230 230 230 250 210 100 230 210 240 40–170 70–170 50
Exposure N S-E N N N-E N-E N-E N-E N-E N-V N-V (slope 30○) V (slope 30○) V
Cod Sol type 3101 3101 3101 3101 3101 2101 2101 2201 2201 2212 2103 2115 2115
Participation of beech % 10 10 10 40 40 10 40 10 20 10 20 10 10
Average age (years) 140 140 140 120 120 110 170 70 80 110 150 150 150
Average DHB (cm) 52 52 48 46 46 46 68 34 40 34 50 50 56
Average height (m) 24 25 24 h31 32 31 24 28 24 23 27 28 24
Flora type Asarum‒Stellaria Asarum‒Stellaria Asarum‒Stellaria Asarum‒Stellaria Asarum‒Stellaria Carex‒Poa pratensis Carex‒Poa pratensis Carex‒Poa pratensis Carex‒Poa pratensis Festuca pseudovina Carex‒Poa pratensis Carex‒Poa pratensis Carex‒Poa pratensis
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Inglese
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Scienze biologiche, Botanica, Medicina, Medicina veterinaria
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