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X-Ray Diffraction Measurements for Inconel 718 Alloy Elements Created by Incremental Methods

Elżbieta Gadalińska
Elżbieta Gadalińska
, 
Paweł Żuk
Paweł Żuk
 e 
Michał Bujak
Michał Bujak
   | 18 giu 2024
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Article Category: Research Article
Pubblicato online: 18 giu 2024
Pagine: -
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fas-2023-0005
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© 2023 Elżbieta Gadalińska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

Specimens used in the X-ray diffraction phase analyses.
Specimens used in the X-ray diffraction phase analyses.

Figure 2.

Specimens used in the X-ray stress measurements.
Specimens used in the X-ray stress measurements.

Figure 3.

Diffractogram obtained for the cubic specimen (g in the Figure 1). The individual reflections of the dominant phase were described by the Miller coefficients hkl.
Diffractogram obtained for the cubic specimen (g in the Figure 1). The individual reflections of the dominant phase were described by the Miller coefficients hkl.

Figure 4.

Diffractogram obtained for wall type specimen (geometry like a–c in Figure 2) cut off from the platform. The individual reflections of the dominant phase were described by the Miller coefficients hkl.
Diffractogram obtained for wall type specimen (geometry like a–c in Figure 2) cut off from the platform. The individual reflections of the dominant phase were described by the Miller coefficients hkl.

Figure 5.

Wall-shaped specimen with location of measuring points for preliminary measurements before and after being cut off from the printing platform.
Wall-shaped specimen with location of measuring points for preliminary measurements before and after being cut off from the printing platform.

Figure 6.

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for wall-shaped specimen before being cut off the built platform.
Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for wall-shaped specimen before being cut off the built platform.

Figure 7.

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for wall-shaped specimen after being cut off the built platform.
Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for wall-shaped specimen after being cut off the built platform.

Figure 8.

Comparison of results before and after being cut off from the platform – measurements performed in longitudinal direction.
Comparison of results before and after being cut off from the platform – measurements performed in longitudinal direction.

Figure 9.

Comparison of results before and after being cut off from the platform – measurements performed in transverse direction.
Comparison of results before and after being cut off from the platform – measurements performed in transverse direction.

Figure 10.

Specimen WALL M1, showing the location of measuring points on both sides.
Specimen WALL M1, showing the location of measuring points on both sides.

Figure 11.

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen WALL M1.
Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen WALL M1.

Figure 12.

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen WALL M2.
Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen WALL M2.

Figure 13.

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen WALL M3.
Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen WALL M3.

Figure 14.

Specimen CANONICAL 1, showing the location of measuring points on all sides.
Specimen CANONICAL 1, showing the location of measuring points on all sides.

Figure 15.

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen CANONICAL 1.
Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen CANONICAL 1.

Figure 16.

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen CANONICAL 2.
Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen CANONICAL 2.

Figure 17.

Speciment ARC SMALL 1, showing the location of measuring points on both sides.
Speciment ARC SMALL 1, showing the location of measuring points on both sides.

Figure 18.

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen ARC SMALL 1.
Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen ARC SMALL 1.

Figure 19.

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen ARC SMALL 2.
Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen ARC SMALL 2.

Figure 20.

Specimen ARC BIG 1, showing the location of measuring points on both sides.
Specimen ARC BIG 1, showing the location of measuring points on both sides.

Figure 21.

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen ARC BIG 1.
Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen ARC BIG 1.

Figure 22.

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen ARC BIG 2.
Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen ARC BIG 2.

Figure 23.

Specimen BLADE 2, showing the location of measuring points.
Specimen BLADE 2, showing the location of measuring points.

Figure 24.

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen BLADE 2.
Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen BLADE 2.

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for canonical shaped specimens.

point no. ↓ CANONICAL 1 CANONICAL 2
axial circumferential Axial circumferential
σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa] σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa] σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa] σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa]
1 351.6 190.6 36.6 108.3 335.7 175.7 121.1 173.8
2 314.8 173.4 98.9 130.8 457.6 143.9 65.4 62.8
3 188.4 85.5 38 118.5 108.5 138.2 52.1 55.1
4 304.2 166.4 -7.7 130 513.9 171.1 51.1 72.1
5 316.1 191.4 115.9 145.8 306.5 182.6 113.2 144.2
6 -70.2 97.6 21.2 66.7 199.7 61.3 62.6 105.5
7 373.8 166.2 61.7 76.2 372.9 174.1 43.8 82
8 93.6 130.4 102.1 97.3 292.1 41.2 72.2 127.8
9 347.8 182 49.3 106.8 208.5 52.5 51.7 92.6
10 -78.8 71.6 50.8 99.5 363.4 157.1 89.4 106.4
11 383.9 191.4 174.1 148.1 378.5 197.9 138.7 118.7

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for specimen BLADE 2.

point no. ↓ axial circumferential
σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa] σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa]
1 591 80.1 163.6 160
2 518.7 196.3 209.6 180.2
3 405.4 266.3 158.6 126.2
4 305.5 143.7 132.1 106.8
5 426.4 43.7 270.1 129.9
6 389.8 74.8 176.5 78.7
7 485.4 176.7 236 150.5
8 495 185.7 61.5 34.9
9 21 47.5 219.7 184.7
10 107.8 29.1 219.9 165.2
11 147.4 17.2 282.6 150.7
12 244.3 36.6 218.4 142.8

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for the wall-shaped specimen.

before cut after cut
point no. ↓ longitudinal transverse longitudinal transverse
σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa] σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa] σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa] σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa]
1 7.1 25.1 - - -13.6 90.4 -332.7 48.7
2 -6.3 16 100.5 31.4 187.9 23.3 46.5 30.2
3 -55.6 27.5 132.6 16.3 136.1 21.2 -22.1 42.7
4 1.9 22.5 - - 96.5 19 -16.9 36.6
5 -53.1 14.9 - - 110.3 35 -4.2 29.7
6 -34.6 14.2 95.1 29.8 110.8 23.5 -29.2 24.4
7 13.6 15.5 - - 184.5 112.2 298.1 115.6
8 -55 20.1 107.4 79.5 139.4 29.6 49.7 33.6
9 -11.1 26.7 160.8 58.6 168.1 154.5 102.6 21.5

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for ARC SMALL specimens.

point no. ↓ ARC SMALL 1 ARC SMALL 2
axial circumferential axial circumferential
σ [MPa] Δσ [Mpa] σ [Mpa] Δσ [Mpa] σ [Mpa] Δσ [Mpa] σ [Mpa] Δσ [Mpa]
1 417.9 214.7 49.3 107.2 355.6 173.9 44.9 160.6
2 372.3 187.4 78.1 94.8 317.3 158.3 39.7 132
3 307.7 194.9 220.9 94.6 319.8 164.5 346.5 185.1
4 425.3 195.1 196.7 90 424.7 175.3 286.3 129.1
5 359.6 26.5 130 74.9 225.7 60.6 178 110.9

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for wall-shaped specimens.

WALL M1 WALL M2 WALL M3
point no. ↓ longitudinal transverse longitudinal transverse longitudinal transverse
σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa] σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa] σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa] σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa] σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa] σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa]
1 277.2 170.3 275.2 97.9 267.7 166.4 399.9 110.8 194.2 171.1 325.3 158.6
2 289.4 153.2 253.1 104.8 440.9 180.3 304.3 94.9 285 198 333.7 173.7
3 271.6 172 259.4 90.6 461.4 200.7 320.7 123.5 247.6 180.8 293.1 189
4 231.7 296.5 345.5 163.1 249 196.9 387.8 166.3 229.2 165.3 346.6 172.9
5 252.5 303.3 579 190 451.1 165.2 432.9 152.6 -42.7 28.8 319 186.9
6 235.4 174.6 314.6 168.3 254.4 205.4 347.4 166.6 -45.4 12.8 385.7 129.7
7 213.8 288 318.6 198.4 493.5 198.8 532.3 157 210.9 161.9 309.4 114.8
8 295.6 290.8 364.5 180.3 246.4 186 415.2 167.5 -6.8 32.1 232.6 84.7
9 221.9 116.8 337 201.7 479.2 180 403.5 159.7 -56.8 18.4 276.8 127
10 279.9 173.9 358.4 172.2 277.8 204.6 367.7 190 99.6 40.9 381.1 177.6
11 230.3 130.3 406.6 192 206 177.1 367.3 198.9 22.6 34.6 403.2 161
12 221.9 199.3 420.7 89.2 284.4 174.4 306.3 172.7 190.7 81.1 371.9 62

Results of X-ray diffraction stress measurements for the two ARC BIG specimens. The measurements for points 9–11 and 15–17 for both directions, and for points 12–14 in the circumferential direction, could not be performed due to geometrical issues.

ARC BIG 1 ARC BIG 2
point no. ↓ axial circumferential axial circumferential
σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa] σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa] σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa] σ [MPa] Δσ [MPa]
1 341.8 161.7 220.1 162.2 352.7 156.8 186.2 160.4
2 313.1 194.9 227.7 152.6 366.5 171.9 249.6 192
3 342.2 189.4 224.4 179.5 340.3 87.2 -13.9 65.1
4 331.9 170 113.9 106 386.8 111.9 -24 116.9
5 355.8 169.5 56.9 118.3 313.7 151.1 18.5 126
6 403.3 180.3 45.3 60.4 379.9 175.6 209 183.2
7 412.1 171.2 98.7 137.1 392.7 183.7 46.5 60.5
8 341.3 132.8 10.7 52.4 226 112.4 198.9 84.6
12 599.2 128.1 - - 712.9 104.4 - -
13 485.1 81.4 - - 450.1 61.3 - -
14 297.7 59.6 - - 191.6 28 - -

Rietveld phase analysis results.

phase percentage [%] ICDD card number crystallographic structure lattice parameter [Å]
Fe0.5Ni0.5 04-021-6318 cubic, Fm-3m, 225 a0 = 3.59458
89.1%
Nb0.1Ni0.9 04-004-4494 cubic, Fm-3m, 225 a0 = 3.803844
3.5%
NbNi3 04-012-8012 tetragonal, I4/mmm, 139 a0 = 3.566829,
3.3% c0 = 7.39813
NbNi3 03-065-2589 orthorhombic, Pmmn, 59 a0 = 4.308615,
2.6% b0 = 5.165817,
c0 = 4.573394
Ni3Ti 01-075-0878 hexagonal, P63/mmc, 194 a0 = 5.1114773,
0.6% c0 = 8.313766
Ti0.33Ni0.67 04-007-1996 rombohedral, R-3m, 166 a0 = 2.550052,
0.4% c0 = 43.62515
Cr2Nb 04-004-6470 cubic, Fd-3m, 227 a0 = 6.989395
0.5%
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