Personality traits and environmental identity in participating in trekking: The flow theory

Figure 1:

Demographic Features (Şenel, 2023: 112)

Variable	Sample (n=384)	Percentage (%)
Gender
Female	180	46.9
Male	204	53.1
Marital status
Married	168	43.8
Single	216	56.3
Age
18–25	42	10.9
26–35	100	26.0
36–45	122	31.8
46–55	66	17.2
56+	54	14.1
Educational level
Primary school	29	7.6
Secondary education	116	30.2
Foundation Degree / Undergraduate	188	49.0
Postgraduate	51	13.3
Income
Very poor	43	11.2
Poor	35	9.1
Average	127	33.1
Good	157	40.9
Very good	22	5.7
How many years
1–3	72	18.8
4–6	152	39.6
7–9	120	31.3
10+	40	10.4
How many times
1–2	93	24.2
3–4	166	43.2
5–6	107	27.9
7+	18	4.7
Occupation
Student	54	14.1
Employee	47	12.2
Business owner	38	9.9
Officer	115	29.9
Tourism professional	28	7.3
Retired	61	15.9
Unemployed	28	7.3
Other	13	3.4

Results Regarding Structural Model (Şenel, 2023: 117)

	Hypotheses	Path Coefficient	GA Lower Limit	GA Upper Limit	T Values	p	Result	VIF	ƒ2
H1a	Extraversion > Environmental identity	0.155	0.023	0.322	2.064	0.039	Supported	3.658	0.021
H1b	Agreeableness> Environmental Identity	0.470	0.313	0.610	6.251	0.01	Supported	3.888	0.165
H1c	Openness > Environmental identity	0.240	0.133	0.353	4.218	0.01	Supported	3.587	0.046
H1d	Conscientiousness > Environmental identity	0.005	–0.099	0.107	0.095	0.924	Not supported	3.159	-
H1e	Neuroticism > Environmental identity	–0.089	–0.179	–0.001	1.982	0.048	Supported	1.592	0.020
H2a	Extraversion > Flow	–0.050	–0.173	0.088	0.757	0.449	Not supported	3.728	-
H2b	Agreeableness > Flow	−0.004	−0.153	0.129	0.061	0.952	Not supported	4.529	-
H2c	Openness > Flow	0.450	0.332	0.575	7.341	0.01	Supported	3.754	0.130
H2d	Conscientiousness > Flow	–0.073	–0.178	0.042	1.302	0.193	Not supported	3.159	-
H2e	Neuroticism > Flow	–0.207	–0.296	–0.113	4.412	0.01	Supported	1.615	0.064
H3	Environmental identity> Flow	0.351	0.234	0.463	5.969	0.01	Supported	2.901	0.102

Results of Mediation Analysis (Şenel, 2023: 118)

	Hypotheses	Indirect Effect	GA Lower Limit	GA Upper Limit	t Value	p Value	Result	Mediating Role
H4a	Extraversion> Environmental identity > Flow	0.054	0.011	0.122	1.971	0.049	Supported	Only indirect mediation (full mediation)
H4b	Agreeableness > Environmental identity > Flow	0.165	0.099	0.248	4.385	0.000	Supported	Only indirect mediation (full mediation
H4c	Openness > Environmental identity > Flow	0.084	0.043	0.141	3.334	0.001	Supported	Complementary mediation (partial mediation)
H4d	Conscientiousness >Environmental identity > Flow	0.002	–0.035	0.038	0.094	0.925	Not supported	-
H4e	Neuroticism >Environmental identity > Flow	–0.031	–0.070	–0.003	1.844	0.065	Not supported	-

Results Regarding the Validity of the Decomposition (Şenel, 2023: 114)

HTMT Criteria
	(1)	2)	3)	4)	5)	6)	7)
Flow
Openness	0.690
Neuroticism	0.620	0.567
Extraversion	0.482	0.464	0.522
Conscientiousness	0.544	0.865	0.463	0.390
Agreeableness	0.538	0.489	0.584	0.895	0.438
Environmental identity	0.667	0.571	0.553	0.664	0.482	0.732
Fornell–Larcker Criteria
Flow	0.772
Openness	0.675	0.976
Neuroticism	–0.570	–0.516	0.937
Extraversion	0.467	0.446	–0.480	0.986
Agreeableness	0.539	0.825	–0.423	0.377	0.979
Conscientiousess	0.506	0.460	–0.523	0.849	0.413	0.964
Environmental identity	0.647	0.575	–0.536	0.706	0.493	0.761	0.782

Results Regarding Measurement Model (Şenel, 2023: 109)

Items	Factor Loads	Cronbach’s Alpha	BG	AOV
Flow		0.932	0.942	0.596
I’m not interested in what other people think about me.	0.771
I feel that time is passing (slowing down or speeding up).	0.782
I feel competent enough to overcome difficulties.	0.735
I know what achievement I would like to have.	0.734
I have strong ideas about how well I’m performing.	0.789
My goals have been clearly defined.	0.862
I can tell you how well I have performed when the time comes.	0.778
I fully concentrate on the work I am doing	0.826
I can completely control my body.	0.804
I don’t worry about what other people might think about me.	0.751
The experiences acquired during the activity are beneficial and far better.	0.640
Openness		0.951	0.952	0.953
I consider myself someone who has an interest in art.	0.976
I consider myself a creative person.	0.977
Neuroticism		0.861	0.874	0.877
I consider myself a person who can cope with stress.	0.946
I consider myself a person who gets angry easily.	0.947
Extraversion		0.972	0.974	0.973
I consider myself an introvert.	0.987
I consider myself a social person.	0.985
Conscientiousess		0.957	0.979	0.959
I consider myself prone to being lazy.	0.978
I feel like someone who can do the task completely.	0.980
Agreeableness		0.925	0.929	0.930
I consider myself a reliable person.	0.962
I see myself as someone who tends to find fault with others.	0.967
Environmental identity		0.915	0.936	0.612
I spent a lot of time in natural environments (woodlands, mountains, etc.).	0.818
If I had enough time and money, I would spend some of it on the protection of the environment.	0.813
Spending time in nature when I am unhappy makes me feel better.	0.809
I need to live close to the wild nature; I don’t want to live in the city all the time.	0.805
I believe that some of the social problems will improve when I return to rural life.	0.779
I like gardens.	0.798
Being a part of the natural world is an important part of my image.	0.686
I like camping in nature.	0.743