Fertiliser Properties of Wastewater Sludge and Sludge Ash - A Case Study from the Finnish Forest Industry

[l] Hubbe MA, Metts JR, Hermosilla D, Angeles Blanco M, Yerushalmi L, Haghighat F, et al. Wastewater treatment and reclamation: A review of pulp and paper industry practices and opportunities. BioResources. 2016;11:7953-8091. DOI: 10.15376/biores.11.3.Hubbe. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[2] Luostarinen S, Grönroos J, Hellstedt M, Nousiainen J, Munther J. Modelling manure quantity and quality in Finland. Front Sustain Food Syst. 2018;2: paper 60. DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00060. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[3] Haile A, Gelebo GG, Tesfaye T, Mengie W, Mebrate MA, Abuhay A, et al. Pulp and paper mill wastes: utilizations and prospects for high value-added biomaterials. Bioresour Bioprocess. 2021;8, paper 35. DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00385-3. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[4] Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives (Text with EEA relevance). 32008L0098:2008-11. Available from: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2008/98/oj. Search in Google Scholar

[5] Cieślik MB, Świerczek L, Konieczka P. Analytical and legislative challenges of sewage sludge processing and management. Monatch Chem. 2018;149:1635-45. DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2255-2. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[6] Chew KW, Chia SR, Yen HW, Nomanbhay S, Ho YC, Show PL. Transformation of biomass waste into sustainable organic fertilisers. Sustainability. 2019;11, paper 2266. DOI: 10.3390/su11082266. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[7] Watkins G, Mäkelä M, Dahl O. Innovative use of potential industrial residues from steel, paper and pulp industries - a preliminary study. Prog Ind Ecol. 2010;7:185-204. DOI: 10.1504/PIE.2010.037775. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[8] Devi P, Saroha AK. Risk analysis of pyrolyzed biochar made from paper mill effluent treatment plant sludge for bioavailability and eco-toxicity of heavy metals. Bioresource Technol. 2014;162:308-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.093. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[9] Gerlach RW, Dobb DE, Raab GA, Nocerino JM. Gy sampling theory in environmental studies. 1. Assessing soil splitting protocols. J Chemometrics. 2002;16:321-8. DOI: 10.1002/cem.705. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[10] Scarlat N, Fahl F, Dallemand JF. Status and opportunities for energy recovery from municipal solid waste in Europe. Waste Biomass Valori. 2019;10:2425-44. DOI: 10.1007/s12649-018-0297-7. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[11] Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) (recast) (Text with EEA relevance). 32010L0075. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2010/75/oj. Search in Google Scholar

[12] ISO 10390:2005. Soil quality - determination of pH. Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/40879.html. Search in Google Scholar

[13] SFS-EN 15934:20:en. Sludge, treated biowaste, soil and waste. Calculation of dry matter fraction after determination of dry residue or water content. Available from: https://online.sfs.fi/fi/index/tuotteet/SFS/CEN/ID2/1/198991.html.stx. Search in Google Scholar

[14] SFS-EN 15169:en Characterization of waste. Determination of loss on ignition in waste, sludge and sediments. Available from: https://online.sfs.fi/fi/index/tuotteet/SFS/CEN/ID6/1/8591.html.stx. Search in Google Scholar

[15] SFS-EN 12945:2014+A1:2016en. Liming materials. Determination of neutralizing value. Titrimetric methods. Available from: https://online.sfs.fi/fi/index/tuotteet/SFS/CEN/ID2/1/440914.html.stx. Search in Google Scholar

[16] SFS-EN 13971:2020:en. Carbonate and silicate liming materials. Determination of reactivity. Potentiometric titration method with hydrochloric acid. Available from: https://online.sfs.fi/fi/index/tuotteet/SFS/CEN/ID2/1/927896.html.stx. Search in Google Scholar

[17] SFS-EN 13654-1:en. Soil improvers and growing media. Determination of nitrogen. Part 1: Modified Kjeldahl method. Available from: https://online.sfs.fi/fi/index/tuotteet/SFS/CEN/ID2/1/6841.html.stx. Search in Google Scholar

[18] Kilpimaa S, Kuokkanen T, Lassi U. Characterization and utilization potential of wood ash from combustion process and carbon residue from gasification process. BioResources. 2013;8(1):1011-27. DOI: 10.15376/biores.8.1.1011-1027. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[19] Oksanen J, Pöykiö R, Dahl O. Comparison of untreated, lime-stabilized and composted wastewater sludges from a pulp, board and paper mill integrate as a fertiliser product. J Ecol Eng. 2021;22:47-58. DOI: 10.12911/22998993/135867. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[20] SFS-EN ISO 6579-1:2017:en. Microbiology of the food chain. Horizontal method for the detection, enumeration and serotyping of Salmonella. Part 1: Detection of Salmonella spp. Available from: https://online.sfs.fi/fi/index/tuotteet/SFS/CENISO/ID2/6/477784.html.stx. Search in Google Scholar

[21] Pesonen J, Kaakinen J, Välimäki I, Illikainen M, Kuokkanen T. Comparison of standard methods for evaluating the metal concentrations in bio ash. Int J Environ Waste Manage. 2017;20:203-14. DOI: 10.1504/IJEWM.2017.087149. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[22] Karczmarek A, Studziński W. Effect of sludge sample drying before the determination of mobility of metals by sequential extraction method. World Sci News. 2017;73:24-33. Available from: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1178406. Search in Google Scholar

[23] Shtiza A, Swennen R. Appropriate sampling strategy and analytical methodology to address contamination by industry. Part 2: Geochemical and speciation analysis. Cent Eur J Geosci. 2011;3:53-70. DOI: 10.2478/v10085-010-0033-4. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[24] Mendoza Martinez CL, Sermyagina E, Vakkilainen E. Hydrothermal carbonization of chemical and biological pulp mill Sludges. Energies. 2021;14;paper 5693. DOI: 10.3390/en14185693. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[25] Vassilev SV, Baxter D, Vassileva CG. An overview of the behaviour of biomass during combustion: Part I. Phase-mineral transformations of organic and inorganic matter. Fuel. 2013:391-449. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.05.043. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[26] Aycan N, Turan NG. Effects of different agro-based materials on composting of pulp/paper-mill sludge. Arch Environ Prot. 2014;40:33-40. DOI: 10.2478/aep-2014-0008. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[27] Li T, Tong Z, Meng S, Li CY, Gao B, Bayabil HK. Characterization of residues from non-woody pulping process and its function as fertiliser. Chemosphere. 2021;262: paper 127906. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127906. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[28] Khater ESG. Some physical and chemical properties of compost. Int J Waste Resources. 2015;5: paper 1000172. DOI: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000172 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[29] Neina D. The role of soil pH in plant nutrition and soil remediation. Appl Environ Soil Sci. 2019;2019: paper 5794869. DOI: 10.1155/2019/5794869. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[30] Gondek M, Weindorf DC, Thiel C, Kleinheinz G. Soluble salts in compost and their effects on soil and plants: A review. Compost Sci Util. 2020;28:59-75. DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2020.1772906. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[31] Abdullah R, Ishak CF, Kadir WR, Bakar RA. Characterization and feasibility assessment of recycled paper mill sludges for land application in relation to the environment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12:9314-29. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809314. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[32] Liu H, Gao D, Chen T, Cai H, Zheng G. Improvement of salinity in sewage sludge compost prior to its utilization as nursery substrate. J Air Waste Manage Assoc. 2014;64:546-51. DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.872710. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[33] Rasa K, Pennanen T, Peltoniemi K, Velmala S, Fritze H, Kaseva J, et al. Pulp and paper mill sludge decrease soil erodibility. J Environ Qual. 2021;50:172-84. DOI: 10.1002/jeq.2.20170. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[34] Kinnula S, Toivonen M, Soinne H, Joona J, Kivelä J. Effects of mixed pulp mill sludges on crops yields and quality. Agric Food Sci. 2020;29:276-86. DOI: 10.23986/afsci.95600. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[35] Mäkelä-Kurtto R, Eurola M, Justén A, Backma B, Luona S, Karttunen V, et al. Arsenic and other elements in agro-ecosystems in Finland and particularly in the Pirkanmaa region. Geology Survey of Finland. Miscellaneous Publications 73. GTK Espoo Finland; 2007. Available from: http://projects.gtk.fi/export/sites/projects/ramas/reports/ArsenicInagroecosystems.pdf. Search in Google Scholar

[36] Ling J, Zhang H, Husain T, Kazemi K. Feasibility study of potential use of pulp and paper mill fly ash as a co-composting material. Int J Environ Sci Nat Res. 2017;5:167-73. DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2017.05.555675. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[37] Li T, Tong Z, Meng S, Li CY, Gao B, Bayabil HK. Characterization of residues from non-woody pulping process and its function as fertiliser. Chemosphere. 2021;262: paper 127906. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127906. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[38] Myllymäki P, Pesonen J, Nurmesniemi ET, Romar H, Tynjälä P, Hu T, et al. The use of industrial waste materials for the simultaneous removal of ammonium nitrogen and phosphate from the anaerobic digestion reject water. Waste Biomass Valor. 2020;11:4013-24. DOI: 10.1007/s12649-019-00724-8. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[39] Collivignarelli MC, Abbà A, Frattarola A, Miino MC, Padovani S, Katsoyiannis I, et al. Legislation for the reuse of biosolids on agricultural land in European Union: Overview. Sustainability. 2019;11:paper 6015. DOI: 10.3390/su11216015. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[40] Theliander H, Grén U. A system analysis of the chemical recovery plant at the sulfate pulping process. Part 3. A survey of common practice in slaking and caustisizing. Nord Pulp Paper Res J. 1987;2:101-8. DOI: 10.3183/npprj-1987-02-03-p101-108. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[41] Fearon O, Nykänen V, Kuitunen S, Ruuttunen K, Alén, Alopaeus V, et al. Detailed modelling of the kraft pulping chemistry: carbohydrate reactions. AIChE J. 2020;66: paper e16252. DOI: 10.1002/aic.16252. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[42] Kinnarinen T, Golmaei M, Jernström E, Häkkinen A. Separation, treatment and utilization of inorganic residues of chemical pulp mills. J Clean Prod. 2016;133:953-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.024. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[43] Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 laying down rules on the making available on the market of EU fertilising products and amending Regulations (EC) No. 1069/2009 and (EC) No 1107/2009 and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2003/2003 (Text with EEA relevance). 32019R1009. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/1009/oj. Search in Google Scholar

[44] Dąbrowska L. Fractions of heavy metals in residue after incineration of sewage sludge. Environ Prot Eng. 2013;39:105-13. DOI: 10.5277/EPE130210. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[45] Nzihou A, Stanmore B. The fate of heavy metals during combustion and gasification of contaminated biomass - A brief review. J Hazard Mater. 2013;256:56-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.050. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[46] Santos RM, Mertens G, Salman M, Cizer Ö, Van Gerven T. Comparative study of ageing, heat treatment and accelerated carbonation for stabilization of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash in view of reducing regulated heavy metal/metalloid leaching. J Environ Manage. 2013;128:807-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.06.033. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[47] Meyer-Dombard DA, Bogner JE, Malas J. A review of landfill microbiology and ecology: A call for modernization with ´Next Generation` Technology. Front Microbiol. 2020;11: paper 1127. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01127. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[48] Nkinahamira F, Suanon F, Chi Q, Li Y, Feng M, Huang X, et al. Occurrence, geochemical fractionation, and environmental risk assessment of major and trace elements in sewage sludge. J Environ Manage. 2019;249: paper 109427. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109427. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[49] Kaakinen J, Kuokkanen T, Kujala K, Välimäki I, Jokinen H. The use of a five-stage sequential leaching procedure for risk assessment of heavy metals in waste rock utilized in railway ballast. Soil Sediment Contam. 2012;21:322-34. DOI: 10.1080/15320383.2012.664183. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[50] Luukkonen T, Heponiemi A, Runtti H, Pesonen J, Yliniemi J, Lassi U. Application of alkali-activated materials for water and wastewater treatment: a review. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol. 2019;18:271-97. DOI: 10.1007/s11157-019-09494-0. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[51] Karwowska B, Dąbrowska L. Bioavailability of heavy metals in the municipal sewage sludge. Ecol Chem Eng A. 2017;24:75-86. DOI: 10.2428/ecea.2017.24(1)6. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[52] Pesonen J, Kuokkanen T, Rautio P, Lassi U. Bioavailability of nutrients and harmful elements in ash fertilisers: Effect of granulation. Biomass Bioenerg. 2017;100:92-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.03.019. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[53] Hei L, Jin P, Zhu X, Ye W, Yang Y. Characteristics of speciation of heavy metals in municipal sewage sludge of Guangzhou as fertiliser. Procedia Environ Sci. 2016;31:232-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.031. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[54] Jamroz E, Bekier J, Medynska-Juraszek A, Kaluza-Haladyn A, Cwielag-Piasecka I, Bednik M. The contribution of water extractable forms of plant nutrients to evaluate MSW compost maturity: a case study. Sci Rep. 2020;10: paper 12842. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69860-9. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[55] Wuana RA, Eneji IS, Ugwu EC. Heavy metals leaching behavior and ecological risks in water and wastewater treatment sludges. Adv Environ Res. 2017;6:281-99. DOI: 10.12989/aer.2017.6.4.281. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[56] Kubota R, Ohta A, Okai T. Speciation of 38 elements in eight GSJ geochemical sedimentary reference materials determined using a sequential extraction technique. Geochem J. 2014;48:165-88. DOI: 10.2343/geochemj.2.0297. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[57] Ribbe N, Arinaitwe K, Dadi T, Friese K, von Tűmpling W. Trace-element behaviour in sediments of Ugandan part of Lake Victoria: results from sequential extraction and chemometrical evaluation. Environ Earth Sci. 2021;80: paper 323. DOI: 10.1007/s12665-021-09554-1. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar