New Technology Tools and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) Applied to a Sustainable Livestock Production
, e | 24 lug 2021
INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
Article Category: Review - Food and Feed Biotechnology
Pubblicato online: 24 lug 2021
Pagine: 130 - 141
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ebtj-2021-0022
Parole chiave
© 2021 Edo D’Agaro, Franco Rosa, Natalia P. Akentieva, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Figure 1
Conversion of body mass into protein for some species
| Body mass | Conversion (%) | Conversion (%) | Protein | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Product | LW1 | LW- CW (HSCW)2 | CW-heCW3 | Kg/LW |
| Beef | 600 | 55 | 20 | 66 |
| Pigs | 120 | 75 | 25 | 22.5 |
| Poultry | 3 | 70 | 25 | 0.525 |
Crude protein production per ha and the human edible feed conversion efficiency index (heFCE) for some vegetable crops used for animal and human consumption
| Feedstuff | Production | Dry Matter | Crude Protein | heFCE1 | Index | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| t/ha | % | g/kg DM | Kg/ha | CP % | Kg/ha | heFCE/ production | |
| Barley | 6 | 8 | 125 | 750 | 80 | 600 | 0.10 |
| Maize | 12 | 8 | 106 | 1272 | 80 | 1017.6 | 0.08 |
| Wheat | 6 | 8 | 138 | 828 | 80 | 662.4 | 0.11 |
| Soybeans | 4.5 | 90 | 404 | 1818 | 80 | 1454.4 | 0.32 |
| Rapeseed meal | 2.8 | 8 | 406 | 1136.8 | 20 | 227.36 | 0.08 |
| Soybeans meal | 1.8 | 90 | 513 | 923.4 | 80 | 738.72 | 0.41 |
| Maize silage | 60 | 35 | 86 | 5160 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Sunflower meal | 2.5 | 8 | 410 | 1025 | 80 | 820 | 033 |
Consumption of Kcal fossil energy to produce 1 kg of different foods and LCA
| Food | Conversion Ratio1 | Grain2 | Forage2 | Emission Kg CO2 | Energy Kcal | Water use m3 | Land use m2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 liter of milk or Kg | 14 | 3 | 0.83 | 2.4 | 420 | 1.02 | 40 |
| poultry 1 kg of meat | 4 | 2.3 | - | 3-5 | 2390 | 4.525 | 70 |
| 1 kg meat of pig | 14 | 5.9 | - | 5-8 | 2690 | 5.99 | 110 |
| 1 kg meat of beef | 40 | 13 | 30 | 28-32 | 2500 | 17 | 1640 |
| 1 kg of maize | 3500 | 1.22 |
Expected population (billion) and meat consumption increase (MT) in the world during the period: 2010-50
| Year | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2050 | CAGR1 | ||||
| % | % | % | % | ||||||
| Human population | 6.90 | 7.67 | 8.31 | 9.15 | 0.71 | 0.71 | |||
| Meat consumption: | |||||||||
| Pig | 102.30 | 38.07 | 115.30 | 36.11 | 129.90 | 34.11 | 140.70 | 30.34 | 0.80 |
| Poultry | 85.90 | 31.97 | 111.00 | 34.76 | 143.50 | 37.68 | 193.30 | 41.68 | 2.05 |
| Bovine | 67.30 | 25.05 | 77.30 | 24.21 | 88.90 | 23.35 | 106.30 | 22.92 | 1.15 |
| Sheep/Goat | 13.20 | 4.91 | 15.70 | 4.92 | 18.50 | 4.86 | 23.50 | 5.07 | 1.45 |
| Total meat | 268.70 | 100 | 319.30 | 100 | 380.80 | 100 | 473.80 | 100 | 1.37 |
List of impact categories and environmental indicators used in environmental studies
| Impact categories | Environmental indicators |
|---|---|
| Consumption of non-renewable resources | Fossil fuels |
| Fertilizers-NPK | |
| Greenhouse effect | CO2, CH4, N2O |
| Fertility and soil function | Accumulation of heavy metals |
| NH3, NOx, SO2 | |
| Water quality (ground and surface water) | N-fertilizers, nutrient balance, nitrate leaching |
| Fertilizer, P budget, P drainage | |
| Human and environmental toxicity | Herbicides and antibiotics, nitrates |
| NH3, PM10, PM2.5 | |
| Biodiversity | Number of species, breeds and varieties |
| Landscape | Pastoral activities, variety of environments |
| Animal welfare | Structures, reproduction, health care |
| Others | Smells, noises, ozone layer, etc. |
Average values of human edible fraction of protein content in some animal species
| Average (g/Kg edible product) | Range (g/Kg edible product) | |
|---|---|---|
| Milk (cows) | 34 | 33.3 -34 |
| Beef | 200 | 185-209 |
| Pigs | 182 | 150-220 |
| Poultry | 201 | 190-212 |
| Eggs | 125 | 120-130 |
List of precision livestock farming applications in the animal production sector
| - weather information systems |
| - recording systems and microclimate control, animal housing, air quality, water quality - lighting and photoperiod control systems |
| - bioacoustics |
| - automatic forage analysis systems: in the field, at harvesting or during the storage (including biomass temperature detection systems, e.g. |
| - integrated systems for intelligent feed preparation and distribution (e.g. corrections based on NIR analysis) - automated forage transfer systems |
| - feeding / nursing robots |
| - physical-chemical quality control systems for distributed feeds |
| - control systems / estimation of food intake |
| - food digestibility estimation systems |
| - control of emissions |
| - activity detection meters (pedometers, activometers, collars, earphones) |
| - biomarkers in milk (somatic cell count, conductivity, lactate dehydrogenase) - calving alert detectors (vaginal temperature) |
| - rumen function (rumen bolus (temperature, pH, drinking) - position location (GPS) |
| -Boby condition score (BCS) (using 3D imaging) |
| - individual/quarter production detection (including milk flow registration) - diagnostic breast detection (color, conductivity, enzymes, California Mastitis Test (CMT), somatic cells (UV fluorescence), thermography) |
| - macro-component detection (fat, protein, lactose) (Near Infrared, NIR) |
| - nutritional diagnostic detection (urea, ketone bodies) |
| - reproductive diagnostics (progesterone) |
| - milking robot |
| - manure cleaning robot |
| - manure analysis systems |
| - emission recordings |
| - energy consumption control systems |
| - work organization and company operational time recording |
| - integrated warehouse management systems |
| -integration with transformation phases |
| - integration of company information with other operators in the supply chain |
| - big data management, statistical processing and analysis, information generation within decision support systems (DSS) |
| - use of information for monitoring, management or genetic improvement of production animals |
Overview of the protein efficiency conversion for some species
| Species | Body Weight | Performance | Dry Matter intake | Forage/ concentrate | Edible fraction | Edible Protein (EP) | Protein Edible Yield (EPY) | HEPY |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kg | Kg/d | Kg/d | %DM | %BW | g/kg | g/d | BW/g/kg d | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5=4*CP% | 6=1*5*+95 | 7=6/1 | ||
| Dairy cow | 600 | 30 | 29 | 2/7 | 95 | 34 | 969 | 1.615 |
| Fattening veal | 250 | 1.2 | 7.4 | 4.65/2.76 | 50 | 328 | 196.8 | 0.7872 |
| Pig | 120 | 0.6 | 0.37 | 65 | 120 | 36 | 0.3 | |
| Broiler | 3 | 0.067 | 0.096 | 60 | 150 | 5.025 | 1.675 |