Abuse Liability Assessment of the RELX Infinity^® Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Among Adult Smokers and Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Users

1. Breland, A., E. Soule, A. Lopez, C. Ramôa, A. El-Hellani, and T. Eissenberg: Electronic Cigarettes: What Are They and What Do They Do?; Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1394 (2017) 5–30. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12977. Breland A. Soule E. Lopez A. Ramôa C. El-Hellani A. Eissenberg T. Electronic Cigarettes: What Are They and What Do They Do? Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1394 2017 5 30 10.1111/nyas.12977 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

2. Zimmermann, R., R. Hertz-Schünemann, S. Ehlert, C. Liu, K. McAdam, R. Baker, and T. Streibel: Highly Time-Resolved Imaging of Combustion and Pyrolysis Product Concentrations in Solid Fuel Combustion: NO Formation in a Burning Cigarette; Anal. Chem. 87 (2015) 1711–1717. DOI: 10.1021/ac503512a Zimmermann R. Hertz-Schünemann R. Ehlert S. Liu C. McAdam K. Baker R. Streibel T. Highly Time-Resolved Imaging of Combustion and Pyrolysis Product Concentrations in Solid Fuel Combustion: NO Formation in a Burning Cigarette Anal. Chem. 87 2015 1711 1717 10.1021/ac503512a Open DOI

3. Perfetti, T.A. and A. Rodgman: The Complexity of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 24 (2011) 215–232. DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0902 Perfetti T.A. Rodgman A. The Complexity of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 24 2011 215 232 10.2478/cttr-2013-0902 Open DOI

4. Margham, J., K. McAdam, M. Forster, C. Liu, C. Wright, D. Mariner, and C. Proctor: Chemical Composition of Aerosol from an E-Cigarette: A Quantitative Comparison with Cigarette Smoke; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 29 (2016) 1662–1678. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00188 Margham J. McAdam K. Forster M. Liu C. Wright C. Mariner D. Proctor C. Chemical Composition of Aerosol from an E-Cigarette: A Quantitative Comparison with Cigarette Smoke Chem. Res. Toxicol. 29 2016 1662 1678 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00188 Open DOI

5. National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine: Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes; edited by K. Stratton, L.Y. Kwan, and D.L. Eaton, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA, 2018, 680 pp. DOI: 10.17226/24952 National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes Stratton K. Kwan L.Y. Eaton D.L. National Academies Press Washington, DC, USA 2018 680 10.17226/24952 Open DOI

6. McNeill, A., L.S. Brose, R. Calder, L. Bauld, and D. Robson: Evidence Review of E-Cigarettes and Heated Tobacco Products 2018. A Report Commissioned by Public Health England; Public Health England, London, UK, 2018. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/684963/Evidence_review_of_ecigarettes_and_heated_tobacco_products_2018.pdf (accessed June 11, 2025). McNeill A. Brose L.S. Calder R. Bauld L. Robson: D. Evidence Review of E-Cigarettes and Heated Tobacco Products 2018. A Report Commissioned by Public Health England Public Health England London, UK 2018 Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/684963/Evidence_review_of_ecigarettes_and_heated_tobacco_products_2018.pdf (accessed June 11, 2025). Search in Google Scholar

7. Shahab, L., M.L. Goniewicz, B.C. Blount, J. Brown, A. McNeill, K.U. Alwis, J. Feng, L. Wang, and R. West: Nicotine, Carcinogen, and Toxin Exposure in Long-Term E-Cigarette and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Users: A Cross-Sectional Study; Ann. Intern. Med. 166 (2017) 390–400. DOI: 10.7326/M16-1107 Shahab L. Goniewicz M.L. Blount B.C. Brown J. McNeill A. Alwis K.U. Feng J. Wang L. West R. Nicotine, Carcinogen, and Toxin Exposure in Long-Term E-Cigarette and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Users: A Cross-Sectional Study Ann. Intern. Med. 166 2017 390 400 10.7326/M16-1107 Open DOI

8. Goniewicz, M.L., D.M. Smith, K.C. Edwards, B.C. Blount, K.L. Caldwell, J. Feng, L. Wang, C. Christensen, B. Ambrose, N. Borek, D. van Bemmel, K. Konkel, G. Erives, C.A. Stanton, E. Lambert, H.L. Kimmel, D. Hatsukami, S.S. Hecht, R.S. Niaura, M. Travers, et al.: Comparison of Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure in Users of Electronic Cigarettes and Combustible Cigarettes; JAMA Network Open 1 (2018) e185937. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5937 Goniewicz M.L. Smith D.M. Edwards K.C. Blount B.C. Caldwell K.L. Feng J. Wang L. Christensen C. Ambrose B. Borek N. van Bemmel D. Konkel K. Erives G. Stanton C.A. Lambert E. Kimmel H.L. Hatsukami D. Hecht S.S. Niaura R.S. Travers M. Comparison of Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure in Users of Electronic Cigarettes and Combustible Cigarettes JAMA Network Open 1 2018 e185937 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5937 Open DOI

9. Smith, D.M., L. Shahab, B.C. Blount, M. Gawron, L. Kosminder, A. Sobczak, B. Xia, C.S. Sosnoff, and M.L. Goniewicz: Differences in Exposure to Nicotine, Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines, and Volatile Organic Compounds among Electronic Cigarette Users, Tobacco Smokers, and Dual Users from Three Countries; Toxics 8 (2020) 88. DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040088 Smith D.M. Shahab L. Blount B.C. Gawron M. Kosminder L. Sobczak A. Xia B. Sosnoff C.S. Goniewicz M.L. Differences in Exposure to Nicotine, Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines, and Volatile Organic Compounds among Electronic Cigarette Users, Tobacco Smokers, and Dual Users from Three Countries Toxics 8 2020 88 10.3390/toxics8040088 Open DOI

10. Cohen, G., N.I. Goldenson, P. Bailey, S. Chan, and S. Shiffman: Changes in Biomarkers of Cigarette Smoke Exposure After 6 Days of Switching Exclusively or Partially to Use of the JUUL System With Two Nicotine Concentrations: A Randomized Controlled Confinement Study in Adult Smokers; Nicotine Tob. Res. 23 (2021) 2153–2161. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab134 Cohen G. Goldenson N.I. Bailey P. Chan S. Shiffman S. Changes in Biomarkers of Cigarette Smoke Exposure After 6 Days of Switching Exclusively or Partially to Use of the JUUL System With Two Nicotine Concentrations: A Randomized Controlled Confinement Study in Adult Smokers Nicotine Tob. Res. 23 2021 2153 2161 10.1093/ntr/ntab134 Open DOI

11. McEwan, M., N. Gale, J.K. Ebajemito, O.M. Camacho, G. Hardie, C.J. Proctor, and J. Murphy: A Randomized Controlled Study in Healthy Participants to Explore the Exposure Continuum When Smokers Switch to a Tobacco Heating Product or an E-Cigarette Relative to Cessation; Toxicol. Rep. 8 (2021) 994–1001. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.05.003 McEwan M. Gale N. Ebajemito J.K. Camacho O.M. Hardie G. Proctor C.J. Murphy J. A Randomized Controlled Study in Healthy Participants to Explore the Exposure Continuum When Smokers Switch to a Tobacco Heating Product or an E-Cigarette Relative to Cessation Toxicol. Rep. 8 2021 994 1001 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.05.003 Open DOI

12. Morris P., S. McDermott, F. Chapman, T. Verron, X. Cahours, M. Stevenson, J. Thompson, N. Chaudhary, and G. O’Connell: Reductions in Biomarkers of Exposure to Selected Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents Following Exclusive and Partial Switching from Combustible Cigarettes to Myblu™ Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). Intern. Emerg. Med. 17 (2022) 397–410. DOI: 10.1007/s11739-021-02813-w Morris P. McDermott S. Chapman F. Verron T. Cahours X. Stevenson M. Thompson J. Chaudhary N. O’Connell G. Reductions in Biomarkers of Exposure to Selected Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents Following Exclusive and Partial Switching from Combustible Cigarettes to Myblu™ Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Intern. Emerg. Med. 17 2022 397 410 10.1007/s11739-021-02813-w Open DOI

13. Koh, H.K. and M.C. Fiore: The Tobacco Industry and Harm Reduction; JAMA 328 (2022) 2009–2010. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.20679 Koh H.K. Fiore M.C. The Tobacco Industry and Harm Reduction JAMA 328 2022 2009 2010 10.1001/jama.2022.20679 Open DOI

14. Abrams, D.B., A.M. Glasser, A.C. Villanti, J.L. Pearson, S. Rose, and R.S. Niaura: Managing Nicotine Without Smoke to Save Lives Now: Evidence for Harm Minimization; Prev. Med. 117 (2018) 88–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.06.010 Abrams D.B. Glasser A.M. Villanti A.C. Pearson J.L. Rose S. Niaura R.S. Managing Nicotine Without Smoke to Save Lives Now: Evidence for Harm Minimization Prev. Med. 117 2018 88 97 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.06.010 Open DOI

15. Levy, D.T., R. Borland, E.N. Lindblom, M.L. Goniewicz, R. Meza, T.R. Holford, Z. Yuan, Y. Luo, R.J. O’Connor, R. Niaura, and D.B. Abrams: Potential Deaths Averted in USA by Replacing Cigarettes with E-Cigarettes; Tob. Control 27 (2018) 18–25. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053759 Levy D.T. Borland R. Lindblom E.N. Goniewicz M.L. Meza R. Holford T.R. Yuan Z. Luo Y. O’Connor R.J. Niaura R. Abrams D.B. Potential Deaths Averted in USA by Replacing Cigarettes with E-Cigarettes Tob. Control 27 2018 18 25 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053759 Open DOI

16. New Zealand Ministry of Health: Website - “Vaping Facts”; Health New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 2022. Available at: https://vapingfacts.health.nz/our-position-on-vaping.html (accessed June 24, 2025) New Zealand Ministry of Health Website - “Vaping Facts” Health New Zealand Wellington, New Zealand 2022 Available at: https://vapingfacts.health.nz/our-position-on-vaping.html (accessed June 24, 2025) Search in Google Scholar

17. Government of Canada, Health Canada: Website – “Vaping and Quitting Smoking”; Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2022, last updated February 17, 2023. Available at: www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/smoking-tobacco/vaping/smokers.html (accessed June 11, 2025) Government of Canada, Health Canada Website – “Vaping and Quitting Smoking” Health Canada Ottawa, ON, Canada 2022 last updated February 17, 2023. Available at: www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/smoking-tobacco/vaping/smokers.html (accessed June 11, 2025) Search in Google Scholar

18. McNeill, A., E. Simonavicius, L. Brose, E. Taylor, K. East, E. Zuikova, R. Calder, and D. Robson: Nicotine Vaping in England: An Evidence Update Including Health Risks and Perceptions, 2022. A Report Commissioned by the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities; Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, London, UK, September 29, 2022. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/633469fc8fa8f5066d28e1a2/Nicotine-vaping-in-England-2022-report.pdf (accessed June 11, 2025) McNeill A. Simonavicius E. Brose L. Taylor E. East K. Zuikova E. Calder R. Robson D. Nicotine Vaping in England: An Evidence Update Including Health Risks and Perceptions, 2022. A Report Commissioned by the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities Office for Health Improvement and Disparities London, UK September 29 2022 Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/633469fc8fa8f5066d28e1a2/Nicotine-vaping-in-England-2022-report.pdf (accessed June 11, 2025) Search in Google Scholar

19. Zhu, S.H., Y.L. Zhuang, S. Wong, S.E. Cummins, and G.J. Tedeschi: E-Cigarette Use and Associated Changes in Population Smoking Cessation: Evidence from US Current Population Surveys; BMJ 358 (2017) j3262. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j3262 Zhu S.H. Zhuang Y.L. Wong S. Cummins S.E. Tedeschi G.J. E-Cigarette Use and Associated Changes in Population Smoking Cessation: Evidence from US Current Population Surveys BMJ 358 2017 j3262 10.1136/bmj.j3262 Open DOI

20. Giovenco, D.P. and C.D. Delnevo: Prevalence of Population Smoking Cessation by Electronic Cigarette Use Status in a National Sample of Recent Smokers; Addict. Behav. 76 (2018) 129–134. DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.002 Giovenco D.P. Delnevo C.D. Prevalence of Population Smoking Cessation by Electronic Cigarette Use Status in a National Sample of Recent Smokers Addict. Behav. 76 2018 129 134 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.002 Open DOI

21. Levy, D.T., Z. Yuan, Y. Luo, and D.B. Abrams: The Relationship of E-Cigarette Use to Cigarette Quit Attempts and Cessation: Insights from a Large, Nationally Representative U.S. Survey; Nicotine Tob. Res. 20 (2018) 931–939. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx166 Levy D.T. Yuan Z. Luo Y. Abrams D.B. The Relationship of E-Cigarette Use to Cigarette Quit Attempts and Cessation: Insights from a Large, Nationally Representative U.S. Survey Nicotine Tob. Res. 20 2018 931 939 10.1093/ntr/ntx166 Open DOI

22. Berry, K.M., L.M. Reynolds, J.M. Collins, M.B. Siegel, J.L. Fetterman, N.M. Hamburg, A. Bhatnagar, E.J. Benjamin, and A. Stokes: E-Cigarette Initiation and Associated Changes in Smoking Cessation and Reduction: The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, 2013–2015. Tob. Control 28 (2019) 42–49. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054108 Berry K.M. Reynolds L.M. Collins J.M. Siegel M.B. Fetterman J.L. Hamburg N.M. Bhatnagar A. Benjamin E.J. Stokes A. E-Cigarette Initiation and Associated Changes in Smoking Cessation and Reduction: The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, 2013–2015. Tob Control 28 2019 42 49 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054108 Open DOI

23. Beard E., R. West, S. Michie, and J. Brown: Association of Prevalence of Electronic Cigarette Use with Smoking Cessation and Cigarette Consumption in England: A Time-Series Analysis Between 2006 and 2017; Addiction 115 (2020) 961–974. DOI: 10.1111/add.14851 Beard E. West R. Michie S. Brown J. Association of Prevalence of Electronic Cigarette Use with Smoking Cessation and Cigarette Consumption in England: A Time-Series Analysis Between 2006 and 2017 Addiction 115 2020 961 974 10.1111/add.14851 Open DOI

24. Pierce, J.P., T. Benmarhnia, R. Chen, M. White, D.B. Abrams, B.K. Ambrose, C. Blanco, N. Borek, K. Choi, B. Coleman, W.M. Compton, K.M. Cummings, C.D. Delnevo, T. Elton-Marshall, M.L. Goniewicz, S. Gravely, G.T. Fong, D. Hatsukami, J. Henrie, K.A. Kasza, et al.: Role of E-Cigarettes and Pharmacotherapy During Attempts to Quit Cigarette Smoking: The PATH Study 2013–16; PLoS ONE 15 (2020) e0237938. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237938 Pierce J.P. Benmarhnia T. Chen R. White M. Abrams D.B. Ambrose B.K. Blanco C. Borek N. Choi K. Coleman B. Compton W.M. Cummings K.M. Delnevo C.D. Elton-Marshall T. Goniewicz M.L. Gravely S. Fong G.T. Hatsukami D. Henrie J. Kasza K.A. Role of E-Cigarettes and Pharmacotherapy During Attempts to Quit Cigarette Smoking: The PATH Study 2013–16 PLoS ONE 15 2020 e0237938 10.1371/journal.pone.0237938 Open DOI

25. Hartmann-Boyce, J., N. Lindson, A.R. Butler, H. McRobbie, C. Bullen, R. Begh, A. Theodoulou, C. Notley, N.A. Rigotti, T. Turner, T.R. Fanshawe, and P. Hajek: Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation; Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 11 (2022) Cd010216. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub7 Hartmann-Boyce J. Lindson N. Butler A.R. McRobbie H. Bullen C. Begh R. Theodoulou A. Notley C. Rigotti N.A. Turner T. Fanshawe T.R. Hajek P. Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 11 2022 Cd010216 10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub7 Open DOI

26. Fagerström, K.: Can Alternative Nicotine Products Put the Final Nail in the Smoking Coffin?; Harm. Reduct. J. 19 (2022) 131. DOI: 10.1186/s12954-022-00722-5 Fagerström K. Can Alternative Nicotine Products Put the Final Nail in the Smoking Coffin? Harm. Reduct. J. 19 2022 131 10.1186/s12954-022-00722-5 Open DOI

27. Fearon I.M. Human Abuse Liability Assessment of E-Cigarettes: Why, What and How? Drug Test. Anal. 15 (2022) 1211–1221. DOI: 10.1002/dta.3251 Fearon I.M. Human Abuse Liability Assessment of E-Cigarettes: Why, What and How? Drug Test. Anal. 15 2022 1211 1221 10.1002/dta.3251 Open DOI

28. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Tobacco Products (CPT): Premarket Tobacco Product Applications for Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (Revised) — Guidance for Industry, FDA, Rockville, MD, USA, 2023. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/127853/download (accessed June 11, 2025). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Tobacco Products (CPT) Premarket Tobacco Product Applications for Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (Revised) — Guidance for Industry FDA Rockville, MD, USA 2023 Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/127853/download (accessed June 11, 2025). Search in Google Scholar

29. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Premarket Tobacco Product Applications and Recordkeeping Requirements. Final Rule; FDA, Washington, DC, USA, 2021, 86 FR 55300–55439. Available at: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-10-05/pdf/2021-21011.pdf (accessed June 11, 2025) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Premarket Tobacco Product Applications and Recordkeeping Requirements Final Rule; FDA Washington, DC, USA 2021 86 FR 55300 55439 Available at: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-10-05/pdf/2021-21011.pdf (accessed June 11, 2025) Search in Google Scholar

30. Vansickel, A., S. Baxter, N. Sherwood, M. Kong, and L. Campbell: Human Abuse Liability Assessment of Tobacco and Nicotine Products: Approaches for Meeting Current Regulatory Recommendations; Nicotine Tob. Res. 24 (2022) 295–305. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab183 Vansickel A. Baxter S. Sherwood N. Kong M. Campbell L. Human Abuse Liability Assessment of Tobacco and Nicotine Products: Approaches for Meeting Current Regulatory Recommendations Nicotine Tob. Res. 24 2022 295 305 10.1093/ntr/ntab183 Open DOI

31. Henningfield J.E. and R.M. Keenan: Nicotine Delivery Kinetics and Abuse Liability; J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 61 (1993) 743–750. DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.61.5.743 Henningfield J.E. Keenan R.M. Nicotine Delivery Kinetics and Abuse Liability J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 61 1993 743 750 10.1037//0022-006x.61.5.743 Open DOI

32. Henningfield, J.E., D.K. Hatsukami, M. Zeller, and E. Peters: Conference on Abuse Liability and Appeal of Tobacco Products: Conclusions and Recommendations; Drug Alcohol Depend. 116 (2011) 1–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.009 Henningfield J.E. Hatsukami D.K. Zeller M. Peters E. Conference on Abuse Liability and Appeal of Tobacco Products: Conclusions and Recommendations Drug Alcohol Depend. 116 2011 1 7 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.009 Open DOI

33. Hatsukami, D.K., Y. Zhang, R.J. O’Connor, and H.H. Severson: Subjective Responses to Oral Tobacco Products: Scale Validation; Nicotine Tob. Res. 15 (2013) 1259–1264. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts265 Hatsukami D.K. Zhang Y. O’Connor R.J. Severson H.H. Subjective Responses to Oral Tobacco Products: Scale Validation Nicotine Tob. Res. 15 2013 1259 1264 10.1093/ntr/nts265 Open DOI

34. Vansickel A.R., C.O. Cobb, M.F. Weaver, and T.E. Eissenberg. A Clinical Laboratory Model for Evaluating the Acute Effects of Electronic “Cigarettes”: Nicotine Delivery Profile and Cardiovascular and Subjective Effects. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 19 (2010) 1945–1953. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0288. Vansickel A.R. Cobb C.O. Weaver M.F. Eissenberg T.E. A Clinical Laboratory Model for Evaluating the Acute Effects of Electronic “Cigarettes” Nicotine Delivery Profile and Cardiovascular and Subjective Effects Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 19 2010 1945 1953 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0288 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

35. Stiles, M.F., L.R. Campbell, D.W. Graff, B.A. Jones, R.V. Fant, and J.E. Henningfield: Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Electronic Cigarettes, Combustible Cigarettes, and Nicotine Gum: Implications for Abuse Liability; Psychopharmacology 234 (2017) 2643–2655. DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4665-y Stiles M.F. Campbell L.R. Graff D.W. Jones B.A. Fant R.V. Henningfield J.E. Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Electronic Cigarettes, Combustible Cigarettes, and Nicotine Gum: Implications for Abuse Liability Psychopharmacology 234 2017 2643 2655 10.1007/s00213-017-4665-y Open DOI

36. Fearon I.M., A.C. Eldridge, N. Gal, M. McEwan, M.F. Stiles, E.K. Round. Nicotine Pharmacokinetics of Electronic Cigarettes: A Review of the Literature; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 100 (2018) 25–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.09.004 Fearon I.M. Eldridge A.C. Gal N. McEwan M. Stiles M.F. Round E.K. Nicotine Pharmacokinetics of Electronic Cigarettes: A Review of the Literature Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 100 2018 25 34 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.09.004 Open DOI

37. Stiles, M.F., L.R. Campbell, T. Jin, D.W. Graff, R.V. Fant, and J.E. Henningfield: Assessment of the Abuse Liability of Three Menthol Vuse Solo Electronic Cigarettes Relative to Combustible Cigarettes and Nicotine Gum; Psychopharmacology 235 (2018) 2077–2086. DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4904-x Stiles M.F. Campbell L.R. Jin T. Graff D.W. Fant R.V. Henningfield J.E. Assessment of the Abuse Liability of Three Menthol Vuse Solo Electronic Cigarettes Relative to Combustible Cigarettes and Nicotine Gum Psychopharmacology 235 2018 2077 2086 10.1007/s00213-018-4904-x Open DOI

38. Maloney, S.F., A. Breland, E.K. Soule, M. Hiler, C. Ramôa, T. Lipato, and T. Eissenberg: Abuse Liability Assessment of an Electronic Cigarette in Combustible Cigarette Smokers; Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 27 (2019) 443–454. DOI: 10.1037/pha0000261 Maloney S.F. Breland A. Soule E.K. Hiler M. Ramôa C. Lipato T. Eissenberg T. Abuse Liability Assessment of an Electronic Cigarette in Combustible Cigarette Smokers Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 27 2019 443 454 10.1037/pha0000261 Open DOI

39. Ebajemito, J.K., M. McEwan, N. Gale, O.M. Camacho, G. Hardie, and C.J. Proctor: A Randomised Controlled Single-Centre Open-Label Pharmacokinetic Study to Examine Various Approaches of Nicotine Delivery Using Electronic Cigarettes. Sci. Rep. 10 (2020) 19980. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76610-4 Ebajemito J.K. McEwan M. Gale N. Camacho O.M. Hardie G. Proctor C.J. A Randomised Controlled Single-Centre Open-Label Pharmacokinetic Study to Examine Various Approaches of Nicotine Delivery Using Electronic Cigarettes Sci. Rep. 10 2020 19980 10.1038/s41598-020-76610-4 Open DOI

40. Goldenson N.I., A.R. Buchhalter, E.M. Augustson, M.L. Rubinstein, and J.E. Henningfield: Abuse Liability Assessment of the JUUL System in Four Flavors Relative to Combustible Cigarette, Nicotine Gum and a Comparator Electronic Nicotine Delivery System among Adult Smokers; Drug Alcohol Depend. 217 (2020) 108395. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108395 Goldenson N.I. Buchhalter A.R. Augustson E.M. Rubinstein M.L. Henningfield J.E. Abuse Liability Assessment of the JUUL System in Four Flavors Relative to Combustible Cigarette, Nicotine Gum and a Comparator Electronic Nicotine Delivery System among Adult Smokers Drug Alcohol Depend. 217 2020 108395 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108395 Open DOI

41. Goldenson N.I., A.R. Buchhalter, E.M. Augustson, M.L. Rubinstein, D. Van Hoof, and J.E. Henningfield: Abuse Liability Assessment of the JUUL System in Two Nicotine Concentrations Compared to Combustible Cigarette, Nicotine Gum and Comparator Electronic Nicotine Delivery System; Drug Alcohol Depend. 217 (2020) 108441. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108441 Goldenson N.I. Buchhalter A.R. Augustson E.M. Rubinstein M.L. Van Hoof D. Henningfield J.E. Abuse Liability Assessment of the JUUL System in Two Nicotine Concentrations Compared to Combustible Cigarette, Nicotine Gum and Comparator Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Drug Alcohol Depend. 217 2020 108441 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108441 Open DOI

42. Hajek, P., K. Pittaccio, F. Pesola, K. Myers Smith, A. Phillips-Waller, and D. Przulj: Nicotine Delivery and Users’ Reactions to Juul Compared with Cigarettes and Other E-Cigarette Products; Addiction 115 (2020) 1141–1148. DOI: 10.1111/add.14936 Hajek P. Pittaccio K. Pesola F. Myers Smith K. Phillips-Waller A. Przulj D. Nicotine Delivery and Users’ Reactions to Juul Compared with Cigarettes and Other E-Cigarette Products Addiction 115 2020 1141 1148 10.1111/add.14936 Open DOI

43. Goldenson N.I., I.M. Fearon, A.R. Buchhalter, and J.E. Henningfield: An Open-Label, Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Study to Assess Nicotine Pharmacokinetics and Subjective Effects of the JUUL System with Three Nicotine Concentrations Relative to Combustible Cigarettes in Adult Smokers; Nicotine Tob. Res. 23 (2021) 947–955. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab001 Goldenson N.I. Fearon I.M. Buchhalter A.R. Henningfield J.E. An Open-Label, Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Study to Assess Nicotine Pharmacokinetics and Subjective Effects of the JUUL System with Three Nicotine Concentrations Relative to Combustible Cigarettes in Adult Smokers Nicotine Tob. Res. 23 2021 947 955 10.1093/ntr/ntab001 Open DOI

44. Campbell, C., T. Jin, E.K. Round, E. Schmidt, P. Nelson, and S. Baxter: Part One: Abuse Liability of Vuse Solo (G2) Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Relative to Combustible Cigarettes and Nicotine Gum; Sci. Rep. 12 (2022) 22080. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26417-2 Campbell C. Jin T. Round E.K. Schmidt E. Nelson P. Baxter S. Part One: Abuse Liability of Vuse Solo (G2) Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Relative to Combustible Cigarettes and Nicotine Gum Sci. Rep. 12 2022 22080 10.1038/s41598-022-26417-2 Open DOI

45. Benowitz, N.L., G.E. Swan, P. Jacob III, C.N Lessov-Schlaggar., and R.F. Tyndale: CYP2A6 Genotype and the Metabolism and Disposition Kinetics of Nicotine; Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 80 (2006) 457–467. DOI: 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.08.011 Benowitz N.L. Swan G.E. Jacob P. III Lessov-Schlaggar C.N. Tyndale R.F. CYP2A6 Genotype and the Metabolism and Disposition Kinetics of Nicotine Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 80 2006 457 467 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.08.011 Open DOI

46. Shiffman, S., E.J. Cone, A.R. Buchhalter, J.E. Henningfield, J.M. Rohay, J.G. Gitchell, J.M. Pinney, and T. Chau: Rapid Absorption of Nicotine from New Nicotine Gum Formulations; Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 91 (2009) 380–384. DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.08.012 Shiffman S. Cone E.J. Buchhalter A.R. Henningfield J.E. Rohay J.M. Gitchell J.G. Pinney J.M. Chau T. Rapid Absorption of Nicotine from New Nicotine Gum Formulations Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 91 2009 380 384 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.08.012 Open DOI

47. Han, L.: Calculating the Point Estimate and Confidence Interval of Hodges Lehmann’s Median Using SAS® Software; SESUG Proceedings (2008) Paper ST-154. Available at: https://analytics.ncsu.edu/sesug/2008/ST-154.pdf (accessed June 11, 2025) Han L. Calculating the Point Estimate and Confidence Interval of Hodges Lehmann’s Median Using SAS® Software SESUG Proceedings (2008) Paper ST-154. Available at: https://analytics.ncsu.edu/sesug/2008/ST-154.pdf (accessed June 11, 2025) Search in Google Scholar

48. Daniel, W.W.: Applied Nonparametric Statistics, 2nd ed., PWS-KENT, Boston, MA, USA, 1990, 635 pp., ISBN: 9780534381943. Daniel W.W. Applied Nonparametric Statistics 2nd ed. PWS-KENT Boston, MA, USA 1990 635 ISBN: 9780534381943 Search in Google Scholar

49. Gades, M.S., A. Petersen, E. Meier, B.R. Lindgren, R.J. O’Connor, P.G. Shields, and D. Hatsukami: The Role of Subjective Responses in Electronic Cigarette Uptake and Substitution in Adult Smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 212 (2020) 107999. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107999 Gades M.S. Petersen A. Meier E. Lindgren B.R. O’Connor R.J. Shields P.G. Hatsukami D. The Role of Subjective Responses in Electronic Cigarette Uptake and Substitution in Adult Smokers Drug Alcohol Depend 212 2020 107999 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107999 Open DOI

50. Goldenson N.I., E.M. Augustson, J. Chen, and S. Shiffman: Pharmacokinetic and Subjective Assessment of Prototype Juul2 Electronic Nicotine Delivery System in Two Nicotine Concentrations, JUUL System, IQOS, and Combustible Cigarette; Psychopharmacology 239 (2022) 977–988. DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06100-0 Goldenson N.I. Augustson E.M. Chen J. Shiffman S. Pharmacokinetic and Subjective Assessment of Prototype Juul2 Electronic Nicotine Delivery System in Two Nicotine Concentrations, JUUL System, IQOS, and Combustible Cigarette Psychopharmacology 239 2022 977 988 10.1007/s00213-022-06100-0 Open DOI

51. Ashley, D.L., C.A. Spears, S.R. Weaver, J. Huang, and M.P. Eriksen: E-Cigarettes: How Can They Help Smokers Quit Without Addicting a New Generation?; Prev. Med. 140 (2020) 106145. DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106145 Ashley D.L. Spears C.A. Weaver S.R. Huang J. Eriksen M.P. E-Cigarettes: How Can They Help Smokers Quit Without Addicting a New Generation? Prev. Med. 140 2020 106145 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106145 Open DOI

52. Cahn, Z., J. Drope, C.E. Douglas, R. Henson, C.J. Berg, D.L. Ashley, and M.P. Eriksen: Applying the Population Health Standard to the Regulation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Nicotine Tob. Res. 23 (2021) 780–789. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa190 Cahn Z. Drope J. Douglas C.E. Henson R. Berg C.J. Ashley D.L. Eriksen M.P. Applying the Population Health Standard to the Regulation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Nicotine Tob. Res. 23 2021 780 789 10.1093/ntr/ntaa190 Open DOI

53. Goldenson N.I., Y. Ding, S. Prakash, C. Hatcher, E.M. Augustson, and S. Shiffman: Differences in Switching Away from Smoking among Adult Smokers Using JUUL Products in Regions with Different Maximum Nicotine Concentrations: North America and the United Kingdom; Nicotine Tob. Res. 23 (2021) 1821–1830. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab062 Goldenson N.I. Ding Y. Prakash S. Hatcher C. Augustson E.M. Shiffman S. Differences in Switching Away from Smoking among Adult Smokers Using JUUL Products in Regions with Different Maximum Nicotine Concentrations: North America and the United Kingdom Nicotine Tob. Res. 23 2021 1821 1830 10.1093/ntr/ntab062 Open DOI

54. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Technical Project Lead (TPL) Review of PMTAs: Vuse Solo, 2021. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/153017/download (accessed June 11, 2025) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Technical Project Lead (TPL) Review of PMTAs Vuse Solo 2021 Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/153017/download (accessed June 11, 2025) Search in Google Scholar

55. Prakash, S., C. Hatcher, and S. Shiffman: Prevalence of ENDS and JUUL Use, by Smoking Status, in National Samples of Young Adults and Older Adults in the U.S.; Am. J. Health Behav. 45 (2021) 402–418. DOI: 10.5993/AJHB.45.3.2 Prakash S. Hatcher C. Shiffman S. Prevalence of ENDS and JUUL Use, by Smoking Status, in National Samples of Young Adults and Older Adults in the U.S. Am. J. Health Behav. 45 2021 402 418 10.5993/AJHB.45.3.2 Open DOI

56. Krishnan, N., L.C. Abroms, and C.J. Berg: Electronic Nicotine Product Cessation and Cigarette Smoking: Analysis of Waves 3 and 4 from the PATH Study; Nicotine Tob. Res. 24 (2021) 324–332. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab155 Krishnan N. Abroms L.C. Berg C.J. Electronic Nicotine Product Cessation and Cigarette Smoking: Analysis of Waves 3 and 4 from the PATH Study Nicotine Tob. Res. 24 2021 324 332 10.1093/ntr/ntab155 Open DOI

57. Hajek, P., M.L. Goniewicz, A. Phillips, K. Myers Smith, O. West, and H. McRobbie: Nicotine Intake from Electronic Cigarettes on Initial Use and after 4 Weeks of Regular Use; Nicotine Tob. Res. 17 (2015) 175–179. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu153 Hajek P. Goniewicz M.L. Phillips A. Myers Smith K. West O. McRobbie H. Nicotine Intake from Electronic Cigarettes on Initial Use and after 4 Weeks of Regular Use Nicotine Tob. Res. 17 2015 175 179 10.1093/ntr/ntu153 Open DOI

58.Farsalinos, K.E., A. Spyrou, C. Stefopoulos, K. Tsimopoulou, P. Kourkoveli, D. Tsiapras, S. Kyrzopoulos, K. Poulas, and V. Voudris: Nicotine Absorption from Electronic Cigarette Use: Comparison Between Experienced Consumers (Vapers) and Naïve Users (Smokers); Sci. Rep. 5 (2015) 11269. DOI: 10.1038/srep11269 Farsalinos K.E. Spyrou A. Stefopoulos C. Tsimopoulou K. Kourkoveli P. Tsiapras D. Kyrzopoulos S. Poulas K. Voudris V. Nicotine Absorption from Electronic Cigarette Use: Comparison Between Experienced Consumers (Vapers) and Naïve Users (Smokers) Sci. Rep. 5 2015 11269 10.1038/srep11269 Open DOI