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The Effects of Cigarette Filter Ventilation on Delivery and Retention of Organic Acids

Deng Qixin
Deng Qixin
, 
Xie Wei
Xie Wei
, 
Liu Zechun
Liu Zechun
, 
Liu Jiangsheng
Liu Jiangsheng
, 
Zhang Tingui
Zhang Tingui
, 
Lian Fenyan
Lian Fenyan
, 
Chen Kunyan
Chen Kunyan
, 
Xie Jianping
Xie Jianping
, 
Liu Huimin
Liu Huimin
, 
Nie Cong
Nie Cong
 e 
Yan Quanping
Yan Quanping
   | 02 gen 2022
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Pubblicato online: 02 gen 2022
Pagine: 199 - 211
Ricevuto: 15 mar 2021
Accettato: 14 set 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2021-0015
© 2021 Deng Qixin et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Schematic illustration of filter transverse cuts (a) and concentric longitudinal cuts (b).
Schematic illustration of filter transverse cuts (a) and concentric longitudinal cuts (b).

Figure 2

Total ion chromatograms (SIM mode) of a standard organic acids mixture solution (a), TPM samples (b) and retention in filtration (c). 1 = formic acid; 2 = acetic acid; 3 = propionic acid; 4 = butyric acid; 5 = 2-methylbutyric acid; 6 = 3-methylbutyric acid; 7 = N-valeric acid; 8 = 3-methylvaleric acid; 9 = 4-methylvaleric acid; 10 = lactic acid; 11 = caproic acid; 12 = IS; 13 = 2-furoic acid; 14 = heptanoic acid; 15 = malonic acid; 16 = benzoic acid; 17 = octanoic acid; 18 = succinic acid; 19 = nonanoic acid; 20 = 2-decenoic acid; 21 = malic acid; 22 = lauric acid; 23 = tridecanoic acid; 24 = myristic acid; 25 = pentadecanoic acid; 26 = palmitic acid; 27 = linoleic acid; 28 = oleic acid; 29 = linolenic acid; 30 = stearic acid. (27, 28, 29 separated by using respective monitor ions 338, 340, 336)
Total ion chromatograms (SIM mode) of a standard organic acids mixture solution (a), TPM samples (b) and retention in filtration (c). 1 = formic acid; 2 = acetic acid; 3 = propionic acid; 4 = butyric acid; 5 = 2-methylbutyric acid; 6 = 3-methylbutyric acid; 7 = N-valeric acid; 8 = 3-methylvaleric acid; 9 = 4-methylvaleric acid; 10 = lactic acid; 11 = caproic acid; 12 = IS; 13 = 2-furoic acid; 14 = heptanoic acid; 15 = malonic acid; 16 = benzoic acid; 17 = octanoic acid; 18 = succinic acid; 19 = nonanoic acid; 20 = 2-decenoic acid; 21 = malic acid; 22 = lauric acid; 23 = tridecanoic acid; 24 = myristic acid; 25 = pentadecanoic acid; 26 = palmitic acid; 27 = linoleic acid; 28 = oleic acid; 29 = linolenic acid; 30 = stearic acid. (27, 28, 29 separated by using respective monitor ions 338, 340, 336)

Figure 3

Spatial distribution of formic acid in the filter at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation (1000 × μg / mm3).
Spatial distribution of formic acid in the filter at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation (1000 × μg / mm3).

Figure 4

Spatial distribution of lactic acid in the filter at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation (1000 × μg / mm3).
Spatial distribution of lactic acid in the filter at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation (1000 × μg / mm3).

Figure 5

Spatial distribution of palmitic acid in the filter at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation (1000 × μg / mm3).
Spatial distribution of palmitic acid in the filter at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation (1000 × μg / mm3).

Figure 6

Spatial distribution of nicotine in the filter at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation (μg / mm3).
Spatial distribution of nicotine in the filter at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation (μg / mm3).

Figure 7

Spatial distribution of water in the filter at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation (μg / mm3).
Spatial distribution of water in the filter at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation (μg / mm3).

Figure 8

Photograph of cigarette filters at different ventilation levels after smoking. (a) 0% ventilation, (b) 20% ventilation, and (c) 40% ventilation.
Photograph of cigarette filters at different ventilation levels after smoking. (a) 0% ventilation, (b) 20% ventilation, and (c) 40% ventilation.

Figure 9

Photographs of the 40% ventilated cigarette filter after smoking. (a) 0.2 second after a puff, (b) 0.5 second after a puff, and (c) 1 second after a puff.
Photographs of the 40% ventilated cigarette filter after smoking. (a) 0.2 second after a puff, (b) 0.5 second after a puff, and (c) 1 second after a puff.

Figure 10

A possible model for smoke diffusion in a ventilated cigarette filter.
A possible model for smoke diffusion in a ventilated cigarette filter.

Design specification of cigarette samples.

Cigarette description Value
Tobacco rod length (mm) 57
Filter tip length (mm) 27
CA filter specification (denier) 3.0/Y32000
Cigarette circumference (mm) 24.3
Blend style Chinese flue-cured tobacco
Weight of cigarette (g) 0.89
Filter ventilation (%) Pressure drop (Pa)
  0±1 1301~1399
  10±1 1244~1342
  20±1 1195~1293
  30±1 1036~1134
  40±1 942~1040

The yields of organic acids in the gas phase at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation.

Compound ISO HCI
Ventilation 0% Ventilation 10% Ventilation 20% Ventilation 30% Ventilation 40% Blocked
Delivery (μg/cig) Delivery (μg/cig) Reduction Delivery (μg/cig) Reduction Delivery (μg/cig) Reduction Delivery μg/cig) Reduction Delivery (μg/cig) Increase
Formic acid 2.85 2.70 5.26% 2.49 12.63% 2.35 17.54% 2.18 23.51% 4.21 47.72%
Acetic acid 6.37 6.07 4.71% 5.64 11.46% 5.38 15.54% 4.82 24.33% 9.22 44.74%

The retention time, monitor ions, calibration curves, correlation coefficients, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), recovery and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of organic acids (n = 6).

Components Retention time (min) Monitor ions (m/z) Calibration curves Correlation coefficients LODs (s/n=3) (μg/cig) LOQs (s/n=10) (μg/cig) Recovery (%) RSDs (%)
Formic acid 5.9 103a / 75 y = 1.261x + 0.0263 0.9998 0.72 2.4 75.34 8.58
Acetic acid 7.81 117 a / 75 y = 1.112x + 0.0137 0.9998 0.90 3.0 78.53 6.24
Propionic acid 10.69 131 a / 75 y = 0.983x + 0.0026 0.9998 0.18 0.6 82.26 4.47
Butyric acid 14.04 145 a / 75 y = 0.948x + 0.0027 0.9999 0.09 0.3 81.33 4.03
2-Methylbutyric acid 15.62 159 a / 117 y = 0.760x + 0.0011 0.9998 0.18 0.6 83.35 3.57
3-Methylbutyric acid 16.04 159 a / 117 y = 0.887x + 0.0005 0.9999 0.18 0.6 82.24 3.68
N-Valeric acid 17.89 159 a / 117 y = 0.874x − 0.0004 0.9997 0.18 0.6 86.68 3.55
3-Methylvaleric acid 20.11 159 a / 117 y = 0.051x − 0.0002 0.9998 0.21 0.7 88.62 3.34
4-Methylvaleric acid 20.34 173 a / 132 y = 0.708x −0.0048 0.9997 0.21 0.7 89.35 3.29
Lactic acid 21.41 147 a / 117 y = 1.001x + 0.0029 0.9999 0.15 0.5 87.24 4.24
Hexanoic acid 21.71 173 / 117 y = 0.822x − 0.0011 0.9996 0.18 0.6 86.32 4.33
IS 23.57 171 a / 75
2-Furoic acid 24.15 125 a / 169 y = 1.327x − 0.0089 0.9993 0.12 0.4 83.37 4.56
Heptanoic acid 25.39 117 a / 75 y = 0.435x − 0.0028 0.9994 0.18 0.6 84.56 3.28
Malonic acid 26.78 147 a / 73 y = 2.860x − 0.2947 0.9991 0.09 0.3 87.25 3.39
Benzoic acid 28.33 179 a / 105 y = 1.379x − 0.0088 0.9994 0.12 0.4 90.36 3.87
Octanoic acid 28.87 117 a / 75 y = 0.494x − 0.0043 0.9998 0.18 0.6 93.37 3.61
Succinic acid 30.72 147 a / 73 y = 1.031x − 0.0254 0.9999 0.09 0.3 91.25 2.36
Nonanoic acid 32.18 215 a / 117 y = 0.712x − 0.0115 0.9998 0.18 0.6 92.23 3.25
2-Decenoic acid 35.31 229 a / 117 y = 0.652x − 0.0161 0.9997 0.18 0.6 91.69 3.27
Malic acid 36.64 147 a / 233 y = 1.065x − 0.0753 0.9995 0.15 0.5 92.72 3.59
Lauric acid 41.01 117 a / 258 y = 0.533x − 0.0323 0.9994 0.18 0.6 91.29 2.63
Tridecanoic acid 43.81 117 a / 272 y = 0.515x − 0.0366 0.9996 0.18 0.6 89.87 3.19
Myristic acid 46.38 117 a / 286 y = 0.022x − 0.0037 0.9991 0.12 0.4 88.53 3.28
Pentadecanoic acid 48.84 117 a / 132 y = 0.512x − 0.0447 0.9998 0.18 0.6 88.86 3.62
Palmitic acid 51.18 117 a / 132 y = 0.513x − 0.0425 0.9993 0.18 0.6 86.24 1.94
Linoleic acid 54.96 338 a / 263 y = 0.049x − 0.0114 0.9990 0.42 1.4 90.39 3.45
Oleic acid 55.07 340 a / 117 y = 0.148x − 0.0221 0.9996 0.39 1.3 88.76 3.13
Linolenic acid 55.14 336 a / 108 y = 0.026x − 0.0064 0.9992 0.42 1.4 89.35 3.26
Stearic acid 55.59 342 a / 117 y = 0.084x − 0.0113 0.9995 0.18 0.6 84.24 2.07

The yields of organic acids in cigarette smoke (gas phase and TPM) at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation.

Components ISO HCI BP (°C) MW
Ventilation 0% Ventilation 10% Ventilation 20% Ventilation 30% Ventilation 40% Blocked
Delivery (μg/cig) ACS a (mol) Delivery (μg/cig) Reduction (%) Delivery (μg/cig.) Reduction (%) Delivery (μg/cig) Reduction (%) Delivery (μg/cig) Reduction (%) Delivery (μg/cig) Increase (%)
Formic acid 49.12 1.07 40.17 18..2 34.83 29.1 27.51 44.0 20.52 58.2 136.96 117.7 101 46
Acetic acid 121.91 2.03 102.36 16.0 87.37 28.3 65.66 46.1 52.80 56.7 288.29 120.1 117 60
Propionic acid 9.71 0.13 8.24 15.2 7.08 27.1 5.93 38.9 4.47 54.0 28.92 197.8 141 74
Butyric acid 1.24 0.01 1.06 14.6 0.92 25.9 0.80 35.6 0.63 49.2 4.49 261.7 163 88
2-Methylbutyric acid 1.77 0.02 1.56 12.1 1.38 22.2 1.24 30.1 1.01 43.1 3.36 89.1 176 102
N-Valeric acid 0.83 0.01 0.73 11.8 0.66 20.2 0.60 27.5 0.51 38.4 1.44 74.2 185 102
Lactic acid 70.05 0.78 59.34 15.3 50.08 28.5 42.54 39.3 31.97 54.4 142.57 103.5 122 90
Hexanoic acid 1.09 0.01 0.98 10.5 0.92 15.9 0.89 18.7 0.74 32.4 1.62 48.1 202 116
2-Furoic acid 12.95 0.12 11.73 9.4 10.90 15.8 9.59 25.9 8.86 31.6 26.95 108.2 230 112
Heptanoic acid 3.53 0.03 3.16 10.5 2.97 15.9 2.76 21.8 2.43 31.2 5.28 49.6 223 130
Malonic acid 2.16 0.04 1.85 14.4 1.66 23.1 1.53 29.2 1.42 34.3 4.24 96.3 140 104
Benzoic acid 4.99 0.04 4.52 9.4 4.25 14.8 3.92 21.4 3.54 29.1 9.43 88.9 249 122
Octanoic acid 1.21 0.01 1.11 8.3 1.05 13.2 0.95 21.5 0.86 28.9 2.23 84.3 240 144
Succinic acid 0.97 0.02 0.88 9.3 0.84 13.4 0.77 20.6 0.72 25.8 1.35 39.2 236 118
Nonanoic acid 5.28 0.03 4.78 9.5 4.53 14.2 4.21 20.3 4.01 24.1 9.12 72.7 254 158
2-Decenoic acid 2.40 0.01 2.18 9.2 2.04 15.0 1.93 19.6 1.78 25.8 3.45 43.8 270 172
Malic acid 5.18 0.08 4.68 9.7 4.33 16.4 4.09 21.0 3.98 23.2 8.64 66.8 306 134
Lauric acid 1.13 0.01 1.02 9.7 0.97 14.2 0.91 19.5 0.89 21.2 2.12 87.6 299 200
Tridecanoic acid 2.98 0.01 2.71 9.1 2.58 13.4 2.41 19.1 2.31 22.5 4.67 56.7 236 214
Myristic acid 2.56 0.01 2.33 9.0 2.25 12.1 2.12 17.2 2.04 20.3 4.25 66.0 250 228
Pentadecanoic acid 3.92 0.02 3.59 8.4 3.42 12.8 3.25 17.1 3.12 20.4 6.26 59.7 257 242
Palmitic acid 86.94 0.34 81.34 6.4 76.23 12.3 71.89 17.3 70.51 18.9 95.33 9.6 351 256
Linoleic acid 64.07 0.23 59.71 6.8 56.39 12.0 52.78 17.6 51.61 19.4 74.59 16.4 230 280
Oleic acid 13.65 0.05 12.79 6.3 12.07 11.6 11.28 17.4 11.01 19.3 18.30 34.0 360 282
Linolenic acid 97.53 0.35 89.39 8.3 86.75 11.0 80.12 17.8 78.53 19.5 128.06 31.3 230 278
Stearic acid 24.14 0.08 22.85 5.3 21.62 10.4 19.98 17.2 19.56 19.0 28.24 17.0 361 284
Total 591.31 5.46 525.06 11.2 478.09 19.1 419.66 29.0 379.82 35.8 990.13 67.4

The filter retention of routine smoke components at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation.

Components ISO HCI
Ventilation 0% Ventilation 10% Ventilation 20% Ventilation 30% Ventilation 40% Blocked
Filter retention (mg/cig) Filter retention (mg/cig) Reduction (%) Filter retention (mg/cig) Reduction (%) Filter retention mg/cig. Reduction (%) Filter retention (mg/cig) Reduction (%) Filter retention (mg/cig) Increase (%)
Nicotine 0.52 0.50 3.8 0.49 5.8 0.48 7.7 0.47 9.6 1.02 96.2
Water 2.35 1.82 22.6 1.34 43.0 0.81 65.5 0.46 80.4 21.52 815.7

The filter retention of organic acids at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation.

Components ISO HCI
Ventilation 0% Ventilation 10% Ventilation 20% Ventilation 30% Ventilation 40% Blocked
Filter retention (μg/cig) Filter retention (μg/cig) Reduction (%) Filter retention (μg/cig) Reduction (%) Filter retention (μg/cig) Reduction (%) Filter retention (μg/cig) Reduction (%) Filter retention (μg/cig) Increase (%)
Formic acid 61.86 56.41 8.8 48.35 21.8 42.36 31.5 37.59 39.2 147.79 138.9
Acetic acid 345.85 313.24 9.4 277.93 19.6 243.89 29.5 211.23 38.9 653.11 117.8
Propionic acid 33.08 30.38 8.2 27.48 16.9 24.61 25.6 21.84 34.0 74.24 124.4
Butyric acid 9.44 8.74 7.4 8.03 15.0 7.29 22.8 6.58 30.3 17.72 87.6
2-Methylbutyric acid 3.25 3.12 4.0 2.76 15.1 2.56 21.2 2.34 27.9 7.13 119.3
N-Valeric acid 2.05 1.96 4.2 1.83 10.6 1.76 14.0 1.66 19.1 3.77 84.3
Lactic acid 63.99 57.23 10.6 50.29 21.4 45.87 28.3 39.84 37.7 103.38 61.5
Hexanoic acid 3.61 3.46 4.2 3.26 9.8 3.08 14.7 2.93 18.9 4.75 31.5
2-Furoic acid 12.60 12.08 4.1 11.38 9.6 10.95 13.1 10.42 17.3 22.61 79.5
Heptanoic acid 4.51 4.31 4.4 4.08 9.5 3.88 14.0 3.68 18.4 7.63 69.2
Malonic acid 2.87 2.73 4.9 2.61 9.1 2.45 14.6 2.31 19.5 4.24 47.7
Benzoic acid 6.21 5.96 4.0 5.65 9.0 5.38 13.4 5.12 17.5 13.69 120.5
Octanoic acid 1.69 1.62 4.1 1.53 9.5 1.45 14.2 1.39 17.8 2.51 48.5
Succinic acid 1.54 1.48 3.9 1.41 8.4 1.37 11.0 1.28 16.9 2.14 39.0
Nonanoic acid 9.36 9.08 3.0 8.68 7.3 8.37 10.6 8.01 14.4 12.39 32.4
2-Decenoic acid 3.53 3.42 3.1 3.27 7.4 3.19 9.6 3.05 13.6 5.58 58.1
Malic acid 8.47 8.24 2.7 7.93 6.4 7.69 9.2 7.38 12.9 13.77 62.6
Lauric acid 1.66 1.62 2.4 1.57 5.4 1.51 9.0 1.47 11.4 2.24 34.9
Tridecanoic acid 3.57 3.49 2.2 3.39 5.0 3.28 8.1 3.19 10.6 4.96 38.9
Myristic acid 4.12 4.02 2.4 3.94 4.4 3.80 7.8 3.74 9.2 6.53 58.5
Pentadecanoic acid 5.25 5.12 2.5 5.05 3.8 4.91 6.5 4.81 8.4 7.98 52.0
Palmitic acid 95.01 93.64 1.4 91.68 3.5 90.36 4.9 88.81 6.5 117.94 24.1
Linoleic acid 91.87 90.39 1.6 88.82 3.3 87.35 4.9 85.89 6.5 103.57 12.7
Oleic acid 49.06 48.58 1.0 47.72 2.7 47.06 4.1 46.38 5.5 49.81 1.5
Linolenic acid 105.34 104.39 0.9 103.29 2.0 102.24 2.9 101.23 3.9 129.07 22.5
Stearic acid 55.26 54.93 0.6 54.51 1.4 54.13 2.0 53.78 2.7 88.32 5.5

The yields of routine smoke components at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation.

Compound ISO HCI
Ventilation 0% Ventilation 10% Ventilation 20% Ventilation 30% Ventilation 40% Blocked
Delivery Delivery Reduction Delivery Reduction Delivery Reduction Delivery Reduction Delivery Increase
NFDPM (mg/cig) 9.30 8.42 9.5% 7.49 19.5% 6.60 29.0% 5.60 39.8% 19.40 108.6%
TPM (mg/cig) 11.39 10.21 10.4% 8.97 21.3% 7.85 31.1% 6.57 42.3% 29.40 158.1%
Nicotine (mg/cig) 0.79 0.73 7.6% 0.67 15.2% 0.63 20.3% 0.59 25.3% 1.56 97.5%
Water (mg/cig) 1.30 1.06 18.5% 0.81 37.7% 0.62 52.3% 0.38 70.8% 8.44 549.2%
CO (mg/cig) 11.50 9.91 13.8% 8.23 28.4% 6.65 42.2% 5.40 53.0% 21.90 90.4%
Puff Number 5.6 5.8 3.8% 6.0 7.1% 6.2 10.7% 6.4 14.3% 8.2 46.4%
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