Empirical Analysis of the Logistics Sustainable Development in Poland: The Role of Macroeconomic Stability, Financial Security, and Social Development

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Model 1: OLS, using observations 2009–2022 (T = 14)_ Dependent variable: SD

	Coefficient	Std. Error	t-ratio	p-value
Const	−1.95928	0.501354	−3.908	0.0024	***
HDI_1	2.74846	0.682873	4.025	0.0020	***
SD_1	0.515422	0.139392	3.698	0.0035	***

Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) results

	Coefficient	std.	error	t-ratio	p-value
E	Const	−0.108234	0.0392986	−2.754	0.0175	Mean dependent var	0.767747
	FS	0.226024	0.0511615	4.418	0.0008	R-squared	0.981872
	S	0.844548	0.0257470	32.80	4.08e-013
S	Const	0.127311	0.0460402	2.765	0.0171	Mean dependent var	0.822582
	FS	−0.265644	0.0638185	−4.162	0.0013	R-squared	0.978344
	E	1.18310	0.0358780	32.98	3.83e-013
Env	Const	0.450622	0.137233	3.284	0.0059	Mean dependent var	0.744505
	E	0.382787	0.176701	2.166	0.0495	R-squared	0.241918
Breusch-Pagan test for diagonal covariance matrix:
Chi-square(3)= 18.3827 [0.0004]

Selected Definitions of Sustainable Enterprise Development

Author	Definition
Dyllick and Hockerts (2002)	Meeting the needs of a firm’s direct and indirect stakeholders (…) without compromising its ability to meet the needs of future stakeholders as well
Colbert and Kurucz (2007)	Keep the business going, future-proofing
Porter and Kramer (2007)	Take decisions considering the common value
Grudzewski, Hejduk, Sankowska, Wańtuchowicz (2010)	A sustainable enterprise is the concept of the company of ‘tomorrow’, flexible to the constant turbulent changes in the environment and capable of functioning in chaos and crisis
Novikova, O.F., Amosha, A.I. and Antoniuk, V.P. (2012)	Economic – provides for the formation of an economic system harmonised with the environmental factor in the development; social –affirms the human right to a high standard of living under the conditions of ecological safety; ecological –determines the conditions and limits of restoration of the ecological systems
Zu (2013)	The sustainable enterprise incorporates the principles of sustainability into each of its business decisions
Trojanowski (2015)	Balancing the economic goals of the company with the environmental and social goals is not an easy task. Taking action on the sustainable concept requires a different approach from management staff and mid-level and executive staff.
Oželienė (2017)	A holistic approach to business thinking that seeks to integrate consideration of the three aspects of sustainability—social, environmental, and economic
Pabian (2017)	A sustainable enterprise operates on the basis of sustainable resources. These resources include people, infrastructure, durable and nondurable assets, as well as any outgoing goods
Brach, Gul, Kawecki (2020)	A sustainable company ensures the environmental friendliness of its operating processes while striving to meet the expectations of all stakeholders to prolong the chances of long-term market survival
Zhou, Liu, Luo (2022)	Enterprises strive to improve the level of environmental management and pay attention to ESG performance management

Diagnostic variables used in SD and its pillars (E, S, Env)

Synthetic index	Diagnostic variable	Description of the variable	Stimulant	Destimulant
Economic development (E)	y1	Total number of companies in a country	+
	y2	Turnover or gross premiums [million euro]	+
	y3	Production value [million euro]	+
	y4	Value added at factor cost [million euro]	+
	y5	Gross operating surplus [million euro]	+
	y6	Total purchases of goods and services [million euro]	+
	y7	Gross investment in tangible goods [million euro]	+
	y8	Investment rate (investment/value added at factors cost) [%]	+
	y9	Share of personnel costs in production [%]		+
	y10	Average personnel costs [thousand euro]		+
Social Development (S)	y11	Wages and Salaries [million euro]	+
	y12	Social security costs [million euro]	+
	y13	Total number of employees in a country	+
	y14	Turnover per person employed [thousand euro]	+
	y15	Apparent labour productivity [thousand euro]	+
	y16	Gross value added per employee [thousand euro]	+
	y17	Growth rate of employment [%]	+
	y18	Number of persons employed per enterprise	+
	y19	Investment per person employed [thousand euro]	+
	y20	Personnel costs [million euro]		+
Environmental Development (Env)	y21	Carbon dioxide emission [tons]		+
	y22	Methane emission [tons]		+
	y23	Nitrous oxide emission [tons]		+
	y24	Sulphur oxides emission [tons]		+
	y25	Ammonia emission [tons]		+
	y26	Carbon monoxide emission [tons]		+
	Y27	Nitrogen oxides emission [tons]		+
	y28	Generation of total waste [tons]		+

Indicators of SD and its pillars, FS, MSP, HDI and their descriptive statistics

	Env	E	S	SD	FS	MSP	HDI
2008	0.67	0.66	0.75	0.69	0.62	0.37	0.82
2009	0.73	0.58	0.63	0.65	0.67	0.32	0.83
2010	0.67	0.63	0.7	0.66	0.77	0.38	0.84
2011	0.69	0.69	0.73	0.7	0.79	0.38	0.84
2012	0.72	0.68	0.74	0.71	0.79	0.36	0.84
2013	0.76	0.69	0.71	0.72	0.81	0.4	0.85
2014	0.78	0.74	0.75	0.76	0.81	0.48	0.84
2015	0.76	0.76	0.77	0.77	0.85	0.46	0.86
2016	0.7	0.73	0.78	0.74	0.87	0.51	0.86
2017	0.64	0.78	0.84	0.75	0.83	0.53	0.87
2018	0.59	0.89	0.96	0.81	0.83	0.55	0.88
2019	0.86	0.91	0.99	0.92	0.84	0.53	0.88
2020	0.97	0.91	1	0.96	0.72	0.5	0.87
2021	0.81	0.92	0.98	0.90	0.88	0.58	0.88
2022	0.82	0.95	1.01	0.93	0.95	0.52	0.88
Max	0.97	0.95	1.01	0.96	0.95	0.58	0.88
Min	0.59	0.58	0.63	0.65	0.62	0.32	0.82
Std. Dev	0.09	0.12	0.12	0.10	0.08	0.08	0.02
Mean	0.74	0.77	0.82	0.78	0.80	0.46	0.86
Mediana	0.73	0.74	0.77	0.75	0.81	0.48	0.86