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The relationship between Artificial Intelligence (AI) exposure and returns to education

Karol Madoń

Karol Madoń

SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Institute for Structural Research (IBS)Warsaw,
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Madoń, Karol
  
31 dic 2024
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Pubblicato online: 31 dic 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2024-0029
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© 2024 Karol Madoń, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Exposure to AI by age groups and education levelSource: authors’ elaboration based on EU SES, EORA, E. Felten et al. (2021) data
Exposure to AI by age groups and education levelSource: authors’ elaboration based on EU SES, EORA, E. Felten et al. (2021) data

Figure 2.

Exposure to AI by log wage percentileSource: authors’ elaboration based on EU SES, EORA, E. Felten et al. (2021) data
Exposure to AI by log wage percentileSource: authors’ elaboration based on EU SES, EORA, E. Felten et al. (2021) data

Figure 3.

Correlation between change in log wage between 2010–2018 and AI exposure, in Eastern and Western European countriesSource: authors’ elaboration based on EU SES, EORA, E. Felten et al. (2021) data
Correlation between change in log wage between 2010–2018 and AI exposure, in Eastern and Western European countriesSource: authors’ elaboration based on EU SES, EORA, E. Felten et al. (2021) data

Figure 4.

The estimated relationship between AI exposure and workers’ wages in primary, secondary, and tertiary educated groupsSource: authors’ elaboration based on EU SES, EORA, E. Felten et al. (2021) data
The estimated relationship between AI exposure and workers’ wages in primary, secondary, and tertiary educated groupsSource: authors’ elaboration based on EU SES, EORA, E. Felten et al. (2021) data

Figure 5.

Estimated returns to education by deciles of AI exposureNote: Primary education is the base category. For presentation purposes, the distance between AI exposure deciles is equalSource: authors’ elaboration based on EU SES, EORA, E. Felten et al. (2021) data
Estimated returns to education by deciles of AI exposureNote: Primary education is the base category. For presentation purposes, the distance between AI exposure deciles is equalSource: authors’ elaboration based on EU SES, EORA, E. Felten et al. (2021) data

Figure 6.

The estimated relationship between AI exposure and workers’ wages for the primary, secondary, and tertiary educated, in Eastern and Western European countriesSource: authors’ elaboration based on EU SES, EORA, E. Felten et al. (2021) data
The estimated relationship between AI exposure and workers’ wages for the primary, secondary, and tertiary educated, in Eastern and Western European countriesSource: authors’ elaboration based on EU SES, EORA, E. Felten et al. (2021) data

Figure 7.

Estimated returns to education by deciles of AI exposure in Eastern and Western European countriesSource: authors’ elaboration based on EU SES, EORA, E. Felten et al. (2021) data.
Estimated returns to education by deciles of AI exposure in Eastern and Western European countriesSource: authors’ elaboration based on EU SES, EORA, E. Felten et al. (2021) data.

The relationship between AI exposure, skill level (education), and workers’ wages, standardised

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
AI Exposure (std.) 0.028*** (0.003) 0.063*** (0.003) 0.025*** (0.002) 0.084*** (0.004) 0.122*** (0.003) 0.017*** (0.003)
AI Exposure 2 (std.) 0.010*** (0.002) −0.001 (0.002) 0.027*** (0.001) 0.046*** (0.003) 0.043*** (0.003) 0.027*** (0.002)
AI Exposure (std.) X Secondary Education dummy −0.039*** (0.002) −0.050*** (0.002) −0.009*** (0.002)
AI Exposure (std.) X Tertiary Education dummy −0.080*** (0.003) −0.080*** (0.003) 0.036*** (0.002)
AI Exposure 2 (std.) X Secondary Education dummy −0.022*** (0.002) −0.038*** (0.002) −0.015*** (0.001)
AI Exposure 2 (std.) X Tertiary Education dummy −0.043*** (0.003) −0.048*** (0.003) −0.001 (0.002)
Secondary Education dummy −0.065*** (0.002) −0.041*** (0.001) 0.072*** (0.001) −0.069*** (0.003) −0.034*** (0.002) 0.085*** (0.002)
Tertiary Education dummy 0.131*** (0.002) 0.165*** (0.002) 0.226*** (0.002) 0.170*** (0.003) 0.200*** (0.003) 0.205*** (0.002)
Occupation FE. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sector FE. No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Country FE. No No Yes No No Yes
No. of Observations 7.9 M 7.9 M 7.9 M 7.9 M 7.9 M 7.9 M

The relationship between AI exposure, skill level (education), and workers’ wages in Western and Eastern European country groups, standardised

Panel A: Western European (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
AI Exposure (std.) 0.067*** (0.006) 0.066*** (0.005) 0.043*** (0.004) 0.136*** (0.007) 0.130*** (0.005) 0.048*** (0.005)
AI Exposure 2 (std.) 0.010*** (0.003) 0.051*** (0.003) 0.037*** (0.002) 0.067*** (0.004) 0.103*** (0.003) 0.044*** (0.003)
AI Exposure (std.) X Secondary Education dummy −0.079*** (0.003) −0.068*** (0.002) −0.016*** (0.002)
AI Exposure (std.) X Tertiary Education dummy −0.034*** (0.004) −0.050*** (0.003) 0.017*** (0.002)
AI Exposure 2 (std.) X Secondary Education dummy −0.060*** (0.003) −0.052*** (0.003) −0.016*** (0.002)
AI Exposure 2 (std.) X Tertiary Education dummy −0.086*** (0.004) −0.072*** (0.003) −0.012*** (0.002)
Secondary Education dummy 0.250*** (0.002) 0.223*** (0.002) 0.107*** (0.001) 0.273*** (0.003) 0.243*** (0.003) 0.117*** (0.002)
Tertiary Education dummy 0.385*** (0.003) 0.359*** (0.002) 0.244*** (0.002) 0.419*** (0.004) 0.395*** (0.004) 0.236*** (0.003)
Occupation FE. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sector FE. No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Country FE. No No Yes No No Yes
No. of Observations 3.3 M 3.3 M 3.3 M 3.3 M 3.3 M 3.3 M
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