A Review on State-of-Art Blockchain Schemes for Electronic Health Records Management

1Feng, Q., D. He, S. Zeadally, M. K. Khan, N. Kumar. A Survey on Privacy Protection in Blockchain System. – Journal of Network and Computer Applications, Vol. 126, 2019, pp. 45-58.Search in Google Scholar

2Nakamoto, S. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Technical Report, Manubot, 2019.Search in Google Scholar

3Classification of Blockchains. Online, Last accessed 8 January 2024. https://en.bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/Classification-of-blockchainsSearch in Google Scholar

4Farah, N. A. A. Blockchain Technology: Classification, Opportunities, and Challenges. – International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol. 5, 2018, No 5.Search in Google Scholar

5Public, Private, Consortium Blockchains. Online, Last accessed 08 January 2024. https://www.coursera.org/lecture/blockchain-foundations-and-use-cases/lesson-2-public-private-consortium-blockchains-hDSxZSearch in Google Scholar

6Swan, M. Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. O’Reilly Media, Inc., 2015.Search in Google Scholar

7Pilkington, M. Blockchain Technology: Principles and Applications. – In: Research Handbook on Digital Transformations, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016.Search in Google Scholar

8Underwood, S. Blockchain Beyond Bitcoin. Commun. – ACM, Vol. 59, 2016, No 11, pp. 15-17. ISSN: 0001-0782. DOI: 10.1145/2994581.Search in Google Scholar

9Radziwill, N. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World. – The Quality Management Journal, Vol. 25, 2018, No 1, pp. 64-65.Search in Google Scholar

10Introduction to Blockchain Features. Online, Last accessed 8 January 2024. https://101blockchains.com/introduction-to-blockchain-features/Search in Google Scholar

116 Key Features of Blockchain. Online, Last accessed 8 January 2024. https://thefintechway.com/6-key-features-of-blockchain/Search in Google Scholar

12Jayapriya, J., N. Jeyanthi. Proof of Virtue: Nonce-Free Hash Generation in Blockchain. – In Managing Security Services in Heterogeneous Networks, CRC Press, 2020, pp. 63-74.Search in Google Scholar

13Bitcoin. Online, Last accessed 8 January 2024. https://bitcoin.org/en/Search in Google Scholar

14Radeva, I., I. Popchev. Blockchain-Enabled Supply-Chain in Crop Production Framework. – Cybernetics and Information Technologies, Vol. 22, 2022, No 1, pp. 151-170.Search in Google Scholar

15Dorri, A., S. S. Kanhere, R. Jurdak. Blockchain in Internet of Things: Challenges and Solutions. – arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.05187, 2016.Search in Google Scholar

16Sudha, K. S., N. Jeyanthi. A Review on Privacy Requirements and Application Layer Security in Internet of Things (IoT). – Cybernetics and Information Technologies, Vol. 21, 2021, No 3, pp. 50-72.Search in Google Scholar

17Kim, H. M., M. Laskowski. Toward an Ontology-Driven Blockchain Design for Supply-Chain Provenance. – Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, Vol. 25, 2018, No 1, pp. 18-27.Search in Google Scholar

18Korpela, K., J. Hallikas, T. Dahlberg. Digital Supply Chain Transformation toward Blockchain Integration. – In: Proc. of 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2017.Search in Google Scholar

19Abeyratne, S. A., R. P. Monfared. Blockchain Ready Manufacturing Supply Chain Using Distributed Ledger. – International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 5, 2016, No 9, pp. 1-10.Search in Google Scholar

20Ali, M., J. Nelson, R. Shea, M. J. Freedman. Blockstack: A Global Naming and Storage System Secured by Blockchains. – In: Proc. of {USENIX 2016} Annual Technical Conference ({USENIX}{ATC}’16), 2016, pp. 181-194.Search in Google Scholar

21Fromknecht, C., D. Velicanu, S. Yakoubov. A Decentralized Public Key Infrastructure with Identity Retention. – IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, Vol. 2014, 2014, No 803.Search in Google Scholar

22Ebrahimi, A. Identity Management Service Using a Blockchain Providing Certifying Transactions between Devices. 1 August 2017. US Patent 9,722,790.Search in Google Scholar

23Qin, B., J. Huang, Q. Wang, X. Luo, B. Liang, W. Shi. CECOIN: A Decentralized PKI Mitigating M-i-T-M Attacks. – In: Future Generation Computer Systems. Elsevier, 2017.Search in Google Scholar

24Binded – Copyright Made Simple. Online, Last accessed 8 January 2024. https://binded.com/Search in Google Scholar

25Maidsafe – The New Decentralized Internet. Online, Last accessed 8 January 2024. https://www.maidsafe.net/Search in Google Scholar

26Jayabalan, J., N. Jeyanthi. Scalable Blockchain Model Using Off-Chain IPFS Storage for Healthcare Data Security and Privacy. – Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, Vol. 164, 2022, pp. 152-167. ISSN 0743-7315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2022.03.009. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743731522000648Search in Google Scholar

27Esposito, C., A. De Santis, G. Tortora, H. Chang, K.-K. R. Choo. Blockchain: A Panacea for Healthcare Cloud-Based Data Security and Privacy? – IEEE Cloud Computing, Vol. 5, 2018, No 1, pp. 31-37.Search in Google Scholar

28Jin, H., Y. Luo, P. Li, J. Mathew. A Review of Secure and Privacy-Preserving Medical Data Sharing. – IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 2019, pp. 61656-61669.Search in Google Scholar

29Kassab, M. H., J. DeFranco, T. Malas, P. Laplante, V. V. G. Neto, et al. Exploring Research in Blockchain for Healthcare and a Roadmap for the Future. – In: IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing. 2019.Search in Google Scholar

30Kuo, T.-T., H.-E. Kim, L. Ohno-Machado. Blockchain Distributed Ledger Technologies for Biomedical and Health Care Applications. – Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, Vol. 24, 2017, No 6, pp. 1211-1220.Search in Google Scholar

31Drew, I. Moving toward a Blockchain-Based Method for the Secure Storage of Patient Records. – In: Proc. of ONC/NIST Use of Blockchain for Healthcare and Research Workshop, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States: ONC/NIST, 2016, pp. 1-11.Search in Google Scholar

32Kumar, T., V. Ramani, I. Ahmad, A. Braeken, E. Harjula, M. Ylianttila. Blockchain Utilization in Healthcare: Key Requirements and Challenges. – In: Proc. of 20th IEEE International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom’18), IEEE, 2018, pp. 1-7.Search in Google Scholar

33Omar, A. A., M. S. Rahman, A. Basu, S. Kiyomoto. Medibchain: A Blockchain Based Privacy Preserving Platform for Healthcare Data. – In: Proc. of International Conference on Security, Privacy and Anonymity in Computation, Communication and Storage, Springer, 2017, pp. 534-543.Search in Google Scholar

34Xia, Q., E. B. Sifah, A. Smahi, S. Amofa, X. Zhang. BBDS: Blockchain-Based Data Sharing for Electronic Medical Records in Cloud Environments. – Information, Vol. 8, 2017, No 2, 44.Search in Google Scholar

35Kim, K., S.-phil Hong. A Trusted Sharing Model for Patient Records Based on Permissioned Blockchain. – Journal of Internet Computing and Services, Vol. 18, 2017, pp. 75-84.Search in Google Scholar

36Liang, X., J. Zhao, S. Shetty, J. Liu, D. Li. Integrating Blockchain for Data Sharing and Collaboration in Mobile Healthcare Applications. – In: Proc. of 28th IEEE Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC’17), IEEE, 2017, pp. 1-5.Search in Google Scholar

37Rajput, A. R., Q. Li, M. T. Ahvanooey, I. Masood. EACMS: Emergency Access Control Management System for Personal Health Record Based on Blockchain. – IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 2019, pp. 84304-84317.Search in Google Scholar

38Niu, S., L. Chen, J. Wang, F. Yu. Electronic Health Record Sharing Scheme with Searchable Attribute-Based Encryption on Blockchain. – IEEE Access, 2019.Search in Google Scholar

39Dubovitskaya, A., F. Baig, Z. Xu, R. Shukla, P. S. Zambani, A. Swaminathan, M. M. Jahangir, K. Chowdhry, R. Lachhani, N. Idnani, et al. Action-EHR: Patient-Centric Blockchain-Based Electronic Health Record Data Management for Cancer Care. – Journal of Medical Internet Research, Vol. 22, 2020, No 8, e13598.Search in Google Scholar

40Ray, P. P., B. Chowhan, N. Kumar, A. Almogren. BIOTHR: Electronic Health Record Servicing Scheme in Iot-Blockchain Ecosystem. – IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2021.Search in Google Scholar

41Shamshad, S., K. Mahmood, S. Kumari, C.-M. Chen, et al. A Secure Blockchain-Based e-Health Records Storage and Sharing Scheme. – Journal of Information Security and Applications, Vol. 55, 2020, 102590.Search in Google Scholar

42Guo, H., W. Li, E. Meamari, C.-C. Shen, M. Nejad. Attribute-Based Multi-Signature and Encryption for EHR Management: A Blockchain-Based Solution. – In: Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC’20), IEEE, 2020, pp. 1-5.Search in Google Scholar

43Tanwar, S., K. Parekh, R. Evans. Blockchain-Based Electronic Healthcare Record System for Healthcare 4.0 Applications. – Journal of Information Security and Applications, Vol. 50, 2020, 102407.Search in Google Scholar

44Garrido, A., L. J. R. López, N. B. Álvarez. A Simulation-Based AHP Approach to Analyze the Scalability of EHR Systems Using Blockchain Technology in Healthcare Institutions. – Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, Vol. 24, 2021, 100576.Search in Google Scholar

45Fatokun, T., A. Nag, S. Sharma. Towards a Blockchain Assisted Patient Owned System for Electronic Health Records. – Electronics, Vol. 10, 2021, No 5, 580.Search in Google Scholar

46Singh, A. P., N. R. Pradhan, A. K. Luhach, S. Agnihotri, N. Z. Jhanjhi, S. Verma, U. Ghosh, D. S. Roy, et al. A Novel Patient-Centric Architectural Framework for Blockchain-Enabled Healthcare Applications. – IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Vol. 17, 2020, No 8, pp. 5779-5789.Search in Google Scholar

47Li, F., K. Liu, L. Zhang, S. Huang, Q. Wu. EHRchain: A Blockchain-Based EHR System Using Attribute-Based and Homomorphic Cryptosystem. – IEEE Transactions on Services Computing, 2021.Search in Google Scholar

48Kim, M. H., S. J. Yu, J. Y. Lee, Y. H. Park, Y. H. Park. Design of Secure Protocol for Cloud-Assisted Electronic Health Record System Using Blockchain. – Sensors, Vol. 20, 2020, No 10, 2913.Search in Google Scholar

49Abunadi, I., R. L. Kumar. BSF-HER: Blockchain Security Framework for Electronic Health Records of Patients. – Sensors, Vol. 21, 2021, No 8, 2865.Search in Google Scholar

50Wang, S., J. Wang, X. Wang, T. Qiu, Y. Yuan, L. Ouyang, Y. Guo, F.-Y. Wang. Blockchain-Powered Parallel Healthcare Systems Based on the ACP Approach. – IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, Vol. 5, 2018, No 4, pp. 942-950.Search in Google Scholar

51Zhang, A., X. Lin. Towards Secure and Privacy-Preserving Data Sharing in e-Health Systems via Consortium Blockchain. – Journal of Medical Systems, Vol. 42, 2018, No 8, 140.Search in Google Scholar

52Wang, Y., A. Zhang, P. Zhang, H. Wang. Cloud-Assisted EHR Sharing with Security and Privacy Preservation via Consortium Blockchain. – IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 2019, pp. 136704-136719.Search in Google Scholar

53Liu, X., Z. Wang, C. Jin, F. Li, G. Li. A Blockchain-Based Medical Data Sharing and Protection Scheme. – IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 2019, pp. 118943-118953.Search in Google Scholar

54Linn, L. A., M. B. Koo. Blockchain for Health Data and Its Potential Use in Health it and Health Care Related Research. – In: Proc. of ONC/NIST Use of Blockchain for Healthcare and Research Workshop, Gaithersburg, Maryland, US, ONC/NIST, 2016, pp. 1-10.Search in Google Scholar

55Xu, J., K. Xue, S. Li, H. Tian, J. Hong, P. Hong, N. Yu. Healthchain: A Blockchain-Based Privacy Preserving Scheme for Large-Scale Health Data. – IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Vol. 6, 2019, No 5, pp. 8770-8781.Search in Google Scholar

56Ismail, L., H. Materwala, S. Zeadally. Lightweight Blockchain for Healthcare. – IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 2019, pp. 149935-149951.Search in Google Scholar

57Kuo, T.-T., L. Ohno-Machado. Modelchain: Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Healthcare Predictive Modeling Framework on Private Blockchain Networks. – arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.01746, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

58Peterson, K., R. Deeduvanu, P. Kanjamala, K. Boles. A Blockchain-Based Approach to Health Information Exchange Networks. – In: Proc. of NIST Workshop Blockchain Healthcare, Vol. 1, 2016, pp. 1-10.Search in Google Scholar

59Fan, K., S. Wang, Y. Ren, H. Li, Y. Yang. Medblock: Efficient and Secure Medical Data Sharing via Blockchain. – Journal of Medical Systems, Vol. 42, 2018, No 8, 136.Search in Google Scholar

60Zhang, P., J. White, D. C. Schmidt, G. Lenz, S. T. Rosenbloom. Fhirchain: Applying Blockchain to Securely and Scalably Share Clinical Data. – Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, Vol. 16, 2018, pp. 267-278.Search in Google Scholar

61Dagher, G. G., J. Mohler, M. Milojkovic, P. B. Marella. ANCILE: Privacy-Preserving Framework for Access Control and Interoperability of Electronic Health Records Using Blockchain Technology. – Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 39, 2018, 283-297.Search in Google Scholar

62Li, H., L. Zhu, M. Shen, F. Gao, X. Tao, S. Liu. Blockchain-Based Data Preservation System for Medical Data. – Journal of Medical Systems, Vol. 42, 2018, No 8, 141.Search in Google Scholar

63Jeyanthi, P. N. TSCBA-A Mitigation System for ARP Cache Poisoning Attacks. – Cybernetics and Information Technologies, Vol. 18, 2018, No 4, pp. 75-93.Search in Google Scholar

64McFarlane, C., M. Beer, J. Brown, N. Prendergast. Patientory: A Healthcare Peer-to-Peer EMR Storage Network V1. – Entrust, Inc., Addison, TX, USA, 2017.Search in Google Scholar

65Prabadevi, B., N. Jeyanthi. Security Solution for ARP Cache Poisoning Attacks in Large Data Center Networks. – Cybernetics and Information Technologies, Vol. 17, 2017, No 4, pp.69-86.Search in Google Scholar

66Azaria, A., A. Ekblaw, T. Vieira, A. Lippman. Medrec: Using Blockchain for Medical Data Access and Permission Management. – In: Proc. of 2nd International Conference on Open and Big Data (OBD’16), IEEE, 2016, pp. 25-30.Search in Google Scholar

67Ramani, V., T. Kumar, A. Bracken, M. Liyanage, M. Ylianttila. Secure and Efficient Data Accessibility in Blockchain Based Healthcare Systems. – In: Proc. of IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM’18), IEEE, 2018, pp. 206-212.Search in Google Scholar

68Gordon, W. J., C. Catalini. Blockchain Technology for Healthcare: Facilitating the Transition to Patient-Driven Interoperability. – Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, Vol. 16, 2018, pp. 224-230.Search in Google Scholar

69Shahnaz, A., U. Qamar, A. Khalid. Using Blockchain for Electronic Health Records. – IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 2019, pp. 147782-147795.Search in Google Scholar

70Jiang, S., J. Cao, H. Wu, Y. Yang, M. Ma, J. He. BLOCHIE: A Blockchain-Based Platform for Healthcare Information Exchange. – In: Proc. of International IEEE Conference on Smart Computing (SmartComp’18), IEEE, 2018, pp. 49-56.Search in Google Scholar

71Zyskind, G., O. Nathan, et al. Decentralizing Privacy: Using Blockchain to Protect Personal Data. – In: Proc. of IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops, IEEE, 2015, pp. 180-184.Search in Google Scholar

72Yue, X., H. Wang, D. Jin, M. Li, W. Jiang. Healthcare Data Gateways: Found Healthcare Intelligence on Blockchain with Novel Privacy Risk Control. – Journal of Medical Systems, Vol. 40, 2016, No 10, 218.Search in Google Scholar

73Brindha, K., N. Jeyanthi. Secured Document Sharing Using Visual Cryptography in Cloud Data Storage. – Cybernetics and Information Technologies, Vol. 15, 2015, No 4, pp. 111-123.Search in Google Scholar

74Wang, S., D. Zhang, Y. Zhang. Blockchain-Based Personal Health Records Sharing Scheme with Data Integrity Verifiable. – IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 2019, pp. 102887-102901.Search in Google Scholar

75Chen, Y., S. Ding, Z. Xu, H. Zheng, S. Yang. Blockchain-Based Medical Records Secure Storage and Medical Service Framework. – Journal of Medical Systems, Vol. 43, 2019, No 1.Search in Google Scholar

76Xia, Q., E. B. Sifah, K. O. Asamoah, J. Gao, X. Du, M. Guizani. Medshare: Trust-Less Medical Data Sharing among Cloud Service Providers via Blockchain. – IEEE Access, Vol. 5, 2017, pp. 14757-14767.Search in Google Scholar

77Nguyen, D. C., P. N. Pathirana, M. Ding, A. Seneviratne. Blockchain for Secure EHR Sharing of Mobile Cloud Based e-Health Systems. – IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 2019, pp. 66792-66806.Search in Google Scholar

78Zhang, X., S. Poslad. Blockchain Support for Flexible Queries with Granular Access Control to Electronic Medical Records (EMR). – In: Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’18), IEEE, 2018, pp. 1-6.Search in Google Scholar

79Dubovitskaya, A., Z. Xu, S. Ryu, M. Schumacher, F. Wang. Secure and Trustable Electronic Medical Records Sharing Using Blockchain. – In: AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, American Medical Informatics Association, Vol. 2017, 2017, p. 650.Search in Google Scholar

80Yang, H., B. Yang. A Blockchain-Based Approach to the Secure Sharing of Healthcare Data. – In: Proc. of Norwegian Information Security Conference, 2017.Search in Google Scholar

81Guo, R., H. Shi, Q. Zhao, D. Zheng. Secure Attribute-Based Signature Scheme with Multiple Authorities for Blockchain in Electronic Health Records Systems. – IEEE Access, Vol. 6, 2018, pp. 11676-11686.Search in Google Scholar

82Tang, F., S. Ma, Y. Xiang, C. Lin. An Efficient Authentication Scheme for Blockchain-Based Electronic Health Records. – IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 2019, pp. 41678-41689.Search in Google Scholar

83Guo, R., H. Shi, D. Zheng, C. Jing, C. Zhuang, Z. Wang. Flexible and Efficient Blockchain-Based ABE Scheme with Multi-Authority for Medical on Demand in Telemedicine System. – IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 2019, pp. 88012-88025.Search in Google Scholar