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Safety aspects of stingless bee pot-pollen from the Philippines

Ma. Desiree Belina-Aldemita

Ma. Desiree Belina-Aldemita

,

,

Matthias Schreiner

Matthias Schreiner

,

Konrad J. Domig

Konrad J. Domig

e

Stefano D’Amico

Stefano D’Amico

| 23 ott 2020

Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment's Cover Image

Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment

Volume 71 (2020): Numero 2 (June 2020)

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Article Category: Research Article

Pubblicato online: 23 ott 2020

Pagine: 87 - 100

Ricevuto: 22 mar 2020

Accettato: 14 giu 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/boku-2020-0009

Parole chiave
Pollen, stingless bee, inorganic contaminants, microbiological quality, safety

© 2020 Ma. Desiree Belina-Aldemita et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Reference dose for chronic oral exposure as recommended by agencies and average estimated daily intake of the determined inorganic contaminants in pot-pollen samples produced by stingless bees (Tetragonula biroi Friese) from the PhilippinesTabelle 2. Referenzwerte zur chronisch oralen Aufnahme und geschätzten durchschnittlichen Tagesdosis der analysierten anorganischen Kontaminanten durch philippinische Pollenproben produziert von Tetragonula biroi Friese

Element		Oral RfD or TDI (mg/kg-day) ^a	Average EDI (mg/kg-day) ^b
Aluminum	Al	0.3 (SCHEER)	8.54 × 10⁻³
Vanadium	V	V (+5): 0.009 (US EPA)	2.28 × 10⁻⁵
Chromium	Cr	Cr (+3): 1.5, Cr (+6): 0.003 (US EPA)	8.58 × 10⁻⁵
Cobalt	Co	0.0003 (RAIS), 0.01 (ATSDR)	1.66 × 10⁻⁵
Nickel	Ni	0.02 (US EPA)	1.04 × 10⁻⁴
Gallium	Ga	–	1.28 × 10⁻⁵
Arsenic	As	0.0003 (US EPA)	3.39 × 10⁻⁶
Molybdenum	Mo	0.023 (HC), 0.005 (US EPA)	4.45 × 10⁻⁵
Cadmium	Cd	0.001 (HC), 0.0005 (US EPA)	1.37 × 10⁻⁵
Barium	Ba	0.2 (US EPA)	9.81 × 10⁻⁴
Thallium	Tl	–	6.91 × 10⁻⁷
Lead	Pb	0.0036 (HC)	1.01 × 10⁻⁵

Average microbial counts of the analyzed pot-pollen samples produced by stingless bees (Tetragonula biroi Friese) from the PhilippinesTabelle 3. Durchschnittliche ermittelte Keimzahl der untersuchten philippinischen Pollenproben produziert von Tetragonula biroi Friese

Microorganism	Lowest Limit of Detection (LLOD)	Pollen sample
Microorganism	Lowest Limit of Detection (LLOD)	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
aerobic mesophilic organisms^a	3.00	3.27 ± 0.04	3.02 ± 0.02	ND	4.54 ± 0.02	3.16 ± 0.11	3.41 ± 0.01	4.28 ± 0.02	4.73 ± 0.08
yeasts and molds^a	2.00	< 3.00	ND	ND	2.57 ± 0.03	ND	ND	ND	ND
lactic acid bacteria^a	2.00	< 3.00	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Enterobacteriaceae^a	1.00	ND	ND	ND	< 2.00	ND	ND	ND	ND
coagulase-positive Staphylococcus^a	1.00	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Bacillus spp. ^a	2.00	3.15 ± 0.03	3.06 ± 0.02	ND	3.95 ± 0.01	2.23 ± 0.13	2.29 ± 0.03	3.77 ± 0.13	4.10 ± 0.01
sulphite-reducing clostridia spores^b	0.48	1.63	ND	0.56	1.97	1.36	ND	1.88	2.18
Salmonella	ND in 5 g	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND

Inorganic contaminants in pot-pollen samples (mg/kga) produced by stingless bees (Tetragonula biroi Friese) from the PhilippinesTabelle 1. Konzentration an anorganischen Kontaminationen von philippinischen Pollenproben (mg/kga) produziert von Tetragonula biroi Friese

Element	Pollen sample
Element	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Aluminum	Al	21.4 ± 1.4	9.5 ± 0.4	30.4 ± 2.8	93.6 ± 3.4	18.6 ± 1.1	14.9 ± 1.2	89.0 ± 7.0	132.8 ± 12.5
Vanadium	V	0.122 ± 0.016	0.064 ± 0.006	0.098 ± 0.005	0.224 ± 0.020	0.091 ± 0.009	0.083 ± 0.007	0.167 ± 0.015	0.246 ± 0.013
Chromium	Cr	0.683 ± 0.109	0.371 ± 0.045	0.299 ± 0.031	0.643 ± 0.095	0.312 ± 0.040	0.439 ± 0.055	0.888 ± 0.071	0.485 ± 0.056
Cobalt	Co	0.155 ± 0.023	0.154 ± 0.008	0.071 ± 0.005	0.058 ± 0.004	0.138 ± 0.010	0.044 ± 0.004	0.108 ± 0.005	0.069 ± 0.012
Nickel	Ni	0.874 ± 0.087	0.469 ± 0.058	0.442 ± 0.041	0.481 ± 0.056	0.511 ± 0.075	0.451 ± 0.055	0.994 ± 0.079	0.792 ± 0.096
Gallium	Ga	0.061 ± 0.018	0.076 ± 0.012	0.080 ± 0.010	0.075 ± 0.002	0.077 ± 0.006	0.079 ± 0.011	0.082 ± 0.009	0.086 ± 0.007
Arsenic	As	0.018 ± 0.004	0.017 ± 0.009	0.016 ± 0.008	0.028 ± 0.006	0.015 ± 0.006	0.019 ± 0.007	0.019 ± 0.009	0.032 ± 0.007
Molybdenum	Mo	0.141 ± 0.011	0.096 ± 0.010	0.116 ± 0.007	0.282 ± 0.039	0.275 ± 0.024	0.219 ± 0.018	0.514 ± 0.034	0.491 ± 0.020
Cadmium	Cd	0.091 ± 0.014	0.053 ± 0.006	0.153 ± 0.018	0.078 ± 0.013	0.057 ± 0.013	0.085 ± 0.012	0.074 ± 0.012	0.070 ± 0.007
Barium	Ba	23.48 ± 1.61	3.13 ± 0.26	3.41 ± 0.29	2.06 ± 0.20	4.71 ± 0.42	1.19 ± 0.11	7.05 ± 0.37	2.08 ± 0.30
Thallium	Tl	0.0030 ± 0.0004	0.0089 ± 0.0011	0.0031 ± 0.0006	0.0007 ± 0.0004	0.0083 ± 0.0019	0.0040 ± 0.0010	0.0017 ± 0.0003	0.0033 ± 0.0008
Lead	Pb	0.017 ± 0.003	0.022 ± 0.001	0.033 ± 0.002	0.108 ± 0.009	0.025 ± 0.002	0.072 ± 0.006	0.052 ± 0.006	0.155 ± 0.004

Bacteria and fungi identified in pot-pollen samples produced by stingless bees (Tetragonula biroi Friese) from the Philippines by partial 16S rDNA and 26S rDNA sequencing and/or MALDI-TOF MSTabelle 4. Identifizierung von Mikroorganismen isoliert aus Pollenproben von stachelloser Bienen (Tetragonula biroi Friese) von den Philippinen mittels 16S rDNA/26S rDNA Sequenzierung und/oder MALDI-TOF MS

Microorganism	Pollen sample^a
Microorganism	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Bacteria
Bacillus cereus group^b	13	3	2	3	3	4	3	3
Bacillus megaterium ^b	1		2	2	1	2	1
Bacillus subtilis^b	3		5	1	4	1	2	4
Bacillus amyloliquefacie ^b	1			3	1	2	1	1
Bacillus coagulans^c						1
Bacillus pumilus clade^b,c	2	2		1	2	1	2	1
Bacillus flexus^b	1			2
Fictibacillus halophilus^c				1
Lysinibacillus fusiformis^{b, c}	1	1	1				1	2
Lysinibacillus macroides^c					1
Lysinibacillus sphaericus^c		2				1
Paenibacillus spp. ^c			1
Paenibacillus pabuli^c	1
Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus^b							1
Virgibacillus halophilus^c						1
Lactobacillus coryniformis^c								1
Pediococcus pentosaceus^b				1
Clostridium beijerinckii^b	3				1		3
Clostridium perfringens^b				4
Clostridium sordellii^b			1					2
Enterobacter hormaechei^b				2
Fungi
Alternaria sp. ^c					1
Aspergillus spp. ^c					1	1
Monascus ruber^c	1		1				1	1
Rhizopus spp. ^c				1

eISSN:: 0006-5471
Lingua:: Inglese

Frequenza di pubblicazione:: 4 volte all'anno
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