Effects of two decades of organic and mineral fertilization of arable crops on earthworms and standardized litter decomposition
, , e | 24 ago 2018
INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
Article Category: Research Article
Pubblicato online: 24 ago 2018
Pagine: 17 - 28
Ricevuto: 21 dic 2017
Accettato: 10 feb 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/boku-2018-0003
Parole chiave
© 2018 Heide Spiegel, Teresa Mosleitner, Taru Sandén, Johann G. Zaller, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Crop type and compost application at the Ritzlhof experiment from 1991 to 2014Tabelle 2. Feldfrüchte und Anwendung von Komposten am Versuch Ritzlhof von 1991 bis 2014
| Year | Crop type | Compost application (yes/no) | Further fertilization information |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | Maize | Yes | |
| 1992 | Spring wheat | Yes | |
| 1993 | Winter barley | Yes | |
| 1994 | Maize | Yes | |
| 1995 | Spring wheat | Yes | |
| 1996 | Winter barley | Yes | |
| 1997 | Maize | Yes | |
| 1998 | Spring wheat | Yes | |
| 1999 | Winter barley | Yes | |
| 2000 | Maize | Yes | |
| 2001 | Spring wheat | Yes | |
| 2002 | Winter barley | Yes | |
| 2003 | Maize | Yes | |
| 2004 | Pea | No | No fertilization at all |
| 2005 | Winter wheat | Yes | |
| 2006 | Winter barley | Yes | |
| 2007 | Maize | Yes | |
| 2008 | Pea | No | No fertilization at all |
| 2009 | Winter wheat | Yes | |
| 2010 | Winter barley | No | Uniform mineral N-P-K fertilization on every plot |
| 2011 | Maize | Yes | |
| 2012 | Pea | No | No fertilization at all |
| 2013 | Winter wheat | Yes | |
| 2014 | Winter barley | No | Uniform mineral N-P-K fertilization on every plot |
Chemical soil properties (0-25 cm soil depth), mean values analysed in 2012. Letters are only indicated, if there are significant differences (Tukey´s post-hoc test, p<0.05)Tabelle 5. Chemische Bodenparameter (0-25 cm Bodentiefe), Mittelwerte der Bodenuntersuchungen im Jahre 2012. Buchstaben werden nur bei statistisch signifikanten Unterschieden angezeigt (Tukey´s Post Hoc Test, p<0,05).
| Control (n = 4) | Mineral fertilization (n = 12) | Organic fertilization (n = 16) | Organic-mineral fertilization (n = 16) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pHCaCl2 | 6.98ab | 6.85a | 7.12b | 7.12b |
| SOC (%) | 1.19a | 1.12a | 1.38b | 1.39b |
| Nt (%) | 0.14a | 0.14a | 0.16b | 0.16b |
| C/N ratio | 8.43 | 8.24 | 8.47 | 8.57 |
| N mineralization potential (mg kg−1 7 days−1) | 60.5a | 60.3a | 68.3b | 68.4b |
| P-CAL (mg kg−1) | 96.5a | 95.8a | 173.9b | 165.3b |
| K-CAL (mg kg−1) | 151.8ab | 128.7a | 189.1b | 183.4b |
| Mg-Sch (mg kg−1) | 119.3 | 114.2 | 110.0 | 107.8 |
Growth and yield indices of winter barley. Letters are only indicated if there are significant differences (Tukey’s post-hoc test, p<0.05).Tabelle 7. Wachstums- und Ertragsindikatoren von Wintergerste. Buchstaben werden nur bei statistisch signifikanten Unterschieden angezeigt (Tukey's Post Hoc Test, p<0,05).
| Control (n = 4) | Mineral fertilization (n = 12) | Organic fertilization (n = 16) | Organic-mineral fertilization (n = 16) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barley total biomass (kg m−2) | 1.16 | 1.31 | 1.36 | 1.39 |
| Thousand kernel weight (g) | 42.1 | 42.3 | 42.6 | 40.6 |
| Stem length (cm) | 95.9a | 96.6ab | 101.9ab | 103.8b |
| Ear length (cm) | 6.36 | 6.42 | 6.86 | 6.25 |
| Stem-to-ear ratio | 15.7 | 15.5 | 16.0 | 17.0 |
Fertilization scheme at the Ritzlhof experimentTabelle 1. Düngungsschema am Versuch Ritzlhof
| Treatment No. | Type of fertilization | Organic nitrogen fertilization (kg N ha−1) | Mineral nitrogen fertilization (kg N ha−1) | Fertilization class |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | No fertilization (control) | 0 | 0 | Control |
| 2 | Mineral N fertilization | 0 | 40 | Mineral fertilization |
| 3 | Mineral N fertilization | 0 | 80 | |
| 4 | Mineral N fertilization | 0 | 120 | |
| 5 | Urban organic waste compost | 175 | 0 | Organic fertilization |
| 6 | Green waste compost | 175 | 0 | |
| 7 | Cattle manure compost | 175 | 0 | |
| 8 | Sewage sludge compost | 175 | 0 | |
| 9 | Urban organic waste compost + mineral N | 175 | 80 | Organic-mineral |
| 10 | Green waste compost + mineral N | 175 | 80 | fertilization |
| 11 | Cattle manure compost + mineral N | 175 | 80 | |
| 12 | Sewage sludge compost + mineral N | 175 | 80 |
Activity, abundance, and biomass of earthworms (EW, n = 48); letters are only indicated if there are significant differences (Tukey’s post-hoc test, p<0.05)Tabelle 3. Regenwurmaktivitäten, -häufigkeiten und –biomasse (n = 48), Buchstaben werden nur bei statistisch signifikanten Unterschieden angezeigt (Tukey´s Post Hoc Test, p<0,05).
| Control (n = 4) | Mineral fertilization (n = 12) | Organic fertilization (n = 16) | Organic-mineral fertilization (n = 16) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EW cumulative surface cast weight in g | m−2 | 2,093a | 2,012a | 2,552ab | 2,801b |
| EW average cast weight g m−2 | 523ab | 503a | 638ab | 678b | |
| EW cumulative number of surface casts | m−2 | 78.0ab | 71.0a | 104.8ab | 105.3b |
| EW average cast number m−2 | 39.0ab | 35.5a | 53.5b | 52.6b | |
| Total number of EW m−2 | 57.8 | 64.1 | 71.9 | 79.7 | |
| EW biomass in g m−2 | 11.1 | 23.7 | 23.4 | 37.3 | |
| Average weight per EW g m−2 | 1.67 | 2.62 | 2.54 | 4.44 |
Spearman correlation coefficients between activity, abundance, and biomass of earthworms (EW); decomposition; and winter barley harvest parameters and soil properties (n = 48) in a soil depth of 0–25 cmTabelle 6. Spearman Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen Regenwurmaktivitäten, -häufigkeiten und –biomasse, Zersetzung, Wintergerste-Ernteparameter und Bodenparameter (n = 48) in einer Bodentiefe von 0-25 cm
| pH | SOC | Nt | C/N | N mineralization potential mg kg-1 7 days-1 | P-CAL | K-CAL | Mg-Sch | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EW cumulative surface cast weight (g m−2) | 0.119 | 0.428** | 0.416** | 0.084 | 0.417** | 0.428** | 0.447** | 0.049 |
| EW average cast weight (g m−2) | 0.063 | 0.429** | 0.420** | 0.085 | 0.418** | 0.381** | 0.438** | 0.065 |
| EW cumulative number of surface casts (m−2) | 0.420** | 0.449** | 0.437** | 0.111 | 0.396** | 0.460** | 0.162 | −0.186 |
| EW average cast number (m−2) | 0.413** | 0.473** | 0.466** | 0.114 | 0.423** | 0.468** | 0.187 | −0.162 |
| Number of living EW (m−2) | 0.364* | 0.301* | 0.324* | 0.133 | 0.300* | 0.435** | 0.121 | −0.153 |
| EW biomass (g m−2) | 0.320* | 0.360* | 0.268 | 0.414** | 0.123 | 0.339* | 0.072 | −0.125 |
| Total number of EW (m−2) | 0.343* | 0.316* | 0.285* | 0.239 | 0.267 | 0.379** | 0.068 | −0.194 |
| Average weight of one EW in g) | 0.212 | 0.177 | 0.063 | 0.381** | −0.074 | 0.197 | 0.001 | −0.056 |
| Barley stem length | 0.110 | 0.290* | 0.256 | 0.025 | 0.17 | 0.345* | 0.147 | −0.046 |
| Barley ear length | −0.098 | −0.002 | 0.099 | −0.195 | 0.074 | −0.109 | 0.074 | 0.206 |
| Barley stem-to-ear ratio | 0.214 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.206 | 0.112 | 0.369** | 0.053 | −0.234 |
| Barley total biomass (kg m−2) | −0.059 | 0.351* | 0.371** | 0.021 | 0.444** | 0.188 | 0.350* | 0.059 |
| S 28 | 0.207 | 0.211 | 0.151 | 0.231 | 0.038 | 0.277 | −0.037 | −0.02 |
| k 28 (g day−1) | 0.409** | 0.228 | 0.208 | 0.103 | 0.272 | 0.329* | −0.186 | −0.414** |
| S 56 | −0.300* | −0.165 | −0.152 | −0.241 | −0.185 | −0.22 | 0.032 | 0.179 |
| k 56 (g day−1) | 0.06 | 0.086 | 0.024 | 0.065 | −0.139 | 0.083 | 0.09 | −0.067 |
Litter decomposition, Tea Bag Index; letters are only indicated if there are significant differences (Tukey’s post-hoc test, p<0.05)Tabelle 4. Zersetzung, Teebeutel-Index; Buchstaben werden nur bei statistisch signifikanten Unterschieden angezeigt (Tukey´s Post Hoc Test, p<0,05).
| Control (n = 4) | Mineral fertilization (n = 12) | Organic fertilization (n = 16) | Organic-mineral fertilization (n = 16) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Litter decomposition rate (k) in g day−1 after 28 days | 0.039b | 0.020a | 0.024ab | 0.022a |
| Litter decomposition rate (k) in g day−1 after 56 days | 0.025 | 0.017 | 0.020 | 0.020 |
| Stabilization factor (S) after 28 days | 0.283a | 0.335ab | 0.383b | 0.386b |
| Stabilization factor (S) after 56 days | 0.247 | 0.324 | 0.336 | 0.343 |