Reliability of CSRS-PPP for Validating the Egyptian Geodetic Cors Networks

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Figure 8.

List of CORS

Station ID	Latitude	Longitude	H	Station ID	Latitude	Longitude	H
ADFO	N24°58′46.241″	E32°52′49.913″	105.97	QANA	N26°09′22.293″	E32°43′18.173″	101.20
ADWH	N28°41′41.549″	E30°46′01.677″	64.61	QANT	N30°51′27.105″	E32°18′36.257″	34.11
ASHM	N30°17′40.001″	E30°59′04.720″	39.67	RMDN	N30°17′26.508″	E31°44′23.437″	149.50
AYAT	N29°37′06.841″	E31°15′22.315″	58.82	RSHD	N31°24′19.102″	E30°25′17.957″	36.85
BADR	N30°34′57.049″	E30°42′37.032″	47.94	SDAT	N30°22′31.934″	E30°29′34.676″	71.50
BLTM	N31°33′11.924″	E31°05′40.480″	30.37	SHKH	N31°06′24.609″	E30°56′26.923″	30.55
BNHA	N30°28′15.304″	E31°10′45.118″	46.02	SMLT	N28°18′38.917″	E30°42′39.376″	71.19
CARO	N30°01′55.725″	E31°12′55.058″	75.57	SUEF	N29°04′53.755″	E31°05′30.069″	60.47
DMNH	N31°02′27.912″	E30°27′57.358″	41.63	SUZE	N29°59′18.836″	E32°31′19.498″	47.13
ETSA	N29°14′15.413″	E30°47′49.999″	41.64	TANT	N30°47′36.413″	E30°59′35.224″	40.81
HMOL	N31°18′35.684″	E31°09′02.195″	44.08	THAT	N26°46′09.649″	E31°29′50.601″	87.69
ISML	N30°36′15.307″	E32°18′00.940″	43.27	TSHT	N26°07′06.090″	E32°05′40.335″	88.37
ISNA	N25°17′20.274″	E32°33′28.518″	102.49	WAKF	N26°03′41.760″	E32°25′52.706″	109.83
KBER	N30°43′56.659″	E31°40′21.508″	33.15	DYNG	N38°04′42.788″	E23°55′56.765″	510.56
LXOR	N25°42′29.159″	E32°39′09.500″	110.58	NICO	N35°08′27.558″	E33°23′47.216″	190.02
MNSH	N26°29′00.621″	E31°47′39.230″	96.24	NKLG	N00°21′14.072″	E09°40′19.660″	31.49
MNZL	N31°09′36.216″	E31°56′04.274″	36.95	NOT1	N36°52′33.049″	E14°59′23.246″	126.35
MOUS	N27°38′36.827″	E30°51′27.876″	82.44	RAMO	N30°35′51.388″	E34°45′47.314″	886.84
MTMR	N30°54′45.358″	E30°09′31.184″	33.16	YKRO	N06°52′14.023″	W05°14′24.327″	270.26

Statistics of continuous lack of observation data for ESA-CORS

Station ID	DOY 201	DOY 202	DOY 203	Station ID	DOY 201	DOY 202	DOY 203
ADFO	4 h	-	-	QANA	9 h	9 h	9 h
ADWH	1 h	-	-	QANT	1 h	-	-
BLTM	6 h	12 h	8 h	RMDN	3 h	-	-
DMNH	13 h	6 h	5 h	THAT	1 h	-	-
ISNA	2 h	-	-	TSHT	8 h	-	-
KBER	16 h	16 h	16 h	WAKF	22 h	-	-
MNSH	1 h	-	-

Statistics of static-PPP solution for ESA-CORS in millimeters

	DOY201			DOY202			DOY203			Overall mean values
	E	N	h	E	N	h	E	N	h	E	N	h
Max.	20.0	15.0	44.0	10.0	15.0	48.0	9.0	10.0	48.0	13.0	13.3	46.7
μ	6.5	4.2	18.5	6.0	4.6	17.4	4.3	4.2	17.6	5.6	4.3	17.8
Min.	0.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.3	0.0
RMSE	7.7	5.6	22.3	6.4	5.8	22.7	4.8	5.0	22.2	6.3	5.5	22.4
SD	4.2	3.8	12.8	2.3	3.6	14.8	2.1	3.8	13.7	2.9	3.7	13.8
SD95%	2.1	1.8	5.8	2.0	1.8	6.3	1.9	1.8	7.0	2.0	1.8	6.4

List of available PPP software and free online services

Software package		Provider
PPP software package	gLAB	Research group of Astronomy and Geomatics (gAGE) from the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC) (Sanz et al. 2012)
	Net_Diff	GNSS Analysis Center, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences (https://github.com/YizeZhang/Net_Diff)
	PRIDE PPP-AR	GNSS Research Center of Wuhan University, China (https://geodesy.noaa.gov/gps-toolbox/PRIDE.htm)
	GAMP	Research group at the German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ (Zhou et al. 2018)
	Bernese GNSS V. 5.2	Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB), Switzerland (Dach & Walser 2015)
	GIPSY-OASIS II	Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, USA (https://gipsy-oasis.jpl.nasa.gov/index.php?page=software)
	RTKLIB	Tomoja Takasu at Tokyo University Marine Science and Technology, Japan (http://www.rtklib.com/)
	NAPEOS	European Space Agency (http://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/NAPEOS)
	GAMIT/GLOBK	Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (http://geoweb.mit.edu/gg/)
PPP free online service	CSRS-PPP	Canadian Geodetic Survey (CGS) (https://webapp.geod.nrcan.gc.ca/geod/tools-outils/ppp.php)
	APPS-PPP	Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, USA (http://apps.gdgps.net/)
	GAPS-PPP	GNSS Analysis and Positioning Software, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering University of New Brunswick (http://gaps.gge.unb.ca/)
	magicGNSS	GMV Aerospace and Defence S.A., Spain (https://magicgnss.gmv.com/)

Statistics of static-PPP solution for IGS-CORS in millimeters

	DOY201			DOY202			DOY203			Mean
	E	N	h	E	N	h	E	N	h	E	N	h
Max.	3.0	3.0	8.0	2.0	2.0	12.0	4.0	2.0	5.0	3.0	2.3	8.3
μ	1.3	1.2	3.3	1.0	1.3	5.5	1.2	1.2	3.0	1.2	1.2	3.9
Min.	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	2.0	0.0	0.3	1.0
RMSE	1.7	1.6	4.5	1.3	1.5	6.7	1.8	1.2	3.2	1.6	1.4	4.8
SD	1.2	1.2	3.3	0.9	0.8	4.2	1.5	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.1	2.9
SD95%	1.0	0.8	1.0	0.9	0.8	1.0	0.5	0.8	1.3	0.8	0.8	1.1

CSRS-PPP processing parameters

Item	Processing parameter
GNSS system	GPS and GLONASS
Reference system	ITRF2014 (epoch 2019)
Coordinate format	XYZ/Ellipsoidal/UTM
Satellite orbit and clock ephemeris	IGS final (Orbit: 15-minute interval & clock: 30-second interval)
Satellite phase center offsets	IGS-ANTEX (NGS 2021)
Receiver phase center offsets	IGS-ANTEX (NGS 2021)
Elevation angle	7.5°
Sampling rate	30 s
Ionospheric model	Linear ionosphere-free combination + second-order parameters
Tropospheric model	Dry: Davis (GPT) (Sakurai 1985; Kouba 2009) Wet: Hopfield model (GPT) (Hopfield 1969; Kouba 2009) VMF1 (Böhm & Schuh 2004)
Software	CSRS-PPP
Observation data	Single/dual frequency and static/kinematic
Data transfer	Email
Ocean tide loading	FES 2004 (Le Provost & Lyard 1997)