This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Baume LJ. Introduction. The scope of problems retrospectively and prospectively. Int Dent J 1970; 20: 563-569.Search in Google Scholar
Jago JD. The epidemiology of dental occlusion, a critical appraisal. J Public Health Dent 1974; 34: 80-93.Search in Google Scholar
McLain JB, Profflt WR. Oral health status in the United States: Prevalence of malocclusion. J Dent Educ 1985; 49: 386-396.Search in Google Scholar
Strieker G, Clifford E, Cohen LK, Giddon DB, Meskin LH, Evans CA. Psychosocial aspects of craniofacial disfigurement. Am J Orthod 1979; 76: 410-422.Search in Google Scholar
Shaw WC, Meek SC, Jones DS. Nicknames, teasing, harassment and the salience of dental features among school children. Br J Orthod 1980; 7: 75-80.Search in Google Scholar
Shaw WC, Richmond S, O’Brien KD, Brook PH, Stephens CD. Quality control in orthodontics: Indices of treatment need and treatment standards. BrDentJ 1991; 170: 107-112.Search in Google Scholar
Angle EH. Classification of malocclusion. Dent Cosmos 1899; 41: 248-264.Search in Google Scholar
Helm S. Intra-examiner reliability of epidemiologic registrations of malocclusion. Acta Odontol Scand 1977; 35: 161-165.Search in Google Scholar
Freer TJ, Adkins BL. New approach to malocclusion and indices. J Dent Res 1968; 47: 1111-1117.Search in Google Scholar
Pickering EA, Vig P. The occlusal index used to assess orthodontic treatment. Br J Orthod 1975; 2: 47-51.Search in Google Scholar
Case CS. Techniques and principles of dental orthopedia. New York: Leo Bruder, 1963: 16-18.Search in Google Scholar
Isaacson RJ, Christiansen RL, Evans CA, Reidel RA. Research on variation in dental occlusion. Am J Orthod 1975; 68: 241-255.Search in Google Scholar
Horowitz SL, Hixon EH. The nature of orthodontic diagnosis. CV Mosby, St Louis 1966; 344-378.Search in Google Scholar
Ackerman JL, Proffit WR. The characteristics of malocclusion: A modern approach to classification and diagnosis. Am J Orthod 1969; 56: 443-454.Search in Google Scholar
Gravely JF, Johnson DB. Angle’s classification of malocclusion: an assessment of reliability. Br J Orthod 1974; 1: 79-86.Search in Google Scholar
Katz MI. Angle classification revisited 1: Is current usage reliable? Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1992; 102: 173-179.Search in Google Scholar
Gardiner JH. A survey of malocclusion and some aetiological factors in 1000 Sheffield schoolchildren. Dent Practitioner 1956; 6: 187-201.Search in Google Scholar
Katz MI. Angle classification revisited 2: A modified Angle classification. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1992; 102: 277-284.Search in Google Scholar
Katz RV. Relationships between eight orthodontic indices and an oral self-image satisfaction scale. Am J Orthod 1978; 73: 328-334.Search in Google Scholar
Houston WJB, Stephens CD, Tulley WJ. A textbook of orthodontics. 2nd Edn. Bristol: Wright, 1992: 42-53.Search in Google Scholar
Ballard CF, Wayman JB. A report on a survey of the orthodontic requirements of 310 army apprentices. Trans Br Soc Study Orthod 1964; 86: 81-86.Search in Google Scholar
British Standard Incisor Classification. 4492 British Standard Institute, Glossary of Dental Terms: 1983.Search in Google Scholar
Williams AC, Stephens CD. A modification to the incisor classification of malocclusion. Br J Orthod 1992; 19: 127-130.Search in Google Scholar
Elsasser WA. Studies of dentofacial morphology II. Orthometric analysis of facial pattern. Am J Orthod 1953; 39: 193-200.Search in Google Scholar
Pelton WJ, Elsasser WA. Studies of dentofacial morphology III. The role of dental caries in the etiology of malocclusion. J Am Dent Assoc 1953; 46: 648-657.Search in Google Scholar
Massler M, Frankel JM. Prevalence of malocclusion in children aged 14 to 18 years. Am J Orthod 1951; 37: 751-768.Search in Google Scholar
Van Kirk LE, Pennell EH. Assessment of malocclusion in population groups. Am J Orthod 1959; 45: 752-758.Search in Google Scholar
Poulton DR, Aaronson SA. The relationship between occlusion and periodontal status. Am J Orthod 1961; 47: 690-699.Search in Google Scholar
Björk A, Krebs AA, Solow B. A method for epidemiological registration of malocclusion. Acta Odontol Scand 1964; 22: 27-41.Search in Google Scholar
Baume LJ, Horowitz HS, Summers CJ et al. A method for measuring occlusal traits developed by the FDI commission on classification and statistics for oral conditions (COCSTOC). Int Dent J 1973; 23: 530-537.Search in Google Scholar
Kinaan BK, Burke PH. Quantitative assessment of the occlusal features. BrJ Orthod 1981; 8: 149-156.Search in Google Scholar
Draker HL. Handicapping labiolingual deviations: A proposed index for public health purposes. AmJ Orthod I960; 46: 295-305.Search in Google Scholar
Grainger RM. Orthodontic treatment priority index. National Centre for Health Services. Series II. No. 25. Washington: Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1967.Search in Google Scholar
Salzmann JA. Handicapping malocclusion assessment to establish treatment priority. Am J Orthod 1968; 54: 749-765.Search in Google Scholar
Summers CJ. The occlusal index: A system for identifying and scoring occlusal disorders. Am J Orthod 1971; 59: 553-567.Search in Google Scholar
Elderton RJ, Clark JD. Orthodontic treatment in the general dental service assessed by the occlusal index. Br Orthod 1983; 10: 178-186.Search in Google Scholar
Elderton RJ, Clark JD. An investigation of treatment provided in the general dental service for patients with class II division 1 malocclusions. BrJ Orthod 1984; 11: 2-8.Search in Google Scholar
Clark JD, Elderton RJ. Orthodontic treatment in the general dental service in Scotland. Br Dent J 1987; 162: 57-62.Search in Google Scholar
Tang ELK, Wei SHY. Assessing treatment effectiveness of removable and fixed orthodontic appliances with the occlusal index. AmJ Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1990; 98: 550-556.Search in Google Scholar
So LLY, Tang ELK. A comparative study using the occlusal index and the index of orthodontic treatment need. Angle Orthod 1993; 63: 57-64.Search in Google Scholar
Gray AS, Demirjian A. Indexing occlusions for dental public health programs. AmJ Orthod 1977; 72: 191-197.Search in Google Scholar
Hermanson PC, Grewe JM. Examiner variability of several malocclusion indices. Angle Orthod 1970; 40: 219-225.Search in Google Scholar
Grewe JM, Hagan DV. Malocclusion indices: A comparative evaluation. AmJ Orthod 1972; 61: 286-294.Search in Google Scholar
Freer TJ. Assessment of occlusal status: The matched-pair similarity technic. Int Dent J 1972; 22: 412-422.Search in Google Scholar
Freer TJ. Interrelationships of attributes of malocclusion. Int Dent J 1970; 20: 586-592.Search in Google Scholar
Linder-Aronson S. Orthodontics in the Swedish public dental health service. Trans Eur Orthod Soc 1974; 233-240.Search in Google Scholar
Ingervall B, Ronnerman A. Index for need of orthodontic treatment. Odont Revy 1975; 26: 59-82.Search in Google Scholar
Norges Offenlige Utredninger. Folketrygdens finansiering av tannhel - searbeid, Oslo. Universitesforlaget 1986: 25.Search in Google Scholar
Brook PH, Shaw WC. The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority. Eur J Orthod 1989; 11:309-320.Search in Google Scholar
Evans R, Shaw W. Preliminary evaluation of an illustrated scale for rating dental attractiveness. Eur J Orthod 1987; 9: 314-318.Search in Google Scholar
Richmond S, Shaw WC, Stephens CD, Webb WG, Roberts CT, Andrews M. Orthodontics in the general dental service of England and Wales: A critical assessment of standards. Br DentJ 1993; 174: 315-329¬Search in Google Scholar
Howitt JW, Strieker G, Henderson R. Eastman esthetic index. NY State DentJ 1967; 33: 215-220.Search in Google Scholar
Banack AR, Cleall JF, Yip ASG. Epidemiology of malocclusion in 12 year old Winnipeg schoolchildren. J Canad Dent Assoc 1972; 38: 437-445.Search in Google Scholar
Cons NC, Jenny J, Kohout FJ. DAI: the dental aesthetic index. Iowa City College of Dentistry, University of Iowa 1986.Search in Google Scholar
Ansai T, Miyazaki H, Katoh Y, et al. Prevalence of malocclusion in high school students in Japan according to the Dental Aesthetic Index. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1993; 21: 303-305.Search in Google Scholar
Estioko LJ, Wright FAC, Morgan MV. Orthodontic treatment need of secondary school children in Heidelberg, Victoria: An epidemiologic study using the Dental Aesthetic Index. Community Dent Health 1994; 11:147-15.Search in Google Scholar
World Health Organisation. International collaborative study of oral health outcomes (ICS II), document 2: Oral data collection instrument and examination criteria. Geneva: WHO 1989.Search in Google Scholar
Howat A. Orthodontics and health: Have we widened our perspectives? Community Dent Health 1993; 10: Suppl 2, 29-37.Search in Google Scholar
Phillips C, Tulloch C, Dann C. Rating of facial attractiveness. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1992; 20: 214-220.Search in Google Scholar
O’Brien KD, Shaw WC, Roberts CT. The use of occlusal indices in assessing the provision of orthodontic treatment by the hospital orthodontic service of England and Wales. Br J Orthod 1993; 20: 25-35.Search in Google Scholar
Richmond S, Andrews M. Orthodontic treatment standards in Norway. EurJ Orthod 1993; 15: 7-15.Search in Google Scholar
Lobb WK, Ismail AI, Andrews CL, Spracklin TE. Evaluation of orthodontic treatment using the Dental Aesthetic Index. Am J. Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1994; 106: 70-75.Search in Google Scholar
Peck H, Peck S. A concept of facial esthetics. Angle Orthod 1970; 40: 284-317.Search in Google Scholar
Eismann D. A method of evaluating the efficiency of orthodontic treatment. Trans Eur Orthod Soc 1974; 223-232.Search in Google Scholar
Gottlieb EL. Grading your orthodontic treatment results. J Clin Orthod 1975; 9: 155-161.Search in Google Scholar
Berg R. Post-retention analysis of treatment problems and failures in 264 consecutively treated cases. Eur J Orthod 1979; 1: 55-68.Search in Google Scholar
Richmond S. A critical evaluation of orthodontic treatment in the general dental service of England and Wales. University of Manchester, 1990. PhD thesis.Search in Google Scholar
Richmond S, Shaw WC, O’Brien KD, et al. The development of the PAR index (Peer Assessment Rating): Reliability and validity. Eur J Orthod 1992; 14: 125-139.Search in Google Scholar
Richmond S, Shaw WC, Roberts CT, Andrews M. The PAR index (Peer Assessment Rating): Methods to determine outcome of orthodontic treatment in terms of improvement and standards. Eur J Orthod 1992; 14: 180-187.Search in Google Scholar
Kerr WJS, Buchanan IB, McColl JH. Use of the PAR index in assessing the effectiveness of removable orthodontic appliances. Br J Orthod 1993; 20: 351-357.Search in Google Scholar
Fox NA. The first 100 cases: A personal audit of orthodontic treatment assessed by the PAR (Peer Assessment Rating) Index. Br Dent J 1993; 174: 290-297.Search in Google Scholar
Otuyemi OD, Jones SP. Long-term evaluation of treated class II division 1 malocclusions utilizing the PAR index. BrJ Orthod 1995; 22: 171-178.Search in Google Scholar
Richmond S, Turbill EA, Andrews M. Calibration of non-dental and dental personnel in the use of the PAR index. BrJ Orthod 1993; 20: 231-234.Search in Google Scholar
Stephens CD, Harradine NW. Changes in the complexity of orthodontic treatment for patients referred to a teaching hospital. BrJ Orthod 1988; 15: 27-32.Search in Google Scholar
Carlos JP. Evaluation of indices of malocclusion. Int Dent J 1970; 20: 606-617.Search in Google Scholar
Buchanan IB. The evaluation and initial testing of an index to assess orthodontic treatment standards: The PAR index. University of Manchester, 1991. Msc thesis.Search in Google Scholar
Jarvinen S, Vaataja P. Variability in assessment of need for orthodontic treatment when using certain treatment need indices. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1987; 15: 245-248.Search in Google Scholar
Foster TD, Menezes DM. The assessment of occlusal features for public health planning purposes. Am J Orthod 1976; 69: 83-90.Search in Google Scholar