[
Adebiyi O.A. (2011). Tocopherol supplementation on stocking density of broiler: effect on performance characteristics and serum enzymes. Trop. Subtrop. Agroeco., 14: 623–628.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Agusetyaningsih I., Widiastuti E., Wahyuni H.I., Yudiarti T., Murwani R., Sartono T.A., Sugiharto S. (2021). Effect of encapsulated Cosmos caudatus leaf extract on the physiological conditions, immune competency, and antioxidative status of broilers at high stocking density. Ann. Anim. Sci. (in press).
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Aliyazıcıoğlu Y., Değer O., Ovalı E., Barlak Y., Hosver I., Tekelioğlu Y., Karahan S.C. (2005). Effects of Turkish pollen and propolis extracts on respiratory burst for k-562 cell lines. Int. Immunopharmacol., 5: 1652–1657.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Anderson R.A. (1997). Chromium as an essential nutrient for humans. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 26: 35–41.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Anderson R.A., Bryden N.A., Polansky M.M., Deuster P.A. (1988). Exercise effects on chromium excretion of trained and untrained men consuming a constant diet. J. Appl. Physiol., 64: 249–252.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Arslan A.S., Seven P.T., Yilmaz S., Seven I. (2014). The effects of propolis on performance, carcass and antioxidant status characteristics in quails reared under different stocking density. Eur. Poult. Sci., 78: 1–11.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Astaneh I.Y., Chamani M., Mousavi S.N., Sadeghi A.A., Afshar M.A. (2018). Effects of stocking density on performance and immunity in Ross 308 broiler chickens. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg., 24: 483–489.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Attia Y.A., Hassan R.A., Shehatta M.H., El-Hady S.A. (2005). Growth, carcass quality and serum constitients of slow growing chicks as affected by betain addition to diets containing 2 different levels of methionine. Int. J. Poultry Sci., 4: 856–865.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Attia Y.A., Abd El-Hamid A.E., Abdallah A.A., Berikaa M.A., El-Gandy M.F., Sahin K., Abou-Shehema B.M. (2018). Effect of betaine, vitamin C and vitamin E on egg quality, hatchability, and markers of liver and renal functions in dual-purpose breeding hens exposed to chronic heat stress. Eur. Poultry Sci., 82.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Aygun A., Sert D., Copur G. (2012) Effects of propolis on eggshell microbial activity, hatchability, and chick performance in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) eggs. Poultry Sci., 91: 1018–1025.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bello A., Zhai W., Gerard P.D., Peebles E.D. (2013). Effects of the commercial in ovo injection of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on the hatchability and hatching chick quality of broilers. Poultry Sci., 92: 2551–2559.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Benyi K., Norris D., Tsatsinyane P.M. (2006). Effects of stocking density and group size on the performance of white and brown Hyline layers in semi-arid conditions. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 38: 619–624.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Brake J., Balnave D., Dibner J.J. (1998). Optimum dietary arginine:lysine ratio for broiler chickens is altered during heat stress in association with changes in intestinal uptake and dietary sodium chloride. Brit. Poultry Sci., 39: 639–647.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Campos M.G., Cunha A., Markham K.R. (1997). Bee-pollen: Composition, properties, and applications, Mizrahi A., Lensky Y. (eds). Bee Products (Properties, Applications, and Apitherapy), Plenum Press, New York, USA, pp: 93–100.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cengiz O., Köksal B.H., Tatlı O., Sevim O., Ahsan U., Under A.G., Ulutas P.A., Beyaz D., Buyukyoruk S., Yakan A., Önol A.G. (2015). Effect of dietary probiotic and high stocking density on the performance, carcass yield, gut microflora, and stress indicators of broilers. Poultry Sci., 94: 2395–2403.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Chang Y.F., Wing Y., Cauley R.K., Gao X.M. (1993). Chronic lysine develops anti-pentylenetetrazol tolerance and reduces synaptic GABAergic sensitivity. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 233: 209–217.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Çetin E., Güçlü B.K., Çetin N. (2011). Effect of dietary humate and organic acid supplementation on social stress induced by high stocking density in laying hens. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 10: 2402–2407.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Desoky A.A., Kamel N.N. (2018). Dietary supplementation of vitamin E and selenium alleviate the negative effects of high stocking density in growing Japanese quail. Egypt. J. Nutr. Feeds, 21: 783–791.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dozier W.A., Thaxton J.P., Branton S.L., Morgan G.W., Miles D.M., Roush W.B., Lott B.D., Vizzier-Thaxton Y. (2005). Stocking density effects on growth performance and processing yields of heavy broilers. Poultry Sci., 84: 1332–1338.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dozier W.A., Thaxton J.P., Purswell J.L., Olanrewaju H.A., Branton S.L., Roush W.B. (2006). Stocking density effects on male broilers grown to 1.8 kilograms of body weight. Poultry Sci., 85: 344–351.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ehrmann M.A., Kurzak P., Bauer J., Vogel R.F. (2002). Characterization of lactobacilli towards their use as probiotic adjuncts in poultry. J. Appl. Microbiol., 92: 966–975.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Estevez I. (2007). Density allowances for broilers: Where to set the limits? Poultry Sci., 8: 1265–1272.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
European Communities (1999). Council Directive 1999/74/EC., Official Journal of the European Communities, L203/53.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
European Union (2007). Council Directive 2007/43/EC, Laying down minimum rules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production, Official Journal of the European Union, 182: 1928.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Feddes J.J., Emmanuel E.J., Zuidhoft M.J. (2002). Broiler performance, body weight variance, feed and water intake, and carcass quality at different stocking densities. Poultry Sci., 81: 774–779.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Fitko R., Jakubowski K., Roszko E., Potrzuska I., Zieliński H. (1992). Narastanie oporności kurcząt do przewlekle powtarzanego stresu (in Polish). Med. Weter., 48: 29–31.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ghanima M.M.A., Swelum A.A., Shukry M., Ibrahim S.A., Abd El-Hack M.E., Khafaga A.F., Alhimaidi A.R., Ammari A.A., El-Tarabily K.A., Younis M.E. (2021). Impacts of tea tree or lemongrass essential oils supplementation on growth, immunity, carcass traits, and blood biochemical parameters of broilers reared under different stocking densities. Poultry Sci., 101443.10.1016/j.psj.2021.101443853185534600272
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ghareeb K., Awad W.A., Nitsch S., Abdel-Raheem S., Bohm J. (2008). Effects of transportation on stress and fear responses of growing broilers supplemented with prebiotic or probiotic. Int. J. Poultry Sci., 7: 678–685.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gholami M., Chamani M., Seidavi A., Sadeghi A.A., Aminafschar M. (2020). Effects of stocking density and environmental conditions on performance, immunity, carcase characteristics, blood constitutes, and economical parameters of Cobb 500 strain broiler chickens. Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 19: 524–535.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grashorn M., Kutritz B. (1991). Der Einfluss der Besatzdichte auf die Leistung moderner Broilerherkünfte. Arch. Geflugelkd., 55: 84–90.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Guardia S., Konsak B., Combes S., Levenez F., Cauquil L., Guillot J.F., Moreau-Vauzelle C., Lessire M., Juin H., Gabriel I. (2011). Effects of stocking density on the growth performance and digestive microbiota of broiler chickens. Poultry Sci., 90: 1878–1889.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Han Y., Baker D.H. (1993). Effect of sex, heat stress, body weight and generic strain on the dietary lysine requirement of broiler chicks. Poultry Sci., 72: 701–708.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hayirli A., Esenbuğa N., Macit M., Yörük M.A., Yıldız A., Karaca H. (2005). Nutrition practice to alleviate the adverse effects of stress on laying performance, metabolic profile and egg quality in peak producing hens: II. The probiotic supplementation. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 18: 1752–1760.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Houshmand M., Azhar K., Zulkifli I., Bejo M.H., Kamyab A. (2012). Effects of prebiotic, protein level, and stocking density on performance, immunity, and stress indicators of broilers. Poultry Sci., 91: 393–401.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hunt C.D. (2003). Dietary boron: An overview of the evidence for its role in immune function. J. Trace Elem. Experimental Med., 16: 291–306.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
İpek H., Yertürk M., Avcı M. (2003). The effect of different amounts of zinc and copper supplementation on egg production and some blood parameters in laying period quail diets. YYÜ. Vet. Fak. Derg., 14: 65–68.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
İpek A., Canbolat O., Karabulut A. (2007). The effect of vitamin E and vitamin C on the performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) reared under heat stress during growth and egg production period. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 20: 252–256.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
İslam K.M.S., Schuhmacher A., Gropp J.M. (2005). Humic acid substances in animal agriculture. Pak. J. Nutr., 4: 126–134.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Jadamus A., Vahjen W., Simon O. (2001). Growth behaviour of a sporeforming probiotic strain in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicken and piglets. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 54: 1–17.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Jahanian R., Mirfendereski E. (2015). Effect of high stocking density on performance, egg quality, and plasma and yolk antioxidant capacity in laying hens supplemented with organic chromium and vitamin C. Livest. Sci., 177: 117–124.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Jeong S.B., Kim Y.B., Lee J.W., Kim D.H., Moon B.H., Chang H.H., Choi Y.H., Lee K.W. (2020). Role of dietary gamma-amino butyricacid in broiler chickens raised under high stocking density. Anim. Nutr., 6: 293–304.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kang H.K., Park S.B., Kim S.H., Kim C.H. (2016). Effects of stock density on the laying performance, blood parameter, corticosterone, litter quality, gas emission and bone mineral density of laying hens in floor pens. Poultry Sci., 95: 2764–2770.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kaya H., Karaalp M., Kaynar Ö., Tekçe E., Aksakal A., Bayram B. (2021). Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) could alleviate negative effects of stocking density in laying hens. Braz. J. Poultry Sci., 23: 1–12.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Keshavarz K. (2003). A comparison between cholecalciferol and 25-OH-cholecalciferol on performance and eggshell quality of hens fed different levels of calcium and phosphorus. Poultry Sci., 82: 1415–1422.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Khan R.U., Naz S., Nikousefat Z., Selvaggi M., Laudadio V., Tufarelli V. (2012). Effect of ascorbic acid in heat-stressed poultry. World’s Poultry Sci. J., 68: 477–490.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Klocking R. (1980). Giftung und Endgiftung von Schwermetallendurch Huminsäuren, Arch. Exper. Vet. Med., 34: 389–393.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kryeziu A.J., Kamberi M., Muji S., Mestani N., Berisha S. (2018). Carcass traits of broilers as affected by different stocking density and sex. Bulg. J. Agri. Sci., 24: 1097–1103.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lan P.T.N., Sakamoto M., Benno Y. (2004). Effects of two probiotic Lactobacillus strains on jejunal and cecal microbiota of broiler chicken under acute heat stress condition as revealed by molecular analysis of 16S rRNA genes. Microbiol. Immun., 48: 917–929.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lay Jr D.C., Fulton R.M., Hester P.Y., Karcher D.M., Kjaer J.B., Mench J.A., Porter R.E. (2011). Hen welfare in different housing systems. Poultry Sci., 90: 278–294.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ledwaba M.F., Roberson K.D. (2003). Effectiveness of twenty-five-hydroxycholecalciferol in the prevention of tibial dyschondroplasia in Ross cockerels depends on dietary calcium level. Poultry Sci., 82: 1769–1777.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Li J., Miao Z., Tian W., Yang Y., Wang J., Yang Y. (2017). Effects of different rearing systems on growth, small intestinal morphology and selected indices of fermentation status in broilers. Anim. Sci. J., 88: 900–908.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lin Y.L., Juan I.M., Chen Y.L., Liang Y.C., Lin J.K. (1996). Composition of polyphenols in fresh tea leaves and associations of their oxygen-radical-absorbing capacity with antiproliferative actions in fibroblast cells. J. Agri. Food Chem., 44: 1387–1394.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lopez-Coello C. (2003). Potential causes of broiler feathering problems. Feathering manual. St Louis, MO: Novus International, 1–46.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
López-López P., Sarmiento-Franco L.A., Santos-Ricalde R. (2021). Effect of stocking density on performance, infection by Eimeria spp., intestinal lesions and foot pad injuries in broilers with outdoor access under tropical conditions. Brit. Poultry Sci., (in press).
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ma H., Xu B., Li W., Wei F., Kim W.K., Chen C., Sun Q., Fu C., Wang G., Li S. (2020). Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on the behavior, serum indicators, and bone quality of broilers under stocking density stress. Poultry Sci., 99: 4653–4661.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mayne R.K. (2005). A review of the etiology and possible causative factors of footpad dermatitis in growing turkeys and broilers. World’s Poultry Sci. J., 61: 256–267.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
McCarty M.F. (1991). The case for supplemental chromium and a survey of clinical studies with chromium picolinate. J. Appl. Nutr., 43: 59–66.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
McCracken K.J., Stewart R.A. (2001). Importance of amino-acid and electrolyte balance in experimental diets used to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) value of wheat. Brit. Poultry Sci., 42: 64–69.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
McDowell L.R. (2012). Vitamins in animal nutrition – Comparative aspects to human nutrition. Academic Press, London, pp. 10–54.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
McDowell L.R. (2000). Vitamins in animal and human nutrition. Iowa State University Press.10.1002/9780470376911
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Miao Z.Q., Dong Y.Y., Qin X., Yuan J.M., Han M.M., Zhang K.K., Shi S.R., Song X.Y., Zang J.Z., Li J.H. (2021). Dietary supplementation of methionine mitigates oxidative stress in broilers under high stocking density. Poultry Sci., 100: 101231.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mirfendereski E., Jahanian R. (2015). Effects of dietary organic chromium and vitamin C supplementation on performance, immune responses, blood metabolites, and stress status of laying hens subjected to high stocking density. Poultry Sci., 94: 281–288.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mustafa M.Y., Muneer M.A., Anjum A.A., Ahamd M. (2010). Influence of stocking density on immune response of broilers against Newcastle disease virus. Pak. J. Life Soc. Sci., 8: 7–10.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Naseem S., Younus M., Anwar B., Ghafoor A., Aslam A., Akhter S. (2005). Effect of ascorbic acid and acetyl salicylic acid supplementation on performance of broiler chicks exposed to heat stres. Int. J. Poultry Sci., 4: 900–904.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Nasr M.A., Alkhedaide A.Q., Ramadan A.A., Abd-El Salam E.H., Hussein M.A. (2021). Potential impact of stocking density on growth, carcass traits, indicators of biochemical and oxidative stress and meat quality of different broiler breeds. Poultry Sci., 101442.10.1016/j.psj.2021.101442849358034607150
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Obled C., Papet I., Breuillé D. (2002). Metabolic bases of amino acid requirements in acute diseases. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metabolic Care, 5: 189–197.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Olgun O., Aygun A. (2017). Effect of copper supplementation on performance, eggshell quality and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio in aged laying hens housed at different stocking densities. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 17: 25–33.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Önel S.E., Aksu T. (2020). Can thyme (Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata) volatile oil alleviate the detrimental effects of high stocking densities in Japanese quail? Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 44: 1024–1031.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Özdemir G., İnci H., Söğüt B., Şengül T., Yüksel H., Şimşek H., Özdemir A. (2016). Effects of dietary boron supplementation on performance and some haematological and antioxidant parameters in Japanese quail exposed to high stocking density. Eur. Poulry Sci., 80: 1–15.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Öziş Altınçekiç Ş., Koyuncu M. (2012). Farm animals and stress. J. Anim. Prod., 53: 27–37.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pawlak M., Kontecka H. (1995). Stres u zwierzat (in Polish). Pol. Drob., 4: 8–10.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pijarska I., Czech A., Malec H., Tyczyna L. (2006). Wpływ transportu drogowego piskląt na wskaźniki biochemiczne krwi oraz wyniki produkcyjne brojlerów (in Polish). Med. Weter., 62: 408–410.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Puvadolpirod S., Thaxton J.P. (2000). Model of physiological stress in chickens: 1. Response parameters. Poultry Sci., 79: 363–369.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Qaid M., Albatshan H., Shafey T., Hussein E., Abudabos A.M. (2016). Effect of stocking density on the performance and immunity of 1-to 14-d-old broiler chicks. Braz. J. Poultry Sci., 18: 683–692.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ratriyanto A., Firmanda F., Purwanti H., Murjoko M. (2020). Nutrient digestibility, performance, and egg quality traits of quails raised in different stocking densities and ascorbic acid supplementation in a hot, tropical environment. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 44: 350–357.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ravindran V., Thomas D.V., Thomas D.G., Morel P.C.H. (2006). Performance and welfare of broilers as affected by stocking density and zinc bacitracin supplementation. Anim. Sci. J., 77: 110–116.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rech O.A., Pinheiro J.W., Fonseca N.A.N., da Silva C.A., Oba A. (2010). Effect of genetic strain, cage space and dietetic tryptophan level on the laying hens performance. Semin. Cienc. Agrar., 31: 1051–1058.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rios R.L., Bertechini A.G., Carvalho J.C.C., Castro S.F., Costa V.A. (2009). Effect of cage density on the performance of 25-to 84-week-old laying hens. Braz. J. Poultry Sci., 11: 257–262.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Saki A.A., Zamani P., Rahmati M., Mahmoudi H. (2012). The effect of cage density on laying hen performance, egg quality, and excreta minerals. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 21: 467–475.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sapsuha Y., Suprijatna E., Kismiati S., Sugiharto S. (2021). The effect of nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) extract on growth performance, internal organ and carcass of broiler chickens raised at high stocking density. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 33: (in press).
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sarıözkan S., Güçlü B.K., İşcan K.M. (2009). Technical and economic evaluation of stocking density, dietary energy level and carnitine supplementation on laying hens. Ankara Üni. Vet. Fak. Der., 56: 283–288.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Saunders-Blades J.L., Korver D.R. (2015). Effect of hen age and maternal vitamin D source on performance, hatchability, bone mineral density, and progeny in vitro early innate immune function. Poultry Sci., 94: 1233–1246.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Schmidt J.O. (1997). Chemical composition and application, Mizrahi A., Lensky Y. (eds). Bee Products (Properties, Applications and Apitherapy), New York, Plenum Press, pp: 15–26.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Seven İ., Seven P.T., Aslan A.S., Yıldız N. (2011). The effects of dietary bee pollen on performance and some blood parameters in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) breeding under different stocking densities. J. Fac.Vet. Med. Univ. Erciyes, 8: 173–180.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Seven I., Şimşek Ü.G., Gökçe Z., Seven P.T., Arslan A., Yılmaz Ö. (2014). The effects of royal jelly on performance and fatty acid profiles of different tissues in quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) reared under high stocking density. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 38: 271–277.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Shakeri M., Zulkifli I., Soleimani A.F., O’Reilly E.L., Eckersall P.D., Anna A.A., Abdullah F. F.J. (2014). Response to dietary supplementation of L-glutamine and L-glutamate in broiler chickens reared at different stocking densities under hot, humid tropical conditions. Poultry Sci., 93: 2700–2708.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Shanawany M.M. (1988). Broiler performance under high stocking densities. Brit. Poultry Sci. 29: 43–52.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sohail S.S., Bryant M.M., Rao S.K., Roland D.A. (2001). Influence of cage density and prior dietary phosphorus level on phosphorus requirement of commercial leghorns. Poultry Sci., 80: 769–775.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sørensen P., Su G., Kestin S.C. (2000). Effects of age and stocking density on leg weakness in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci., 79: 864–870.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Srinongkote S., Smrıga M., Toride Y. (2004). Diet supplied with L-lysine and L-arginine during chronic stress of high stock density normalizes growth of broilers. Anim. Sci. J., 75: 339–343.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Starich G.H., Blincoe C. (1983). Dietary chromium-forms and availabilities. Sci. Tot. Envir., 28: 443–454.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sugiharto S., Yudiarti T., Isroli I., Widiastuti E., Kusumanti E. (2017). Dietary supplementation of probiotics in poultry exposed to heat stress – a review. Ann. Anim. Sci., 17: 591–604.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sun Z.W., Yan L., Zhao J.P., Lin H., Guo Y.M. (2013). Increasing dietary vitamin D3 improves the walking ability and welfare status of broiler chickens reared at high stocking densities. Poultry Sci., 92: 3071–3079.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Swain B.K., Johri T.S. (2000). Effect of supplemental methionine, choline and their combinations on the performance and immune response of broilers. Brit. Poultry Sci., 41: 83–88.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Świątkiewicz S., Koreleski J., Kopowski J. (2006). Effect of phytase and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on the performance and bone quality in broiler chickens. Med. Weter., 62: 81–84.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Taşkın A., Şahin A., Camcı Ö., Erener G. (2015). New approaches to anti-stress practices in poultry. Turk. J. Agri. Food Sci. Technol., 3: 571–576.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Thaxton J.P., Dozier W.A., Branton S.L., Morgan G.W., Miles D.W., Roush W.B., Lott B.D., Vizzier-Thaxton Y. (2006). Stocking density and physiological adaptive responses of broilers. Poultry Sci., 85: 819–824.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Toghyani M., Heidari S., Emadinia A. (2016). Effect of stocking density and dietary sulfur amino acids on welfare indices of broiler chicks. J. Adv. Agri. Technol., 3: 124–127.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tong H.B., Lu J., Zou J.M., Wang Q., Shi S.R. (2012). Effects of stocking density on growth performance, carcass yield, and immune status of a local chicken breed. Poultry Sci., 91: 667–673.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Turkyilmaz M.K. (2008). The effect of stocking density on stress reaction in broiler chickens during summer. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 32: 31–36.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
United Egg Producers (UEP) (2008). United Egg Producers Animal Husbandry Guidelines for US Egg Laying Flocks. Alpharetta, GA, United Egg Producers.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Villanueva M.O., Marquina A.D., Serrano R.B., Abellán G.B. (2002). The importance of bee-collected pollen in the diet: a study of its composition. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 53: 217–224.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wang B., Min Z., Yuan J., Zhang B., Guo Y. (2014). Effects of dietary tryptophan and stocking density on the performance, meat quality, and metabolic status of broilers. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 5: 44.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wang J., Qiu L., Gong H., Celi P., Yan L., Ding X., Wu C. (2020). Effect of dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation and high stocking density on performance, egg quality, and tibia quality in laying hens. Poultry Sci., 99: 2608–2615.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wang J., Zhang C., Zhang T., Yan L., Qiu L., Yin H., Ding X., Bai S., Zeng Q., Mao X., Zhang K., Wu C., Xuan Y., Shan Z. (2021). Dietary 25-hydroxy vitamin D improves intestinal health and microbiota of laying hens under high stocking density. Poultry Sci., 100: 101132.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wedekind K., Hortin A., Baker D. (1992). Methodology for assessing zinc bioavailability: efficacy estimates for zinc-methionine, zinc sulfate, and zinc oxide. J. Anim. Sci., 70: 178–187.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wu Y., Wang Y., Yin D., Mahmood T., Yuan J. (2020 a). Transcriptome analysis reveals a molecular understanding of nicotinamide and butyrate sodium on meat quality of broilers under high stocking density. BMC Genom., 21: 1–21.10.1186/s12864-020-06827-0730215432552672
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wu Y., Wang Y., Wu W., Yin D., Sun X., Guo X., Chen J., Mahmood T., Yan L., Yuan J. (2020 b). Effects of nicotinamide and sodium butyrate on meat quality and muscle ubiquitination degradation genes in broilers reared at a high stocking density. Poultry Sci., 99: 1462–1470.10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.070758785432115032
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Yin L.Y., Wang Z.Y., Yang H.M., Xu L., Zhang J., Xing H. (2017). Effects of stocking density on growth performance, feather growth, intestinal development, and serum parameters of geese. Poultry Sci., 96: 3163–3168.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Yörük M.A., Gül M., Hayirli A., Macit M. (2004). The effects of supplementation of humate and probiotic on egg production and quality parameters during the late laying period in hens. Poultry Sci., 83: 84–88.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Yörük M.A., Laçin E., Hayırlı A., Yıldız A. (2008). The effects of humate and prebiotic supplementation on laying performance, egg quality and blood parameters of Japanese quails reared in different cage densities. Yüz. Yıl Üni. Vet. Fak. Der., 19: 15–22.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zhang H.Y., Piao X.S., Zhang Q., Li P., Yi J.Q., Liu J.D., Li Q.Y., Wang G.Q. (2013). The effects of Forsythia suspensa extract and berberine on growth performance, immunity, antioxidant activities, and intestinal microbiota in broilers under high stocking density. Poultry Sci., 92: 1981–1988.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zimmerman P.H., Lindberg A.C., Pope S.J., Glen E., Bolhuis J.E., Nicol C.J. (2006). The effect of stocking density, flock size and modified management on laying hen behaviour and welfare in a non-cage system. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 101: 111–124.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zuowei S., Yan L., Yuan L., Jiao H., Song Z., GuoY., Lin H. (2011). Stocking density affects the growth performance of broilers in a sex-dependent fashion. Poultry Sci., 90: 1406–1415.
]Search in Google Scholar