Design of fitness walker for the elderly based on ergonomic SAPAD model

Junjie Zhou; Yujia Tang; Yuanwu Shi

Dettagli rivista e numero

Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences

Dettagli della rivista

Formato: Rivista
eISSN: 2444-8656
Prima pubblicazione: 01 Jan 2016
Frequenza di pubblicazione: 2 volte all'anno
Lingue: Inglese

With the development of social and economic structures, social and family structures have undergone profound changes. With the development trend of population ageing, more attention should be paid to the needs and desires of the elderly [1–4]. The decline of certain physiological functions in the elderly results in gradual impairment of walking, especially those due to mild or moderate stroke, or due to the deterioration or decline of certain bodily functions and mobility. This is mainly due to the lack of physical exercise among the elderly and the absence of appropriate fitness walkers [5]. Based on this, the demand for fitness walkers is also increasing among the elderly.

Ergonomics is a rapidly developing discipline and a marginal discipline [6]. The definition of any discipline is not invariable, especially the emerging marginal discipline [7]. With the continuous development of the discipline and the expansion of research content, its definition will change. Ergonomics applies the research methods and means of anthropometry, physiology, psychology, biomechanics and engineering [8]. The remarkable feature of ergonomics is that it does not simply focus on the optimisation of a single factor on the basis of seriously studying the characteristics of the three elements of human, machine and environment [9, 10]. The people using ‘machine’, the ‘machine’ designed by people and the ‘environment’ coexisting with the machine are studied as a system, so as to achieve the coordination between people, machines and the environment. The ultimate goal is to make people’s work comfortable and efficient, and the working environment safe and healthy [11–13].

With the ageing of China’s population becoming increasingly serious, humanistic care for the elderly has been put on the agenda; however, the current elderly products are not mature, and there is great space for their development in the future. Although there are many walking aid tools for elderly fitness, the design is yet to reach perfection [14, 15]. The senior products market needs the power of design to develop and mature [16]. Fitness aids for the elderly should reflect their emotional care based on their physiological and psychological needs. Therefore, the research on tool design principles can not only better serve the elderly, but can also trigger us to think about the relationship between people and products [17, 18].

Based on this, this paper proposes a set of senile fitness aids absenteeism based on the ergonomic semiotic approach of product architecture design (SAPAD) model. First, the development and structure of artificial engineering is introduced in detail. Then the framework of walking aid based on the SAPAD model is proposed, and the SAPAS model and walking aid for the elderly are introduced, including the framework of simulation design and application. The experimental results show that the framework of elderly fitness walker based on the ergonomic SAPAD model is suitable to be implemented and it can be applied to the elderly’s fitness assistance.

Ergonomics

With social development and scientific and technological progress, the era of 4.0 intelligence is approaching quietly, and the research process of a new generation of intelligent manufacturing is accelerating [19]. The content of existing ergonomics has lagged, which is reflected in the following aspects: digital and information technology is innovating day by day, and the traditional human-computer interaction mode is also changing to intelligent interaction. The research content of ergonomics should include theory and application in two respects, emphasising application. Its content and application are quite extensive, but its fundamental research direction is to ensure the overall performance optimisation of the human-machine-environment system by revealing the law of relationship between the human-machine-environment system. The research content of each branch is shown in Figure 1.

It can be seen from the figure that the research contents of each branch are human characteristics research, machine characteristics research, environmental characteristics research, human-mechanism system research, human-environment relationship research, machine-environment relationship research, and human-machine-environment system performance research. The content involved is very complex. For industrial design, the main contents include the study of human body characteristics, the design of workplace and information transfer devices, the design of environmental control and safety protection and the overall design of the man-machine system, including the following aspects:

To provide human-scale parameters for the consideration of ‘human factors’ in product design. Analyse the functional characteristics of human visual, auditory, and tactile organs. Analysis of physiological changes in labour, fatigue degree, and the ability to adapt to various loads. This paper discusses the influence of psychological factors on work efficiency.

To provide the scientific basis for the functional rationality of ‘things’ in product design, ‘things’ are used and operated by people. The worktable and control rooms are designed according to the parameters and requirements provided by ergonomics.

‘Environmental factors’ in product design provide the design criteria. Through the study of the environment, determine the comfortable range and safety limit in production and living activities, to ensure the health, safety, comfort and efficiency of the human body.

To provide the theoretical basis for human-machine-environment system design. As a system to study, science uses the organic connection between the three elements to seek the best parameters of the system.

Frame of fitness walker for the elderly based on SAPAD model

Based on ergonomics and the SAPAD model, this paper designed a complete set of frames for fitness walkers for the elderly, as shown in Figure 2.

Fitness walker for the elderly based on ergonomic SAPAD model. SAPAD, semiotic approach of product architecture design

To provide human-scale parameters for the design of fitness walkers for the elderly.

To provide an analysis and evaluation method for ‘environmental factors’ in the design of fitness walkers for the elderly.

To provide the theoretical basis for the human-machine-environment system design of fitness walkers for the elderly.

To adhere to the ‘people’ as the core of the design idea to provide work procedures.

3.1

SAPAD model design

Based on the SAPAD framework, a user-centred product design strategy was established by analysing the mapping relationship between behaviour, meaning and product [20–22]. The framework is based on the analysis of mapping between behaviour, meaning and product, so as to establish the design of fitness aids for the elderly. Behaviour refers to the actions that users take in the course of their actions. Meaning means that SAPAD extracts the corresponding behavioural meaning from six aspects of the meaning layer, including the physical, experience, semantic, construction, pragmatic and social layers. The object refers to the relevant object in the task, which is the object that the user touches or has an interactive relationship with when performing the behaviour, namely the concept of ‘touch point’ in service design.

In this paper, the structural, empirical, pragmatic and semantic layers are selected for cluster analysis, the Boolean logical association matrix is used for meaning clustering and the meaning cluster is obtained by correlation analysis. The similar meanings of the same level are combined and scored according to the correlation degree and divided into five levels: 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4, with ‘0’–‘4’ representing the correlation degree from weak to strong, and using colours of different purity to express the strength of the correlation. The meanings are displayed by the neatly arranged colour blocks obtained after clustering.

Because the market is not mature, the design and research of fitness aids for the elderly are not mature and have not received widespread attention, including the following issues:

The simple design ignores the psychological feelings of the elderly when using the product. At present, there is little attention paid to the emotional needs of the elderly by the walker on the market.

The functional consideration is not comprehensive enough, and there is no reasonable function matching according to the real needs of the elderly.

Modern intelligent technology is rarely used in such products, which cannot bring more convenience to the elderly and integrate with modern society.

The structure is simple, and the safety performance is not obvious and easy to let the elderly use when they feel the burden.

According to the above design, according to the design principles, pay attention to the physical and psychological needs of the elderly with mobility difficulties, and improve their living conditions. Psychological changes require that tools be designed to give these older people emotional care. At the same time, the design principle of fitness walking aid for the elderly is put forward, including the following:

Principle of function validity and rationality: the function validity of a fitness walker refers to whether the function realisation method is available and easy to use. Mainly reflected in the structure and size design, it can meet the mobility of the elderly walking, health recovery and other activities.

The matching principle of safety and man-machine interface ease-of-use: older people have decreased physical activity, and the interactive process of product use and operation must be simple and eye-catching. The size, structure and function of the tool meet the physiological safety needs such as safety and firmness, anti-slip and room rollover. The old people’s body activity ability decreases, and the product use operation interaction process must be simple and eye-catching.

The principle of morphology aesthetics and human-machine matching: the morphological elements of tools include colour, shape, texture and other characteristics, which are the medium of human-machine interaction. The shape and texture of the tool will also bring the elderly a feeling of stability, steadiness, softness, toughness, safety, closeness and other physical and psychological feelings.

Intelligent design principle: more and more intelligent product design features. To bring convenience to the elderly travel. Correct guidance and confidence in restoring health to the elderly with mobility problems.

3.2

Fitness walkers for the elderly

Against the background of the improvement of living standards and medical treatment, people’s health status and life expectancy have been greatly improved. The world health organisation defines the elderly as young elderly people aged 60–74 years, elderly people aged >75 years and long-lived elderly people aged >90 years [23–25].

The physiological state of the elderly: because the number of muscle fibres in the upper limbs of the elderly is reduced and the degree of atrophy is lower than that of the lower limbs, the elderly action disorder first appears in the legs. Legs and muscles are difficult to coordinate, stairs are difficult to climb, there is easy fatigue, endurance loss, slow reaction and it is difficult to insist on long-term exercise. The impairment of the body movement function of old people with mild and moderate apoplexy commonly have the following expression form: on one side of the upper and lower limbs, facial muscles and tongue muscles have dyskinesia, poor movement, facial expressions feel unnatural and speech is not clear.

The body changes in the elderly: with advancement in age, the physiological function of the elderly decreases, nutritional synthesis is insufficient, subcutaneous fat decreases, muscle atrophy becomes thin and the skin becomes loose. As a result of bone water loss, calcification, compression and other reasons, the height of the elderly will gradually become shorter, and joint activities cannot be free to extend. The shape changes of the elderly directly affect the design and development of fitness walking aids.

The psychological state of the elderly: after entering the old age stage, the psychological state of the elderly will also undergo subtle changes. The life gap of the elderly after retirement, gathering less and more away from their children, integration with the surrounding environment, and the feeling of change in the physical condition will affect the change in the psychological state of the elderly. The lack of exercise in the elderly, in addition, causes physical pain. There will also be a certain psychological burden, worrying about too much trouble and burden to their children. Therefore, the elderly self-help, the use of certain auxiliary means to help their health is increasingly of concern.

Due to the increasing age of the elderly, physiological data have significantly changed compared with adults. The study shows that the human body size of the elderly decreases by 2.8% compared with adults. The size data of the elderly can be described as: 1 $H_{0} = H_{y} \times (1 - 2.8 %)$ where H₀ represents the human body size of the elderly and H_y is the adult body size. On the basis of adult body size, the body size of the elderly was converted to build the physiological size model of the elderly. Dimensions of the elderly are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Body size of the elderly

Appellation	Older men/mm			Older women/mm
	P5	P50	P95	P5	P50	P95
Height (h₀)	1538	1632	1789	1442	1547	1627
Upper arm length (h₁)	538	632	689	442	547	627
Forearm length (h₂)	283	331	327	188	345	297
Thigh length (h₃)	241	457	256	397	356	225
Calf length (h₄)	429	357	684	332	337	485
Knee height (h₅)	345	473	398	407	381	374

Experimental results and analysis

4.1

Experimental data

The research object used in this experiment was from 13 communities of a city. There were 13 elderly persons (6 males and 7 females). They included four retired athletes (two men and two women). Non-participatory observation was used to track the fitness of the elderly daily, focusing on their fitness activities in the community and at home. Then in-depth interviews with family members were conducted to get a comprehensive understanding of fitness-related activities. The statistical analysis method was used to analyse and compare the data.

4.2

Experimental environment and parameters

Software development environment (SDE) refers to a group of software used to support the engineering development and maintenance of system software and application software based on basic hardware and digital software. A mobile APP is used for data collection and collection. At the same time, the SQL database is used to store and collect data.

4.3

Experimental evaluation criteria

The comfort assessment is used to evaluate the comfort of the joint and the overall posture in a given position, based on the key indicators, as shown in Table 2.

Table 2

Comfort analysis measurement location and range

Measurement site	Scope	Typical value
Head bend angle	10∼26	7
Upper arm bending angle	19∼75	50
Elbow bend angle	86∼164	128
Thigh bend angle	90∼115	101
Knee bend angle	99∼138	121
Foot bend angle	80∼113	9

The ratio of user joint torque to maximum joint torque is used to describe the comfort level, and the expression of joint comfort level is: 2 $C_{j} = 1 - I_{c j}, j = 1, \dots, n$ 3 $I_{c j} = \frac{M_{j}}{M_{j max}}$ 4 $C_{j} = 1 - \frac{M_{j}}{M_{j max}}$ where j is the joint and n is the number of joints; the discomfort of joint is I_cj, which is the ratio of the joint moment M_j to maximum joint moment M_jmax.

Leg bending task analysis: leg bending is mainly for the elderly leg activities. For the task of the old man’s march leg, the corresponding figure posture model was constructed, and the work posture analysis, comfort analysis and rapid upper limb evaluation were carried out. The results of rapid upper limb assessment and analysis are shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Classification of analysis results

Minute	Analysis results
1–2	This position is possible if not held for a long time
3–4	This position should be studied and changed after a longer period of time
5–6	This position should be studied and changed after a while
≥7	Should study and change this position immediately

The geometric average method is used to solve the weight vector of the judgement matrix as shown in Tables 4 and 5, and the process is as follows. Calculate the scale value product M_i of each row in judgement matrix M: 5 $M_{i} = \prod_{j = 1}^{m} c_{i, j}$ where c_i,j represents the index of i row and j column in the judgement matrix; m is the number of indicators. Calculate the geometric mean value of each row of indicators of each judgement matrix as: 6 $α_{i} = \sqrt[m]{M_{i}}$

Table 4

Random consistency indicators and their values

Matrix	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
RI	0	0	0.52	0.89	1.12	1.26	1.36	1.41	1.46	1.49

Table 5

Consistency check

	A	B1	B2	B3
λ	3.074	3.008	3.158	2
CI	0.038	0.005	0.052	0
RI	0.55	0.52	0.52	0
CR	0.07	0.01	0	0

Normalised to obtain the relative weight: 7 $w_{i} = \frac{α_{i}}{\sum_{i = 1}^{m} α_{i}}$

Define consistency indicators in the inconsistency matrix: 8 $C I = \frac{λ - n}{n - 1}$ 9 $λ = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} \frac{B w_{i}}{w_{i}}$

4.4

Analysis of experimental results

The elderly turnover of the task is to build the corresponding character action model, work posture analysis, comfort analysis and rapid upper limb evaluation. The analysis results show that the level of ‘correction need’ of this posture is level 2, indicating that this posture may have some adverse effects and adjustments. The comfort data show that the bending angles of the arm, elbow and knee all exceed the limits, and the comfort level in this position is low, which is easy to cause related diseases in the long term. The results of rapid upper limb assessment and analysis are shown in Table 6.

Table 6

Results of the rapid upper limb assessment of turnover

Evaluation site		Fraction	Score	Total
A	Upper arm	5	11	7
A	forearm	3	11
B	Wrist	2	9
	Neck	1
	Trunk	4
	Load	>10 kg

Comfort data show that the bending angles of the right elbow, both legs, knee and left foot all exceed the limits, indicating that the load on the right elbow, both legs, knee and left foot of nurses in this position exceed the reasonable bearing range and the comfort level is low. The results of rapid upper limb assessment and analysis are shown in Table 7.

Table 7

Results of rapid upper limb assessment in raising back

Evaluation site		Fraction	Score	Total
A	Upper arm	3	8	6
A	Forearm	3	8
B	Wrist	2	9
	Neck	1
	Trunk	4
	Load	>10 kg

Table 8

Results of rapid upper limb assessment

Evaluation site		Fraction	Score	Total
A	Upper arm	2	6	6
A	Forearm	2	6
B	Wrist	3	5
	Neck	1
	Trunk	3
	Load	2∼10 kg

In conclusion, when the elderly work as fitness assistants, their movements and postures tend to cause adverse effects, and the risk of musculoskeletal injury is high, which affects the health of nursing staff. Therefore, it is not feasible to carry out this task for a long time. Sports and postures tend to cause adverse effects, and long-term performance of this task has a high risk of musculoskeletal injury, which affects the health of nursing staff.

Conclusion

This paper was conducted against the backdrop of the increasingly serious ageing population, as well as the social background of the lack of fitness walker market for the elderly. The study of ergonomics, lifestyle, physical condition, physiological characteristics and psychological characteristics of the elderly were studied. Based on the in-depth study of ergonomics, this paper studies the lifestyle, physical condition, physiological characteristics and psychological characteristics of the elderly. An ergonomic walking aid framework based on the SAPAD model was proposed. First, the development and structure of artificial engineering was introduced in detail. Then the framework of walking aid for the elderly based on the SAPAD model is proposed, and the SAPAS model and walking aid for the elderly are introduced, respectively, along with the framework of simulation design and application. Finally, the experimental results show that it can be applied for elderly fitness assistance. A fitness walker can be suitable for the elderly who want to continue to exercise and hope to care for the elderly who need to exercise from the perspective of the product. However, there are still some shortcomings in this paper. When designing the internal structure, research on the structure design is not in-depth enough, and the target of the elderly group is not accurate enough. As a result, there is a lack of empirical data on ergonomics. Therefore, many aspects can be optimised and improved in the design of future work.

Figure e tabelle

Consistency check

	A	B1	B2	B3
λ	3.074	3.008	3.158	2
CI	0.038	0.005	0.052	0
RI	0.55	0.52	0.52	0
CR	0.07	0.01	0	0

Results of rapid upper limb assessment

Evaluation site		Fraction	Score	Total
A	Upper arm	2	6	6
A	Forearm	2	6
B	Wrist	3	5
	Neck	1
	Trunk	3
	Load	2∼10 kg

Random consistency indicators and their values

Matrix	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
RI	0	0	0.52	0.89	1.12	1.26	1.36	1.41	1.46	1.49

Results of the rapid upper limb assessment of turnover

Evaluation site		Fraction	Score	Total
A	Upper arm	5	11	7
A	forearm	3	11
B	Wrist	2	9
	Neck	1
	Trunk	4
	Load	>10 kg

Comfort analysis measurement location and range

Measurement site	Scope	Typical value
Head bend angle	10∼26	7
Upper arm bending angle	19∼75	50
Elbow bend angle	86∼164	128
Thigh bend angle	90∼115	101
Knee bend angle	99∼138	121
Foot bend angle	80∼113	9

Body size of the elderly

Appellation	Older men/mm			Older women/mm
	P5	P50	P95	P5	P50	P95
Height (h₀)	1538	1632	1789	1442	1547	1627
Upper arm length (h₁)	538	632	689	442	547	627
Forearm length (h₂)	283	331	327	188	345	297
Thigh length (h₃)	241	457	256	397	356	225
Calf length (h₄)	429	357	684	332	337	485
Knee height (h₅)	345	473	398	407	381	374

Classification of analysis results

Minute	Analysis results
1–2	This position is possible if not held for a long time
3–4	This position should be studied and changed after a longer period of time
5–6	This position should be studied and changed after a while
≥7	Should study and change this position immediately

Results of rapid upper limb assessment in raising back

Evaluation site		Fraction	Score	Total
A	Upper arm	3	8	6
A	Forearm	3	8
B	Wrist	2	9
	Neck	1
	Trunk	4
	Load	>10 kg

Riferimenti

[1] Visconti C, Neiterman E. Shifting to Primary Prevention for an Aging Population: A Scoping Review of Health Promotion Initiatives for Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Canada[J]. Cureus, 2021. Visconti C, Neiterman E. Shifting to Primary Prevention for an Aging Population: A Scoping Review of Health Promotion Initiatives for Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Canada[J]. Cureus, 2021.10.7759/cureus.17109843683134532164 Search in Google Scholar

[2] Taylor M A, Switchenko J, Stokes W, et al. Incidence trends of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) in the aging population – A SEER-based analysis from 2000 to 2016[J]. Cancer Medicine, 2021. Taylor M A, Switchenko J, Stokes W, Incidence trends of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) in the aging population – A SEER-based analysis from 2000 to 2016[J]. Cancer Medicine, 2021.10.1002/cam4.4134841976934288563 Search in Google Scholar

[3] Ajassa M, Barbero U, Longo F, et al. Distribution and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in a aging population of thalassemia patients: looking at the heart of the problem[J]. European Heart Journal, 2021(Supplement_1):Supplement_1. Ajassa M, Barbero U, Longo F, Distribution and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in a aging population of thalassemia patients: looking at the heart of the problem[J]. European Heart Journal, 2021(Supplement_1):Supplement_1.10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.2765 Search in Google Scholar

[4] Konstantinos P, Reid R I, Przybelski S A, et al. Longitudinal deterioration of white matter integrity: heterogeneity in the aging population[J]. Brain Communications, 2021. Konstantinos P, Reid R I, Przybelski S A, Longitudinal deterioration of white matter integrity: heterogeneity in the aging population[J]. Brain Communications, 2021. Search in Google Scholar

[5] Broski S A. The effects of host size and age on the fitness of Spalangia endius Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)[J]. Dissertations & Theses – Gradworks, 2013. Broski S A. The effects of host size and age on the fitness of Spalangia endius Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)[J]. Dissertations & Theses – Gradworks, 2013. Search in Google Scholar

[6] Karwowski W. International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors[J]. CRC Press, Inc. 2013. Karwowski W. International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors[J]. CRC Press, Inc. 2013. Search in Google Scholar

[7] T. Qian, Xingyu Chen, Yanli Xin, W. H. Tang, Lixiao Wang. Resilient Decentralized Optimization of Chance Constrained Electricity-gas Systems over Lossy Communication Networks [J]. Energy, 2022, 239, 122158. Qian T., Chen Xingyu, Xin Yanli, Tang W. H., Wang Lixiao. Resilient Decentralized Optimization of Chance Constrained Electricity-gas Systems over Lossy Communication Networks [J]. Energy, 2022, 239, 122158.10.1016/j.energy.2021.122158 Search in Google Scholar

[8] Dul J, Bruder R, Buckle P, et al. A strategy for human factors/ergonomics: developing the discipline and profession[J]. Ergonomics, 2012, 55(4):377-395. Dul J, Bruder R, Buckle P, A strategy for human factors/ergonomics: developing the discipline and profession[J]. Ergonomics, 2012, 55(4):377-395.10.1080/00140139.2012.66108722332611 Search in Google Scholar

[9] T. Qian, Y. Liu, W. H Zhang, W. H. Tang, M. Shahidehpour. Event-Triggered Updating Method in Centralized and Distributed Secondary Controls for Islanded Microgrid Restoration[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Gird, 2020, 11(2): 1387-1395. Qian T., Liu Y., Zhang W. H, Tang W. H., Shahidehpour M. Event-Triggered Updating Method in Centralized and Distributed Secondary Controls for Islanded Microgrid Restoration[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Gird, 2020, 11(2): 1387-1395.10.1109/TSG.2019.2937366 Search in Google Scholar

[10] Ketola R, Toivonen R, Marketta Häkkänen, et al. Effects of ergonomic intervention in work with video display units[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 2002, 28(1):18-24. Ketola R, Toivonen R, Häkkänen Marketta, Effects of ergonomic intervention in work with video display units[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 2002, 28(1):18-24.10.5271/sjweh.64211871848 Search in Google Scholar

[11] CH FANG, YN TAO, JG EANG, et al. Mapping Relation of Leakage Currents of Polluted Insulators and Discharge Arc Area[J]. Frontiers in Energy Research, 2021. FANG CH, TAO YN, EANG JG, Mapping Relation of Leakage Currents of Polluted Insulators and Discharge Arc Area[J]. Frontiers in Energy Research, 2021.10.3389/fenrg.2021.777230 Search in Google Scholar

[12] Zhang Y, Qian T, Tang W. Buildings-to-distribution-network integration considering power transformer loading capability and distribution network reconfiguration[J]. Energy, 2022, 244. Zhang Y, Qian T, Tang W. Buildings-to-distribution-network integration considering power transformer loading capability and distribution network reconfiguration[J]. Energy, 2022, 244.10.1016/j.energy.2022.123104 Search in Google Scholar

[13] Sigahi T, Kawasaki B C, Bolis I, et al. A systematic review on the impacts of Covid-19 on work: Contributions and a path forward from the perspectives of ergonomics and psychodynamics of work[J]. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 2021. Sigahi T, Kawasaki B C, Bolis I, A systematic review on the impacts of Covid-19 on work: Contributions and a path forward from the perspectives of ergonomics and psychodynamics of work[J]. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 2021.10.1002/hfm.20889801376633821126 Search in Google Scholar

[14] Chen L H, Liou J S. A 12-week Modified Tabata Exercise Program On Functional Fitness For The Elderly: A Pilot Study[J]. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2017, 49(5S):35. Chen L H, Liou J S. A 12-week Modified Tabata Exercise Program On Functional Fitness For The Elderly: A Pilot Study[J]. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2017, 49(5S):35.10.1249/01.mss.0000516911.09281.69 Search in Google Scholar

[15] Assist.prof.Dr. Muna Taha Idreis – University of Technology – sports activity unit, Mohammed M. The effect of a healthy-fitness program on some components of a healthy and physical fitness for the elderly. 2019. Assist.prof.Dr. Muna Taha Idreis – University of Technology – sports activity unit, Mohammed M. The effect of a healthy-fitness program on some components of a healthy and physical fitness for the elderly. 2019. Search in Google Scholar

[16] Jiang M Y. Study on the Present Situation, Restricting Factors and Facilitative Countermeasures of Fitness for the Elderly Residing in Hangzhou City Zone[J]. Zhejiang Sport Science, 2015. Jiang M Y. Study on the Present Situation, Restricting Factors and Facilitative Countermeasures of Fitness for the Elderly Residing in Hangzhou City Zone[J]. Zhejiang Sport Science, 2015. Search in Google Scholar

[17] Ayenigbara I O. The contributions of physical activity and fitness for the optimal health and wellness of the elderly people[J]. Pacini Editore, 2020(1). Ayenigbara I O. The contributions of physical activity and fitness for the optimal health and wellness of the elderly people[J]. Pacini Editore, 2020(1).10.36150/2499-6564-351 Search in Google Scholar

[18] Pgs B, Tavoni T M, Baroni R V, et al. Lipid transfer to high-density lipoprotein is greater in elderly individuals with higher predictive cardiorespiratory fitness for age[J]. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2021(Supplement_1):Supplement_1. Pgs B, Tavoni T M, Baroni R V, Lipid transfer to high-density lipoprotein is greater in elderly individuals with higher predictive cardiorespiratory fitness for age[J]. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2021(Supplement_1):Supplement_1. Search in Google Scholar

[19] Davis J, Edgar T, Porter J, et al. Smart manufacturing, manufacturing intelligence and demand-dynamic performance[J]. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 2012, 47(DEC.20):145-156. Davis J, Edgar T, Porter J, Smart manufacturing, manufacturing intelligence and demand-dynamic performance[J]. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 2012, 47(DEC. 20):145-156.10.1016/j.compchemeng.2012.06.037 Search in Google Scholar

[20] Fei H, Shen X, Xi Z. The Semiotics Approach to Chinese Kitchen System Architecture Design Base on the Cooking Activity. 2015. Fei H, Shen X, Xi Z. The Semiotics Approach to Chinese Kitchen System Architecture Design Base on the Cooking Activity. 2015. Search in Google Scholar

[21] Hu F, Sato K, Zhang X, et al. Semiotic basis for designing product architecture[C]//DS 75-4: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED13), Design for Harmonies, Vol.4: Product, Service and Systems Design, Seoul, Korea, 19-22.08.2013. 2013. Hu F, Sato K, Zhang X, Semiotic basis for designing product architecture[C]//DS 75-4: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED13), Design for Harmonies, Vol.4: Product, Service and Systems Design, Seoul, Korea, 19-22.08.2013. 2013. Search in Google Scholar

[22] Fei H, Sato K, Zhou K, et al. From Knowledge to Meaning: User-centered Product Architecture Framework Comparison between OMUKE and SAPAD[C]//2016 International Forum on Management, Education and Information Technology Application. 2016. Fei H, Sato K, Zhou K, From Knowledge to Meaning: User-centered Product Architecture Framework Comparison between OMUKE and SAPAD[C]//2016 International Forum on Management, Education and Information Technology Application. 2016. Search in Google Scholar

[23] Fei H U, Jin Y M, Wang K. Product service system design of self-service based on SAPAD framework[J]. Journal of Machine Design, 2019. Fei H U, Jin Y M, Wang K. Product service system design of self-service based on SAPAD framework[J]. Journal of Machine Design, 2019. Search in Google Scholar

[24] Riyanto P, Lahinda J, Nugroho A I, et al. Effect of elderly senny to elderly fitness[J]. Enfermería Clínica, 2020, 30:67-70. Riyanto P, Lahinda J, Nugroho A I, Effect of elderly senny to elderly fitness[J]. Enfermería Clínica, 2020, 30:67-70.10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.06.016 Search in Google Scholar

[25] Tsai T H, Wong A M, Lee H F, et al. A Study on the Motivation of Older Adults to Participate in Exercise or Physical Fitness Activities. 2022. Tsai T H, Wong A M, Lee H F, A Study on the Motivation of Older Adults to Participate in Exercise or Physical Fitness Activities. 2022.10.3390/su14106355 Search in Google Scholar

Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences

Design of fitness walker for the elderly based on ergonomic SAPAD model

Junjie Zhou,
Junjie Zhou,
Yujia Tang e
Yujia Tang e
Yuanwu Shi
Yuanwu Shi

Pubblicato online: 23 Dec 2022

Volume & Edizione: AHEAD OF PRINT

Pagine: -

Ricevuto: 11 Jul 2022

Accettato: 16 Aug 2022

Dettagli rivista e numero

Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences

Anteprima PDF

Articolo

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Figure e tabelle

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Consistency check

Results of rapid upper limb assessment

Random consistency indicators and their values

Results of the rapid upper limb assessment of turnover

Comfort analysis measurement location and range

Body size of the elderly

Classification of analysis results

Results of rapid upper limb assessment in raising back

Riferimenti

Articoli recenti

Pianifica la tua conferenza remota con Sciendo

Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences

Design of fitness walker for the elderly based on ergonomic SAPAD model

Junjie Zhou,Junjie Zhou,Yujia Tang eYujia Tang eYuanwu ShiYuanwu Shi

Pubblicato online: 23 Dec 2022

Volume & Edizione: AHEAD OF PRINT

Pagine: -

Ricevuto: 11 Jul 2022

Accettato: 16 Aug 2022

Dettagli rivista e numero

Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences

Anteprima PDF

Articolo

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Figure e tabelle

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Consistency check

Results of rapid upper limb assessment

Random consistency indicators and their values

Results of the rapid upper limb assessment of turnover

Comfort analysis measurement location and range

Body size of the elderly

Classification of analysis results

Results of rapid upper limb assessment in raising back

Riferimenti

Articoli recenti

Pianifica la tua conferenza remota con Sciendo

Junjie Zhou,
Junjie Zhou,
Yujia Tang e
Yujia Tang e
Yuanwu Shi
Yuanwu Shi