Non-sampled contourlet transform (NSCT) is a kind of non-down sampling image transformation, without spectrum aliasing, and the high-frequency region component can be further decomposed into various direction information, which has a good expression of image details. Therefore, this paper proposes an image fusion technology based on NSCT. Considering the different characteristics of low-frequency and high-frequency region components, the PCNN parallel method and ‘golden section method’ are used as double fusion rules, respectively in high- and low-frequency regions, whichperform the merge operation on the low area component. Experiments show that this algorithm has great advantages in preserving the details of image contour, texture and edge.
Keywords
- Non-sampled Contourlet transform
- image fusion
- PCNN
- Golden section method
MSC 2010
- 08-04
In essence, image fusion can be understood as data fusion. Considering that the same scene captured by the camera may have different focus positions, resulting in different information clarity of an image, because the image can be synthesised and more information can be obtained by using image merging technology. The fusion of multi-focused images is the synthesis of two or more images with different focal lengths, filtering out the fuzzy parts of two or more images and retaining their clear parts to achieve better observation and analysis.
Image fusion technology is playing an increasingly important role in modern aerospace, automatic control, remote sensing and telemetry, and medicine, especially in military command [2,3,4,5].
There are many kinds of image merging technologies, which can be realised in spatial domain or frequency domain. If the spatial domain is used, the comparison of pixel values is the core idea of merging. If frequency domain merging is used, the ideal frequency domain transformation algorithm plays a vital role. The research shows that the image merging technology in the frequency domain can fuse more information and has a good effect. The other class is the transformed domain-based methods. These methods use multiscale transformation as a tool to extract salient features of the images. A typical wavelet-based method [6,7,8,9], Reference [8] uses discrete wavelet decomposition to realise the mapping of images from the spatial domain to the frequency domain. The merging rules completed in the frequency domain can better search the detailed information of images and achieve ideal merging results.
Two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform is formed based on the tensor product of one-dimensional wavelets. It has three directions, including horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions. It is optimal for representing point singularity, but it is not optimal for the representation of two-dimensional information such as edge, contour and curve in the image, resulting in a large number of invalid decompositions. In recent years, new multi-scale geometric analysis tools have been proposed to solve two-dimensional or higher anisotropy. As a new multi-scale transform, Ridgelet [10], Curvelet [11], and Contourlet [12], has been applied to many data processing fields, such as compression, image merging and so on.
Contourlet transform is a data matrix analysis method based on geometric features, which can decompose the image in multiple scales and directions, and is suitable for the analysis of line singular features. However, because it contains a down sampling process, It has no translation invariance, resulting in the pseudo-Gibbs effect and image distortion. Given the above problem, a non-sampled contourlet transform (NSCT) with translation invariance is proposed in reference [13]. NSCT retains the excellent characteristics of CT: it meets the anisotropic scale relationship and has good directivity.
It is easy to capture the edge, texture and other details in the image. It is suitable for expressing natural images with rich details and direction information. After NSCT decomposition, The image is finally decomposed into low-frequency frequency bands and several high-frequency bands. In the existing literature, there are many discussions on the importance of high and low components (coefficients) obtained after image decomposition,. and the algorithm based on region energy is often used. The corresponding fusion rules are established. However, the imaging mechanism of different sensors leads to a great difference in the images acquired. The different features of image information are represented only based on the regional energy method.
A pulse-coupled neural network (PCNN) is put forward to in references [14] and [15]. PCNN, as a new kind of artificial neural network, which is different from the existing neural network, has the characteristics of synchronous excitation and variable threshold. Using PCNN to realise image fusion can be regarded as a global image fusion method. This method can retain more detailed information such as image contour and edge, and obtain a good fusion effect. In previous studies, literature [16] used the Laplace energy of image blocks as the input stimulus of neurons in PCNN; literature [17] used the contrast pyramid decomposition coefficient to select the input stimulus of neurons in PCNN, which performed well in the fusion effect; consider applying PCNN in pixel-level image fusion, references [18] defines the pixel by pixel definition of the image, and PCNN can use this parameter as the connection strength of corresponding neurons. Experiments show that PCNN is used to realise image mergeing in pixel-level model can effectively capture the contour of the image and other details, and the fusion effect is ideal; Literature [19] combines the advantages of wavelet transform and PCNN and proposes a joint fusion method. The link strength of all neurons is selected with the same value based on experience. Compared with the existing fusion algorithm based on image block energy comparison, the proposed algorithm has improved both subjective vision and objective evaluation indexes.
Since NSCT has translation invariance, the low band is the smooth region of the image, and the high band is the region where the contour, texture and other information of the original image matrix are located. According to the characteristics of these two frequency bands, after NSCT decomposes the image, a double fusion strategy is needed so that the smooth region and detail region can be merged effectively at the same time. For low band information, the golden section method in literature [20] is adopted to realise adaptive search for the optimal fusion weights. Using parallel PCNN technology in high-frequency components can effectively fuse details and keep the integrity of image details. The algorithm can fuse the low-frequency subband coefficients adaptively. This fusion algorithm is applied to natural images and medical images respectively. Compared with other traditional image fusion algorithms, it has achieved good fusion results.
NSCT is mainly composed of two parts: non-down sampling tower decomposition (NSP) and non-down sampling directional-filter-bank (NSDFB). The structure diagrams of both are expressed in Figure 1(a). Among them, NSP is used to complete the scale decomposition of the image and divide the image into multiple frequency levels. The number of scale decomposition is usually set between 2 and 4. This decomposition has no downsampling operation. Therefore, the size of the high-frequency component and low-frequency component obtained after decomposition is the same as that of the source image. Due to the lack of directional description of the high-frequency subband information, NSDSB is used in high-frequency components to further divide each high-frequency component into the information of each direction component, and the number of directional subbands is usually an integer power of 2 (Figure 1b).
Fig. 1
(a). Decomposition of NSCT two-layer results. (b) NSCT high-frequency subband diagram. NSCT, non-sampled contourlet transform

The structure of NSP consists of two filter banks with non-sampling characteristics. There is no sampling process, so it is translation invariant. After NSP decomposes the image into various scales, NSDFB can divide an image into arbitrary power directions of 2 on each scale, and meet the translation invariance. NSCT is redundant. The redundancy of NSCT is
PCNN breaks the limitation of the existing artificial neural network, which only uses the limited attributes of biological neurons for model construction. It is a network with a feedback structure formed by the interconnection of multiple neurons based on eckhorn, which imitates the neuronal activities of the biological visual cortex. Structurally, each neuron can be thought of as having three parts: receiving part, modulation part and pulse generation part (as shown in Figure 2).
Fig. 2
Single neural cell model

When processing the image of M×N, the idea of PCNN is to operate pixel values in the spatial domain and take them as the input of neurons. Therefore, the size of the neural network composed of PCNN neurons is consistent with the image size. Among them, the activity of single-neuron N
The unique neuron capture characteristic of the PCNN model – the ignition of a neuron will cause the capture and ignition of adjacent neurons with similar brightness to the neuron, which can automatically realise information transmission and information coupling. Therefore, this unique characteristic of PCNN lays a foundation for the application of PCNN in image fusion. This paper adopts the bilateral PCNN model with parallel structure, which is characterised by selecting any one of the two images to be fused as the master neuron of PCNN, and the remaining one is the slave PCNN neuron. The activity equation of the master neuron is calculated by equations (1), (3) ∼ (6), and the activity equation of the slave neuron is calculated by equations (1), (2) and (4) ∼ (6). With the help of the capture characteristics of PCNN, the double-layer parallel PCNN network can input the ignition information of the slave PCNN neuron into the link domain of the corresponding neuron of the main PCNN, to fuse the neuron information in the slave PCNN with the corresponding neuron information of the main PCNN. That is, after setting the master and slave neurons to ignite a neuron in the slave PCNN, due to the setting of master and slave neurons, when a neuron in PCNN ignites, the ignition information of the neuron will be transmitted to the connected neurons and the corresponding neurons of the master PCNN at the same time. Although this method increases certain system complexity, it can make the image fusion effect more ideal.
Choosing reasonable fusion rules can enrich the information update of the fused image. The high and low frequency region components of the image correspond to different image features. Therefore, in practice, selecting different fusion rules for operation is conducive to the overall image fusion. Since NSCT has a large low-frequency coefficient and is the area where most information about the image is stored, equation (7) is used to calculate the corresponding fusion result, and the fusion weight is expressed in
In the low-frequency region, selecting proper fusion weights can increase the effect of consolidation. The basic idea of the ‘golden section method’ is to estimate the position of the optimal weight by using the optimal search method. The specific process is to eliminate the ‘bad points’, retain the ‘good points’ interval, and constantly narrow the search interval. After repeatedly comparing the function value of the trial position, the position of the optimal weight can be obtained. In the process of optimisation, the objective function selects the edge fusion quality index
After image registration, image fusion processing can be carried out. Taking two image fusion as an example, the fusion algorithm constructed in this paper is based on the exhaustive method, constantly searching for the best coefficient value of low-frequency region components based on the NSCT domain and the processing of high-frequency components by parallel PCNN. The specific operation process is shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3
Implementation of image fusion algorithm by NSCT. NSCT, non-sampled contourlet transform

Firstly, the original images to be merged with A and B are decomposed by layer NSCT, respectively. NSP is applied to decompose the image to achieve low component on various scales, that is, the low component is
Step 1: for
Step 2: Using Trial points Calculate value Calculate value if if | update if | Step 3: For high-frequency directional subbands on various scales of multi-sensor source images, The input to the main PCNN is
Step 4: For each iteration of the master-slave PCNN network:
Calculate each neuron of the slave PCNN model according to formulas (1), (2), (4) and (6), feedback the output of the slave PCNN neuron to the link domain of the corresponding master PCNN neuron, and calculate the network output value of PCNN according to formula (1), (3) ∼ formula (6); A series of multi-scale fusion images output from the PCNN network are reconstructed, and the final reconstructed image is the fusion result of this iteration; According to the following formula, calculate the information content of the fused image
Here, Step 5: In parallel PCNN networks, the fusion rule of maximum information entropy is adopted, because information entropy can reflect the amount of information in an image. The larger the value is, the larger the amount of information is and the richer the image information is. Step 6: For the fused low component and high component, the NSCT inverse transform is used to restore the fused image.
The advantages and disadvantages of the combined images need to be comprehensively evaluated by using both objective evaluation data and subjective visual feeling. Among them, the objective data indicators need to reflect the retention of image contour and other detailed information. Therefore, the following data indicators are selected for evaluation:
Objective evaluation index of image merging:
Mutual information (MI): MI is used to reflect the correlation degree of two data. In image merging technology, the correlation between the two merged images can be reflected by MI. The size of this data value directly reflects the amount of merged information. In practice, the higher the parameter value, the better the merging effect.
Where, the probability densities of images A, B and F can be represented by
Edge-dependent fusion quality index (EFQI). As an advanced parameter index for objective evaluation to evaluate the image fusion results, EFQI can effectively reflect the edge preservation of the fusion results and whether there is a ringing effect in the details such as contour and edge, and can measure its size.
The images in the experiment are decomposed into four layers. In the wavelet-based fusion strategy, when selecting the wavelet basis function, we should consider the problem that the fusion result may produce artificial effects on vision, especially ringing and jitter. This is related to the discrete characteristics of sampling when downsampling is applied. If a non-integer number of signals is shifted and there is a constant local area connected to the sharp edge, the ringing will be enhanced. After interpolation, translation and resampling, the new sampling cannot be expressed as a constant in the transform domain but tends to oscillate (Gibbs phenomenon). In the wavelet-based fusion strategy, short decomposition or reconstruction filters should be used to avoid ringing. However, a very short filter will make the frequency selectivity worse. Considering comprehensively, Daubechies filter with 8 or 10 coefficients can provide better execution results for multi-scale image fusion. The wavelet basis selected in WTF and SWTF is’ db8 ’. Both CT and NSCT adopt the classical ‘bior’ tower decomposition and ‘DFB’ directional banks. The decomposition number of subbands from fine-scale to coarse-scale is 16, 8, 4 and 4. The fusion rule used in the multi-scale and multi-direction image merging method as a comparison in the experiment is: the approximate approximation coefficient at the minimum scale takes the mean value, other decomposition coefficients are generally in complex form, so the mode, i.e. absolute value, is selected, then the size is compared, and the larger one is selected as the final fusion coefficient.
Table 1 lists the comparison of fusion objective indexes obtained by several fusion methods. Through the comparison of experimental data, the required information, which can be clearly reflected in the table, is that the average amount of information, edge fusion quality and cross-correlation information of various algorithms are compared. The algorithm in this paper has improved in these three indicators compared with other algorithms, indicating that the algorithm using dual fusion rules can retain more details in image merging.
Comparison of experimental results
Clock |
MI | 6.6299 | 7.1007 | 7.4105 | 8.4101 |
0.6789 | 0.7211 | 0.7298 | 0.7521 | ||
Baboon |
MI | 5.5965 | 6.1906 | 6.3610 | 7.5002 |
0.5701 | 0.6114 | 0.6418 | 0.7124 | ||
Hat |
MI | 6.9603 | 7.0109 | 7.4201 | 7.6017 |
0.6659 | 0.6941 | 0.7802 | 0.8121 | ||
CT&MIR |
MI | 3.1006 | 4.0247 | 4.2099 | 4.3640 |
0.6174 | 0.6429 | 0.6802 | 0.7461 |
MI: Mutual information
Figures 4 and 5 show the fusion effect of the image merging method using wavelet transform and NSCT as scale decomposition. It is obvious from the image that the constructed merging technology can preserve most of the contour and other details of the image, such as contour, edge and texture. Because NSCT is a non-down sampling transform, the edge is smooth and there is no ‘artefact’ phenomenon.
Fig. 4
Image fusion results of ClockA/B

Fig. 5
Image fusion results of CT/MRI

From Figures 4 and 5, there is a ringing phenomenon in WTF, which is caused by the fact that WTF is not a non-sampling transformation. The fusion effect of SWTF and CTF is not ideal, because they do not fully consider the difference between coefficients.
NSCT, based on the framework of Contourlet Transform, has abandoned the down-sampling operation and can achieve multiple frequency segmented decomposition of undistorted images and multiple high-frequency decompositions for directional coefficients. It is characterised by the translation invariance of the decomposed high and low-frequency component coefficients, so there is no spectrum aliasing and image distortion. When it is applied to image fusion, PCNN fusion rules are adopted, and the golden section method is adopted for low-frequency information. The best weight can be adaptively selected as a low-frequency fusion coefficient to realise fusion. Parallel PCNN is adopted for high-frequency direction subbands, which can detect edges. Contour and other details achieve better fusion effect. Simulation results show that the algorithm improves both the objective evaluation index and subjective visual quality, and is very applicable in the actual merging of natural images and medical images.
Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Comparison of experimental results
Clock |
MI | 6.6299 | 7.1007 | 7.4105 | 8.4101 |
0.6789 | 0.7211 | 0.7298 | 0.7521 | ||
Baboon |
MI | 5.5965 | 6.1906 | 6.3610 | 7.5002 |
0.5701 | 0.6114 | 0.6418 | 0.7124 | ||
Hat |
MI | 6.9603 | 7.0109 | 7.4201 | 7.6017 |
0.6659 | 0.6941 | 0.7802 | 0.8121 | ||
CT&MIR |
MI | 3.1006 | 4.0247 | 4.2099 | 4.3640 |
0.6174 | 0.6429 | 0.6802 | 0.7461 |
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