Study on the Development Path of Cultural Tourism Resources Integration in Hainan Province under the Support of Information Technology

Hainan is far away from the Central Plains, and the development of its culture is naturally different from that of the Central Plains. This also makes the characteristics of humanistic tourism resources in Hainan very distinctive [1–2]. Hainan is a gathering place of historical celebrities, not only in the local emergence of a large number of celebrities, such as Lin Shiyuan, Wang Wenming, Chen Xujing, etc. but also a concentration of ancient deported officials, such as Yang Lun, Su Shi, Zhao Qian, etc., these celebrities, without exception, brought a rich cultural heritage to Hainan. At the same time, Hainan also has numerous historical monuments, such as Tianya Haijiao, Wenpenfeng Pagoda, Permanent Magnet and Yazhou Ancient City [3–5]. It also has nine national-level red tourism bases, including Hai Rui’s Tomb, Liulianling in Wanning, and the former site of the First CPC Qiongya Congress. Its architectural culture, such as bamboo-walled houses and boat-shaped thatched houses, is also famous in China and abroad. The song and dance culture also has notable achievements, such as Li folk songs, puppet theatre, Qiong opera, etc. Artistic creations have also produced outstanding works such as “The Third of March”, “Poems on Red Leaves” and “Mountains High and Water Long”, while folk arts such as embroidery and carving have also been carried forward. Hainan’s many ethnic groups, ethnic festivals and culture are also quite rich, such as March 3, Junpo Festival, China Hainan Island Joyful Festival, etc., all of which provide Hainan with sufficient cultural tourism resources [6–8].

Hainan Province has many immigrants and belongs to the cultural intersection area. Cultural tourism resources are very rich and have certain characteristics. Cultural tourism has a greater potential for development. Tourism can drive economic development and promote social progress [9–10]. Therefore, Hainan Province should strengthen the planning of cultural tourism undertakings, actively create characteristic cultural tourism brands, develop characteristic tourism products, develop leisure and entertainment undertakings, and increase the industrial chain in order to promote the further development of Hainan’s cultural tourism undertakings [11–13].

Hainan Province is located in the southernmost part of the motherland. Since liberation, the development of Hainan has accelerated the pace, experiencing southern breeding, rubber planting, the construction of special zones, the construction of ecological provinces, the construction of the international tourism island and other times of boom. With the Boao Forum for Asia Annual Meeting, Miss World Contest, and other a series of international conferences and events held in Hainan, Hainan is more famous and has become a national and even the world’s focus of attention [14–16]. Hainan has a national historical and cultural city of Haikou, the historical and cultural town of Yacheng, and a number of national intangible cultural heritage has beautiful natural scenery and pleasant climate with tourism development is difficult to replicate the advantages of the development of the tourism industry has become a consensus of all sectors of society in Hainan, the prospects are very broad. Throughout the development of tourism in Hainan, despite the establishment of the province to run the Special Administrative Region since the vigorous development, there is still a quantity, no quality of tourism market confusion, poor tourism image, repeat customers less low-end consumption more than Wanting not Wanting the comprehensive benefits of bad and many other problems [17–19]. A variety of signs show that China’s tourism has developed from mass tourism to personalised tourism. In the personalised tourism stage, cultural tourism will be the second largest market after ecotourism. In the construction of the international tourism island background Hainan tourism should be the deep excavation of Hainan tourism culture connotation, take the road of cultural tourism, the construction of culturally heavy rich ecological demonstration of the international tourism resort [20–21].

This paper summarises the characteristics of cultural tourism resources in Hainan Province and divides them into landscape cultural tourism resources and social and humanistic tourism resources. It analyzes the richness, uniqueness, rarity, and density of each cultural resource in Hainan Province from the perspective of qualitative evaluation. Combined with the evaluation principles of Hainan’s cultural tourism resources, cultural resources, information technology support, infrastructure input, labour input, and capital input are selected as the evaluation indicators, and the data are analysed and processed to measure the comprehensive efficiency of Hainan’s cultural tourism resources using the DEA method and the Malmquist index model. Combining the characteristics of Hainan’s cultural tourism and the results of the calculation, a proposed integration path for the development of Hainan Province’s cultural tourism resources is proposed.

2

Characteristics of Hainan’s cultural tourism resources

2.1

Cultural Tourism Resources in Hainan Province

1)

Cultural tourism

Tourism is a cultural activity that is related to people according to the definition of culture [22–23]. From the point of view of the subject, object, and medium of tourism, all tourism behaviors cannot be separated from culture. All belong to the tourism of culture. Culture and tourism are inseparable. Whether cultural tourism as a tourism product, tourism mode, or tourism idea, in fact, they all emphasise the cultural attributes of tourism activities, as well as the cultural motivation for travelling or the cultural impact of tourism. In the final analysis, cultural tourism is inseparable from the scope of tourism. Undeniably, compared to other tourism, cultural tourism focuses more on understanding and experiencing various forms of exotic cultures in the process; therefore, although the definition of cultural tourism is not agreed upon, as long as the common denominator around culture, tourism operators, tourists, and society can reach a consensus to some extent.

2)

Cultural Tourism Resources

Tourism resources are the foundation of tourism development and belong to the category of tourism objects.

Cultural tourism resources are the foundation and premise of cultural tourism development. It has the basic characteristics of tourism resources, i.e., it is attractive and can be developed and utilised by the tourism industry, and at the same time, it has its characteristics. The attraction of cultural tourism resources lies in its unique cultural heritage, which can provide tourists with a deeper level of tourism experience.

Satisfying tourists’ cultural demands is the biggest difference between cultural tourism and general tourism resources. From the form of cultural tourism resources, they can be divided into tangible cultural tourism resources, such as ancient villages, buildings, ruins, and relics. Or divided into intangible cultural tourism resources such as folklore, beliefs, literature and art, myths and stories related to spiritual culture, and ideological levels.

3)

Overview of humanities tourism resources in Hainan

Hainan is far away from the Central Plains, and the development of its culture is naturally different from the Central Plains culture. This also makes Hainan humanities tourism resources very distinctive. Hainan is a gathering place of historical celebrities, not only in the local emergence of a large number of celebrities, such as Lin Shiyuan, Wang Wenming, Chen Xujing, etc. but also a concentration of ancient deported officials, such as Yang Lun, Su Shi, Zhao Qian, etc., these celebrities without exception have brought a wealth of cultural heritage to Hainan.

Hainan also features numerous historical monuments, such as Tianya Haijiao, Wenpenfeng Pagoda, Permanent Magnet and Yazhou Ancient City. It also has nine national-level red tourism sites, including Hai Rui’s Tomb, Liulianling in Wanning, and the former site of the first CPC Qiongya Congress. Its architectural culture, such as bamboo-walled houses and boat-shaped thatched houses, is also famous in China and abroad. Song and dance culture also has notable achievements, such as Li folk songs, puppet shows, Qiong opera, etc. Artistic creations have also produced excellent works such as “March 3”, “Poem on Red Leaves”, “Mountain High and Water Long”, as well as embroidery, carving and other folk arts. Hainan’s many ethnic groups, ethnic festivals and cultures are also quite rich, such as March 3, Junpo Festival, China Hainan Island Joy Festival, etc., all of which provide ample cultural tourism resources for Hainan.

2.2

Classification of Cultural Tourism Resources in Hainan

2.2.1

Landscape and Cultural Tourism Resources

Hainan Province’s landscape and cultural tourism resources are diverse and rich in variety, with great potential for development and utilization. From the perspective of natural geography, Hainan Island is surrounded by low, flat, and high in the middle mountain terrain. Five Fingers Mountain, Parrot Ridge, is the core of the bulge, and it is located on the periphery of the gradual decline. The mountains, hills, terraces, and plains constitute a circular layered landscape, and the gradient structure is obvious. In terms of resource distribution, there is a big difference in resource characteristics between the East and the West. The east has excellent bay and coastal resources, while the west is rich in diverse mountain and sea resources.

2.2.2

Social and human tourism resources

Hainan Province has been a complex multiculturalism since ancient times. Thousands of years of history have left a splendid cultural treasure in Hainan, which also provides unique social and human tourism resources for the development of cultural tourism in Hainan.

Hainan society and humanities tourism resources include historical and cultural tourism resources (sites, museums, stone carvings, celebrities, academies), architectural culture tourism resources (famous temples), arts and cultural tourism resources (arts and crafts, opera and novels, film and television dramas), dietary culture tourism resources (classic dishes, traditional snacks), folk culture tourism resources (traditional festivals, temple fairs, folk entertainment), religious culture tourism resources (Buddhism, Taoism), trade and commerce tourism resources (Buddhism, Taoism). Buddhism, Taoism), commerce and cultural tourism resources (large-scale commerce and trade neighbourhoods), cultivation and cultural tourism resources (patriotic education bases, regional characteristics of culture, science and technology parks, university towns).

3

Evaluation and development of Hainan’s cultural tourism resources

The evaluation of tourism resources is crucial for regional tourism development planning. Evaluation of tourism resources, in essence, is on the basis of a tourism resources survey, regional tourism resources and natural, humanistic, social landscape value characteristics, environmental atmosphere and development and use of socio-economic conditions for in-depth analysis and research. Thus, it provides a theoretical basis for the rational development and utilization of tourism resources, as well as planning and construction in the region.

3.1

Qualitative evaluation

Qualitatively, before developing cultural tourism resources, it is first necessary to evaluate the cultural tourism resources to be developed. The purpose of the evaluation is to analyze the value of their development and determine the direction and standards of development. Hainan’s cultural tourism resources generally have the following characteristics from a comprehensive perspective: 1)

Richness

Hainan Province has a variety of tourism resources that are relatively complete and diverse. In addition to the types of tourism resources such as ice and snow, glaciers, and Great Wall passages, other tourism resources in Hainan also exist. Social and humanistic tourism resources make up 48% of the total, with 230 elements. Hainan’s social and humanistic tourism resources are not inferior, as evidenced by this.

2)

Uniqueness

Hainan Province has many tourism resources. Such natural tourism resources are the only tropical island province, the optimal seawater, beach, and sunshine, the only national coral reef reserve, the only black-crowned gibbon reserve, the longest volcano tunnels, the highest grade of open-pit iron ore, the largest offshore natural gas field. Tropical island climate, tropical marine ecosystems, diving to enjoy the underwater world, winter rafting, less than a kilometer from the built-up area of the city’s volcanic Geopark, Li culture, coconut culture, culture of exile, etc. in the country is also the only one.

3)

Rarity

Such as tropical rainforests, tropical flora and fauna are extremely rare tourism resources. Hainan is a tropical rainforest, a tropical monsoon rainforest of origin, with forest coverage of more than 25%.

4)

Intensity

In the standard of tourism resources, tourism resources are divided into 8 main categories, 31 subcategories, and 155 basic types. In the 34,000 square kilometres of Hainan Island, within the territory of the 8 main types of resources. 31 subclasses in Hainan have 30, and 155 basic types of Hainan have 135. Such a dense degree of resources is only found in the world and is rare.

3.2

Quantitative evaluation

3.2.1

Evaluation principles

This paper uses the DEA model to measure the overall efficiency and decomposition efficiency of cultural tourism resources in Hainan Province [24]. In order to ensure the accuracy of the empirical results, the DEA model requires that the number of decision-making units be greater than twice the number of selected indicators. At the same time, the relationship between input indicators and output indicators should be producing and being produced, so the selected input indicators cannot be equivalent to the factors affecting the efficiency of cultural tourism resources in Hainan Province. The construction of the indicator system should follow the principles of scientificity, accessibility, independence, systematicity, and innovation. 1)

Scientific principle

The construction design of the indicator system and the selection of indicators must be based on the first criterion of scientificity, which can objectively and realistically respond to the actual situation and can also comprehensively and scientifically clarify the relationship between each indicator.

2)

Principle of accessibility

The construction of the evaluation index system should pay attention to the selection of indicators as specific as possible, while taking full consideration of whether the indicators can be obtained. Whether it can be quantified, whether it is measurable, whether it is easy to calculate, whether it is easy to collect relevant data, and whether the data source can be real and reliable. Thus, the subsequent analysis of data processing can be done in an efficient and orderly manner.

3)

Independence principle

Each indicator in the evaluation system should be independent of each other, and there should be no overlap in content. If there is a contained relationship between the evaluation indicators or duplication in content, then not only the evaluation indicators are redundant. It may also lead to the design of the evaluation system not meeting scientific, rationality, and feasibility standards, thus affecting the final evaluation results.

4)

Systematic principle

The focus of this paper is on the efficiency of cultural tourism resources in Hainan Province. Therefore, the efficiency evaluation indexes designed should comprehensively reflect the development level of cultural tourism in Hainan Province, and the more comprehensive and systematic the design of its input and output indexes, the more it can ensure the accuracy of the efficiency measurement of cultural tourism in Hainan Province.

5)

Innovative principle

Constructing the evaluation index system of Hainan Province’s cultural tourism efficiency needs to fully summarise the choice of scholars for efficiency measurement indicators in existing research and optimise and improve the index system on this basis so that the indicators selected in this paper can more accurately measure the level of cultural tourism development in Hainan Province and make a more comprehensive and systematic evaluation of it.

3.2.2

Evaluation methodology

1)

Using the entropy method to determine indicator weights

Entropy was initially defined as a physical concept in statistical physics and thermodynamics. The higher the entropy value of a thermodynamic system, the lower the degree of energy availability of the system. The smaller the entropy value, the higher the degree of energy availability.

In statistical physics, entropy is a measure of the degree of disorder in molecular motion. The higher the entropy value, the higher the degree of disorder in the molecular motion of the system. The lower the entropy value, the lower the degree of disorder in the molecular motion of the system. In an isolated system, the degree of disorder of molecular motion will proceed spontaneously from a low state to a high state, and an external force is necessary to convert the system from a high disorder state to a low disorder state.

From a microscopic point of view, the entropy value of a system can be statistically derived from the way the molecules are arranged. Assuming that there are two substances A and B (i.e., a binary system) within the system, substance A has n₁ molecules and substance B has n₂ molecules, the entropy value of the system can be calculated using Boltzmann’s formula: 1 $E = k \ln Ω$ Ω is the microscopic arrangement of the two misunderstood molecules in the system. $Ω = \frac{(n + n_{2})}{n_{1}! n_{2}!}$ , obtained from stirling’s formula ln n! = n ln n–n: 2 $\begin{array}{l} E = k \ln [\frac{(n + n_{2})}{n! n_{2}!}] & = k (n_{1} + n_{2}) \ln (n_{1} + n_{2}) - k (n_{1} \ln n_{1} + n_{2} \ln n_{2}) \\ = - k [n_{1} \ln \frac{n_{1}}{n_{1} + n_{2}} + n_{2} \ln \frac{n_{2}}{n_{1} + n_{2}}] \end{array}$ E is the total entropy value of the (n₁ + n₂) molecules of the system, divided by the total number of molecules, gives the unit entropy value of the system: 3 $e = \frac{E}{n_{1} + n_{2}} = - k [\frac{n_{1}}{n_{1} + n} \ln \frac{n_{1}}{n_{1} + n_{2}} + \frac{n_{2}}{n_{1} + n_{2}} \ln \frac{n_{2}}{n_{1} + n_{2}}]$

Let $y_{1} = \frac{n_{1}}{n_{1} + n_{2}}$ , $y_{2} = \frac{n_{2}}{n_{1} + n_{2}}$ be the occupancy of substances A and B in the system, respectively, then the unit entropy value of the system is: 4 $e = - k (y_{1} \ln y_{1} + y_{2} \ln y_{2})$

Extended to the multivariate (n element) system, the unit entropy value function is: 5 $e = - k \sum_{i = 1}^{n} y_{i} \ln y_{i}$

This paper uses entropy value method to determine the weight of cultural tourism resources in Hainan Province. There are n observation (n = 1, 2,…, 21), m indicators (m = 1,2,…,13), x_ij for i observations of the jth indicator. After using the entropy value method to determine the weight of each indicator, can calculate the cultural tourism in Hainan Province, each city has a comprehensive score of tourism resources, as the city’s tourism resource endowment status.

Calculate the characteristic weight of i observations m_ij : 6 $m_{i j} = x_{i j} / \sum x_{i j}$

Calculate the information entropy of the j st indicator e_j : 7 $e_{j} = \frac{- 1}{\ln (n)} \cdot \sum m_{i j} \cdot \ln (m_{i j})$

Calculate the coefficient of variation z_j for indicator x_ij : 8 $z_{j} = 1 - e_{j}$

Determine weight q_j for indicator j : 9 $q_{j} = z_{i} / \sum e_{j}$

Calculate the degree of dominance of the resources of each city in Sichuan Province using the weighted sum method P : 10 $P = 100 \times \sum q_{j} \cdot m_{i j}$

2)

The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method has an absolute advantage in dealing with multi-input and multi-output problems with comparable production sectors (decision units). It is used to determine whether the points corresponding to the decision-making units are located on the effective frontier, so that the relative effectiveness of the decision-making units can be compared objectively and a comprehensive evaluation can be made. At the same time, it can put forward specific suggestions and programmes for the future improvement direction of each decision-making unit.

(1)

DEA Model Establishment

Since the output is the result of the decision maker, such a unit is called a decision-making unit DMU. Each DMU represents or exhibits a certain economic significance, and its basic characteristic is that it has certain inputs and outputs, and it strives to achieve its own decision-making goals in the process of transforming inputs into outputs.

In the language of systems, “inputs” are often called “inputs” and “outputs” are often called “outputs”. Thus, a DMU is an entity that transforms certain “inputs” into certain “outputs”. According to the data of multiple input indicators and multiple output indicators, to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages relative to the given DMUs is to evaluate the relative effectiveness among DMUs. Model C²R is the basic model of DEA, and is also one of the more commonly used models.

Let the input vector of a DMU in an economic activity be X = (x₁,x₂,⋯,x_m) and the output vector be Y = (y₁, y₂,⋯,y,). The entire economic activity of this DMU can be represented by (x, y).

Let the input and output vectors corresponding to n DMU _j(1 ≤ j ≤ n), DMU _j be respectively: 11 $x_{j} = {(x_{1 j}, x_{2 j}, \dots, x_{m j})}^{r} > 0 j = 1, 2, \dots, n$ 12 $y_{j} = {(y_{1 j}, y_{2 j}, \dots, y_{s j})}^{r} > 0 j = 1, 2, \dots, n$

And x_ij > 0,y_ij > 0,i = 1,2,⋯,m;r = 1,2,⋯,s

i.e., each decision unit has m types of “inputs” and s types of “outputs”.

x_ij is the amount of inputs of the j th decision unit to the i th type of inputs. y_rj is the output of the j th decision cell for the r th type of output. x_i and y_ij are known data and can be obtained from statistical information. In this paper, the values of x_ij and y_ij are determined based on statistical information.

To avoid the influence of subjective will, the input and output weight vectors v = (v₁,v₂,⋯,v_m)T, u = (u₁,u₂,⋯,u_s)T are considered as variable vectors. Here, v_i is a measure (weight) for i types of inputs. u_s is a measure (weight) for r types of outputs. The weight coefficients v and u are chosen so that they satisfy h_j ≤ 1, j = 1,2,⋯,n. The effectiveness of the j₀ th decision unit is evaluated (1 ≤ j₀ ≤ n), and the following optimal CCR model is formed with the weight coefficients v and u as variables, the efficiency index of the j₀ th unit as the objective, and the efficiency indices of all the decision units h ≤1(j = 1,2,⋯,n) as constraints: 13 $\max h_{j o} = \sum_{Γ = 1}^{s} U_{r} y_{r j o} / \sum_{i = 1}^{m} v_{i} x_{i j 0}$

Using the Charnes-Cooper transformation, the above equation can be transformed into an equivalent linear programming model: 14 $(p) {\begin{array}{l} \max h_{j o} = μ^{T} y_{0} \\ s . t . ω^{T} x_{j} - μ^{T} y_{j} \geq 0 \\ ω^{T} x_{0} = 1 \\ μ \geq 0, ω \geq 0 \end{array} (j = 1, 2, \dots, n)$

The optimal solution of linear programming is used to define the validity of decision unit j₀. Whereas linear programming has an extremely important dyadic theory, which makes it easier to analyse the problem in an economic sense by building a dyadic model, dyadic planning can be used to determine the validity of DMU _j0. The dyadic planning of this linear programming is: 15 $(\begin{matrix} D \end{matrix}) {\begin{matrix} \min θ \\ s . t . \sum_{j = 1}^{n} λ_{j} χ_{j} \leq θ χ_{0} \\ \sum_{j = 1}^{n} λ_{j} γ_{j} \geq γ_{0} \\ λ_{j} \leq 0, j = 1, 2, \dots, n \\ θ unconstraint \end{matrix}$

To further discuss the problem, slack variable S⁺ and residual variable S^– are introduced to change the above inequality constraints into equality constraints. It is straightforward to call the linear programming (D) as the dyadic programming of the planning (P). For: 16 $(D) {\begin{matrix} \min θ \\ s . t . \sum_{j = 1}^{n} λ_{j} χ_{j} + S^{+} = θ χ_{0} \\ \sum_{j = 1}^{n} λ_{j} γ_{j} - S^{-} = γ_{0} \\ λ_{j} \geq 0, j = 1, 2, \dots, n \\ θ unconstraint S^{+} \geq 0, S^{-} \geq 0 \end{matrix}$

(2)

Basic theorem and economic significance of the DEA model

Linear programming (P) and its dual programming (D) both have feasible solutions, and both have optimal values. If the optimal values are $h_{ρ}^{*}$ and θ*, then $h_{ρ o}^{*} = θ^{*} \leq 1$ . If the optimal value is $h_{0}^{*} = 1$ , then decision cell DMU _j0 is said to be weakly DEA valid. If there exists ω^* > 0, θ^* > 0 in the solution and the optimal value $h_{j 0}^{*} = 1$ , the decision cell DMU _j0 is said to be DEA valid.

DMU₀ is weak DEA A sufficient condition for validity is the optimal value θ^* = 1 of the linear programming (D). DMU₀ is DEA A sufficient condition for validity is the optimal value θ^* = 1 of the linear programming (D) and S⁺ = 0,S^– = 0 for each optimal solution.

Weak DEA validity means that the basic conditions for validity are in place, and DEA validity indicates that the inputs and outputs are making a non-negligible contribution to its validity. The economic significance of the model lies in the fact that the CCR model can be used to determine whether an economic activity is both technologically efficient and scale efficient.

Decision unit DMU₀ is said to be DEA valid when θ = 1, and S^– = S⁺ = 0, i.e. the output obtained on the original inputs has been optimised in the system consisting of this decision unit.

When θ = 1, and S^– ≠ 0 or S⁺ ≠ 0, then decision unit DMU _j0 is said to be DEA weakly efficient, i.e., in the system consisting of these n decision units, for which inputs can be reduced S^– while keeping the original output unchanged, or outputs can be increased with no change in inputs.

If θ < 1, the decision unit is said to be DMU ₀ ineffective, i.e., in the system consisting of this decision unit, the inputs can be reduced by combining them in such a way as to keep the original output unchanged.

If S^– = S⁺ = 0, then the production activity corresponding to this decision unit is technically efficient in the sense that the resources are fully utilised, the input factors are optimally combined and the maximum output effect is achieved. Otherwise, the decision unit is said to be technologically inefficient.

The optimal value of λ_j in the CCR model can be used to determine the benefit of scale for DMU :

a.

If there exists $λ_{j}^{*} (j = 1, 2, \dots, n)$ such that $\sum λ_{j}^{*} = 1$ , then DMU is constant returns to scale.

b.

If there exists no λ^* j(j = 1,2,⋯,n) such that Σλ^* j = 1, then if Σλ^* j < 1, then DMU is increasing returns to scale.

c.

If there exists no λ^* j(j = 1,2,⋯,n) such that Σλ^* j = 1, then if Σλ^* j > 1, then DMU is decreasing economies of scale.

3)

The Malmquist Exponential Model

Malmquist exponential model (Malmquist) is can be used in combination with data envelopment analysis for efficiency studies [25]. The mathematical expression of Malmquist exponential model is given below: 17 $\begin{array}{l} M_{t} (x^{t}, y^{t}, x^{t + 1}, y^{t + 1}) = \frac{D_{v}^{t + 1} (x^{t + 1}, y^{t + 1})}{D_{v}^{t} (x^{t}, y^{t})} \times {[\frac{D_{v}^{t} (x^{t}, y^{t}) D_{v}^{t + 1} (x^{t + 1}, y^{t + 1})}{D_{v}^{t + 1} (x^{t}, y^{t}) D_{v}^{t + 1} (x^{t + 1}, y^{t + 1})}]}^{\frac{1}{2}} \\ \times {[\frac{D_{0}^{t + 1} (x^{t + 1}, y^{t + 1}) / D_{v}^{t} (x^{t + 1}, y^{t + 1})}{D_{0}^{t} (x^{t}, y^{t}) / D_{v}^{t} (x^{t}, y^{t})} \times \frac{D_{0}^{t + 1} (x^{t + 1}, y^{t + 1}) / D_{v}^{t + 1} (x^{t + 1}, y^{t + 1})}{D_{0}^{t + 1} (x^{t}, y^{t}) / D_{v}^{t + 1} (x^{t}, y^{t})}]}^{2} \\ = E f f c h \times T e c h c h = P e c h \times S e c h \times T e c h c h = T p f c h \end{array}$

The Malmquist index, which is used in conjunction with the envelope data analysis method for efficiency analysis, is also known as the total factor productivity index (Tpfch). The Tpfch index is further decomposed into the product of the composite technical efficiency change index (Effch) and the technical progress index (Techch) according to the formula. Where Effch is in turn equal to the product of scale efficiency (Sech) and pure technical efficiency (Pech). Equation $D_{v}^{t + 1} (x^{t + 1}, y^{t + 1})$ refers to the distance between the decision cell in time t + 1 and the frontier production surface in time period t. The value of Tpfch is greater than 1 for a sustained steady state of technological progress, which means that the overall efficiency is in an upward phase at this time.

On the contrary, if the value of Tpfch is less than 1, the overall efficiency is declining, and it is necessary to optimally regulate the input factors and eliminate the redundant parts to achieve the purpose of improving efficiency. Malmquist index can measure the period-by-period dynamics of the total factor productivity (TFP), and the TFP can be further decomposed into TFP = TC × EC, where TC represents the technological change, and EC denotes technical efficiency change. Therefore, this paper firstly analyses the overall efficiency of inbound tourism using the BCC model with variable returns to scale in DEA and further analyses the dynamic changes in the efficiency of shared cultural tourism in Hainan Province by supplementing its measurement through the Malmquist index model.

3.2.3

Indicator selection and data sources

There is no uniform standard for a series of evaluation indicators to measure the efficiency of the use of cultural tourism resources, which usually involves two major indicators, namely, input and output. The various elements invested by each region in the process of tourism development can be fully reflected by input indicators. The overall level of tourism development can be fully reflected by the output indicators.

Capital, labour, and land are the most basic factors of production in economics, considering that cultural tourism is less affected by land area. Therefore, considering the existing research results, the land is excluded from the selection of input factor indicators, and they are mainly selected from the perspectives of labor and capital. Among them, labour input is the labor factor, and capital input is capital input and infrastructure input. The labor input reflects the service scale of cultural tourism, while the infrastructure input reflects the service capacity of cultural tourism. Furthermore, the culture and tourism utility fee represents the direct capital input of cultural tourism.

In addition, cultural resources, as the main attraction of cultural tourism, reflect the core value of cultural tourism and are essential for the study of the utilisation efficiency of cultural tourism resources, so this paper innovatively includes cultural resources in the indicators of input factors. On the basis of existing research, tourist trips and tourism revenue are selected as output indicators.

Based on the input-output theory and input factors such as labour and capital in the production function, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for the utilization efficiency of cultural tourism resources in Hainan Province by combining the principles of index selection. The evaluation index system for Hainan Province’s cultural tourism resource utilisation efficiency is shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

The index system of efficiency evaluation of cultural tourism resources

Index type	Evaluation index	Concrete index
Input index	Cultural resources (21.05%)	Public library (8.64%)
		Mass gallery (10.24%)
		Cultural museum (7.61%)
		Cultural station (9.59%)
		Museum (16.65%)
		Art exhibition group (28.07%)
		Art exhibition hall (19.20%)
	Information technology support (15.69%)	Intelligent equipment (26.54%)
		Real-time monitoring feedback (31.09%)
		Information tourism resources (42.37%)
	Infrastructure investment (23.54%)	Travel agent (40.18%)
		Star hotel (26.97%)
		A level scenic spot (32.85%)
	Labor investment (19.88%)	Number of public libraries (7.53%)
		The number of people in the mass gallery (6.39%)
		The number of people in the culture center (7.11%)
		The number of people in the culture station (6.79%)
		Museum number (10.23%)
		The number of art performers (15.94%)
		The number of people in the art exhibition field (12.43%)
		The number of travel agencies (15.35%)
		The number of stars in the star hotel (12.28%)
		The number of people in the scenic area (13.48%)
	Capital investment (19.84%)	Cultural and tourism fees
Output indicator	Domestic travel income (52.34%)	/
Output indicator	Number of domestic tourists (47.66%)	/

The input indicators of Hainan Province’s cultural tourism resources contain cultural resources (21.05%), information technology support (15.69%), infrastructure input (23.54%), labour input (19.88%) and capital input (19.84%). Among them, the specific indicators of information technology support are intelligent tourism equipment, real-time monitoring and feedback, and information technology tourism resources, with the proportion of the three in the order of information technology tourism resources > real-time monitoring and feedback > intelligent tourism equipment.

Combining the characteristics of culture and tourism, the degree of cultural and tourism resource input advantage and tourism economic advantage are used to replace inputs and outputs, respectively. The data is all from the 2019-2023 Statistical Yearbook, Cultural and Tourism Statistical Yearbook, Tourism Statistical Yearbook, and the Social Development Statistical Bulletin of Hainan Province.

3.2.4

Data sources and processing

The research data in this paper comes from the latest year’s statistical yearbook published by the Bureau of Statistics of Hainan Province, and the Tourism Administration Network. The data used for the resource endowment status comes from the number 12 tourism resources of A-class scenic spots, world heritage sites, scenic spots, forest parks, nature reserves, wetland parks, geological parks, historical and cultural cities, national key cultural relics protection units, historical and cultural towns/villages, grade 1-3 museums, and nongjiajia, which were published on the Tourism Administration Network of Hainan Province in 2023, and the entropy value method is used to compute the weight of the 12 tourism resources The weights of the 12 tourism resources are calculated using the entropy value method, and the endowment status of tourism resources in each city is derived. The endowment status of cultural tourism resources in Hainan Province is shown in Figure 1. The endowment value of cultural tourism resources in Sanya City and Haikou City is 29.76 and 28.56, respectively.

3.2.5

Static efficiency measurement results and analysis

Combined efficiency is able to reflect the output benefits of the tourism industry under the current technological conditions in relation to resource inputs. Taking 1 as the reference value, when it is equal to 1, it indicates that the maximum output economic efficiency has been achieved under the current technology level, and its comprehensive efficiency is effective. When it is less than 1, it indicates that the maximum output has not yet been achieved under the current technology level, the inputs and outputs still have room for improvement, and its comprehensive efficiency is invalid. When the value of comprehensive efficiency is closer to 1, the efficiency is also higher. After calculation, Figure 2 shows the comprehensive efficiency of the cultural tourism industry in Hainan Province’s cities and counties.

Overall, the average values of the cross-section comprehensive efficiency data of 11 cities and counties in Hainan Province year by year from 2017 to 2023 are 0.828 in Haikou City, 1 in Sanya City, 0.801 in Wuzhishan City, 0.807 in Wenchang City, 0.787 in Qionghai City, 0.791 in Wanning City, 0.395 in Lingao City, 0.609 in Danzhou City, 0.714 in Baoting City, and 0.723 in Lingshui City, Changjiang County 0.729. Overall, the efficiency value is medium; most of them are higher than 0.7, and the overall trend is rising and then falling and slowly rising.

From the ranking of the average value of the comprehensive efficiency of the cultural tourism industry of all cities and counties in Hainan Province from 2017 to 2023, Sanya City is in first place. By compiling relevant information and comparing and analysing, although the tourism fixed investment in Sanya City is also declining, the total tourism revenue, the scale of tourism enterprises and the number of tourism employees have been in a state of growth, so the impact of the comprehensive efficiency of the whole yearly period is not obvious. Sanya City is one of those cities where the tourism industry started earlier, with mature information technology conditions, stronger tourism development momentum, and stable and sufficient sources of tourists, so the comprehensive efficiency is relatively high.

The following article takes the development of the cultural tourism industry in Sanya Economic Circle as an example to analyse the pure technical efficiency of the tourism industry in Sanya Economic Circle. Pure technical efficiency refers to the degree of utilisation of management and technology in the cultural tourism industry, i.e., the production efficiency affected by factors such as management level and production technology. Here, this paper refers to information technology. Taking 1 as the reference value, when the information technology efficiency is equal to 1, it indicates that the efficiency of the tourism industry in Sanya Economic Circle is optimal, i.e., the resources invested are effectively utilised. When the information technology efficiency is less than 1, technological innovation and management innovation should be strengthened, management methods should be improved, and other measures should be taken to rationally allocate tourism resources so as to effectively enhance the degree of utilisation of input resources in the tourism industry. Figure 3 displays the results of the IT efficiency measurement of the tourism industry in the Sanya Economic Circle.

The overall mean value indicates that the information technology efficiency of all cities and counties fluctuates between 0.85 and 1, with no significant differences. During these seven years, the pure technical efficiency of the tourism industry in Sanya Economic Circle cities is 0.946, which is at a high level, indicating that 94.6% of the input factors of the tourism industry in cities and counties in Sanya Economic Circle are fully and effectively utilised, but there still exists a space for improvement of 5.4%. In the measurement period, the maximum value appears in 2017 and 2022, indicating that the information technology conditions and management level of the tourism industry in the Sanya Economic Circle are generally in the optimal state in this period.

3.2.6

Dynamic efficiency measurement results and analyses

The results of the total factor productivity of cultural tourism in Hainan Province are shown in Figure 4. From the time dimension, from 2015 to 2023, there are only 2 years in which the total factor productivity is less than 1, and all other years are greater than 1, i.e., positive growth. The annual average value of the total factor productivity of tourism resources is 1.151, and the overall total factor productivity of tourism resources has slight fluctuations, and the change in growth is relatively stable, showing the trend of growth-adjustment-re-growth.In the year 2015-2023, the total factor productivity of tourism resources in Hainan Province can be divided into two stages in time.

2015-2019 is the first stage. This stage of total factor productivity of cultural tourism resources shows a changing trend of increasing year by year, from the initial 0.933 to 1.63. It reached its peak state in 2019, which is the stage when the development of cultural tourism in Hainan Province is in a period of high-speed development, with a gradual recovery of the global economy and the policy direction of the construction of the International Tourism Island approved by the State Council. The government has introduced a series of stable growth, stimulated domestic demand economic strategy, and other external factors to stimulate the cultural tourism investment in Hainan and the number of cultural tourists increased year by year, Hainan’s internal quality improvement and technological innovation in the objective also promotes the high-speed growth of the tourism industry.

The second stage is from 2019-2023. After the first stage of high-speed growth, Hainan cultural tourism went through an adjustment period. The total factor production index for 2019-2020 decreased. Through two years of adjustment, Hainan cultural tourism and tourism began to enter the growth stage, and the magnitude of fluctuations and the trend of change tended to flatten, indicating that the development of tourism in Hainan Province began to enter a relatively stable state.

Changes in total factor productivity in tourism and its decomposition in 11 cities and counties in Hainan Province are shown in Figure 5. The results of data analysis show that, except for Lingao County (0.982), the total factor productivity of the other 10 cities and counties is greater than 1. The growth of total factor productivity mainly comes from the advancement of information technology. The development plan for the construction of Hainan International Tourism Island puts forward the construction of “Wireless Hainan”, realizing the full coverage of a broadband wireless network. Actively promote the “Internet of Things”, cloud computing and other new technologies in an indepth application. Accelerate the construction of tourism e-government and the development of tourism e-commerce. These policies have highlighted the role of technological progress in promoting tourism. The total factor productivity of Lingao County is less than 1, which is mainly affected by changes in technical efficiency, and both pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency play a hindering role, indicating that the utilization rate of input resources of tourism in Lingao County is low, and at the same time, it is in the stage of diminishing returns to scale.

Cluster analysis of tourism efficiency Malmquist productivity index of 11 cities and counties in Hainan Province was carried out using SPSS, and the 11 cities and counties were classified into three categories: high-efficiency areas, efficiency-balanced areas and low-efficiency areas.

The mean values of tourism efficiency Malmquist productivity index of the three types of areas are shown in Figure 6. The regular efficiency changes (sech) of high efficiency areas, efficiency balanced areas and low efficiency areas are 1.076, 1.059 and 1.008, respectively.

The results of the analysis are as follows: the first category contains three cities and counties, namely Wenchang City, Lingshui County, and Qionghai City. The second category contains 5 cities and counties: Sanya City, Danzhou City, Haikou City, Changjiang County, and Wuzhishan City. The third category contains 3 cities and counties: Baoting County, Wanning City and Lingao County.

3.3

Development Path of Hainan’s Cultural Tourism Resources Integration

1)

Do a good job of tourism development planning, the development of the South China Sea tourism brand

Hainan is a large marine province rich in tropical marine resources. Hainan should look at the world, focusing on the tropical holiday resorts in the South China Sea and the development of a tropical marine tourism brand.

The near future can be defined by Hainan Island, Haikou City, Wenchang City, and Sanya City, as a result of the previous qualitative evaluation of cultural tourism resources in Hainan Province. Taking Sansha City as an opportunity, taking the ancient Silk Road and Zheng He’s descent to the West China Sea, overseas Chinese culture, Nanyang culture, border defense culture as the cultural background, and Xisha Islands as the main destination. Carry out cultural experiences, maritime adventure expeditions, island sightseeing, all kinds of maritime leisure and holiday activities, diving and other forms of tourism on Hainan Island and the relevant islands and sea areas of the Xisha Islands. Medium-term consideration can be given to the expansion of the South China Sea around the South China Sea countries and regions of the South China Sea luxury cruise tourism routes to promote Hainan and Southeast Asian countries and even the world’s countries open to the outside world and economic and cultural exchanges.

2)

In order to highlight the development of cultural tourism, based on the rich cultural tourism resources in Hainan Province, the use of modern information technology to speed up the protection and development of cultural relics and monuments and the construction of famous historical and cultural cities, to reproduce the charm of the ancient city and revisit the history and culture.

Hainan should make full use of the valuable resources of cultural relics and monuments and historical and cultural cities, deal with the relationship between development and protection, and protect the landscape appearance and cultural atmosphere of the historical block. Adhere to the principle of combining development with protection, economic benefits, and comprehensive benefits. Adhere to the principle of government-led enterprise operation, which involves developing, protecting, and benefiting. Increase the visibility of the renowned historical and cultural city of Haikou. Strengthen the construction of cultural infrastructure and basic living facilities in the ancient city. Follow and restore the original place names and maintain the continuity of history, folklore, and tradition, especially the inheritance of major historical events and figures.

3)

Developing rural tourism, reflecting ecological civilisation and agricultural culture

The comprehensive efficiency of cultural tourism industry in all cities and counties of Hainan Province is comprehensive, in which the efficiency value of the development of the cultural tourism resources industry at the county level is not high, especially in Lingao County. Thus, rural tourism projects can be launched to meet the development trends of Lingao County.

Rural areas in Hainan Province have complex cultural systems, strong local characteristics, unique and simple living customs, folk customs, different modes of production, and beautiful ecological environments, which are suitable for rural eco-tourism, special cultural tourism and experiential tourism. It is possible to carry out natural ecological scenery sightseeing, minority villages, ancient villages and towns back to ancient tourism, agricultural production and rural life experience, farmers’ new villages (civilised eco-village) visits, agricultural theme park tours, rural folklore experience, rural architectural and cultural research and other tourism projects.

Combined with the dynamic and static analysis of the development of cultural tourism resources in Hainan Province in this paper, this paper puts forward the development model of cultural tourism resources in Hainan Province, Hainan Province’s cultural tourism resources development model shown in Figure 7. Specifically, the creation of the South China Sea tourism brand involves the use of information technology to protect and develop cultural relics, monuments, and historical and cultural city resources. For the development of cultural tourism resources in 11 counties and cities in Hainan Province, it is proposed to strengthen the development of cultural tourism in each county. The main focus is on creating rural tourism and using information technology to update cultural tourism methods in the counties of Hainan Province.

4

Conclusion

This paper uses the DEA method and Malmquist index model to calculate the input and output data of Hainan Province’s cultural tourism industry, and conducts qualitative and quantitative evaluation of Hainan Province’s cultural tourism resources. It analyzes the efficiency of the province’s cultural tourism resources and provides targeted development suggestions.

The entropy value method is used to determine the endowment of cultural tourism resources in 11 cities and counties in Hainan Province, among which Sanya City and Haikou City are ranked high in the endowment value of cultural tourism resources. Measuring the comprehensive efficiency of cultural tourism resources in cities and counties in Hainan Province, Sanya City is in first place in terms of the ranking of the average value of the comprehensive efficiency of the cultural tourism industry of all cities and counties in Hainan Province from 2017 to 2023. The reason may be that Sanya City has developed infrastructure and information technology to support cultural tourism. From the perspective of time, the total productivity change of cultural tourism resources in Hainan Province is divided into two trends. 2015-2019 marks the first stage. This stage of total factor productivity of cultural tourism resources shows the trend of change year by year. 2019-2023 is the second stage. Hainan’s cultural tourism is now in the adjustment phase after the first stage of high-speed growth. For the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the development of Hainan’s cultural tourism resources, the development path of cultural tourism resources integration is proposed to do a good job of tourism development planning, creating tourism brands, developing and protecting cultural resources, and accelerating the development of rural tourism.

Lingua:: Inglese

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Argomenti della rivista:: Scienze biologiche, Scienze della vita, altro, Matematica, Matematica applicata, Matematica generale, Fisica, Fisica, altro

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Study on the Development Path of Cultural Tourism Resources Integration in Hainan Province under the Support of Information Technology

Fangli Li

Pubblicato online: 03 feb 2025

Ricevuto: 21 set 2024

Accettato: 24 dic 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2025-0025

Parole chiaveDEA method, Entropy method, Malmquist index, Resource utilisation efficiency, Hainan cultural tourism

© 2025 Fangli Li, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Parole chiave
DEA method, Entropy method, Malmquist index, Resource utilisation efficiency, Hainan cultural tourism