Unraveling the Complexity and Advancements of Transdifferentiation Technologies in the Biomedical Field and Their Potential Clinical Relevance

Chronic diseases such as cancer, autoimmunity, and organ failure currently depend on conventional pharmaceutical treatment, which may cause detrimental side effects in the long term. In this regard, cell-based therapy has emerged as a suitable alternative for treating these chronic diseases. Transdifferentiation technologies have evolved as a suitable therapeutic alternative that converts one differentiated somatic cell into another phenotype by using transcription factors (TFs), small molecules, or small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules (miRNA). The transdifferentiation techniques rely on simple, fast, standardized, and versatile protocols with minimal chance of tumorigenicity and genotoxicity. However, there are still challenges and limitations that need to be addressed to enhance their clinical translation percentage in the near future. Taking this into account, we have delineated the features and strategies used in the transdifferentiation techniques. Then, we delved into different intermediate states that were attained during transdifferentiation. Advancements in transdifferentiation techniques in the field of tissue engineering, autoimmunity, and cancer therapy were dissected. Furthermore, limitations, challenges, and future perspectives are outlined in this review to provide a whole new picture of the transdifferentiation techniques. Advancements in molecular biology, interdisciplinary research, bioinformatics, and artificial intelligence will push the frontiers of this technology further to establish new avenues for biomedical research.