Tattooing: immediate and long-term adverse reactions and complications

1. Kean WF, Tocchio S, Kean M, Rainsford KD. The musculoskeletal abnormalities of the Similaun Iceman (‘OTZI’): Clues to chronic pain and possible treatments. Inflammopharmacology 2013;21:11–20. doi: 10.1007/s10787-012-0153-5 Kean WF Tocchio S Kean M Rainsford KD The musculoskeletal abnormalities of the Similaun Iceman (‘OTZI’): Clues to chronic pain and possible treatments . Inflammopharmacology 2013 ; 21 : 11 – 20 . doi: 10.1007/s10787-012-0153-5 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

2. Kluger N. Epidemiology of tattoos in industrialized countries. Curr Probl Dermatol 2015;48:6–20. doi: 10.1159/000369175 Kluger N Epidemiology of tattoos in industrialized countries . Curr Probl Dermatol 2015 ; 48 : 6 – 20 . doi: 10.1159/000369175 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

3. Morlock R, Morlock A. Think before you ink: Perception, prevalence, and correlates of tattooing and tattoo regret in US adults. Cureus 2023;15(11):e48167. doi: 10.7759/cureus.48167 Morlock R Morlock A Think before you ink: Perception, prevalence, and correlates of tattooing and tattoo regret in US adults . Cureus 2023 ; 15 ( 11 ): e48167 . doi: 10.7759/cureus.48167 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

4. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Research on Potential Long-Term Health Effects of Tattooing [displayed 1 October 2024]. Available at https://tattoo.iarc.who.int/background/ International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization . Research on Potential Long-Term Health Effects of Tattooing [displayed 1 October 2024]. Available at https://tattoo.iarc.who.int/background/ Search in Google Scholar

5. Piccinini P, Contor L, Pakalin S, Raemaekers T, Senaldi C. Safety of tattoos and permanent make-up State of play and trends in tattoo practices. EUR 27528. Luxembourg (Luxembourg): Publications Office of the European Union; 2015. JRC96808 Piccinini P Contor L Pakalin S Raemaekers T Senaldi C Safety of tattoos and permanent make-up State of play and trends in tattoo practices . EUR 27528 . Luxembourg (Luxembourg) : Publications Office of the European Union ; 2015 . JRC96808 Search in Google Scholar

6. Giulbudagian M, Schreiver I, Singh AV, Laux P, Luch A. Safety of tattoos and permanent make-up: a regulatory view. Arch Toxicol 2020;94:357–69. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02655-z Giulbudagian M Schreiver I Singh AV Laux P Luch A Safety of tattoos and permanent make-up: a regulatory view . Arch Toxicol 2020 ; 94 : 357 – 69 . doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02655-z Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

7. Nielsen C, Jerkeman M, Jöud AS. Tattoos as a risk factor for malignant lymphoma: a population-based case-control study. EClinicalMedicine 2024;72:102649. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102649 Nielsen C Jerkeman M Jöud AS. Tattoos as a risk factor for malignant lymphoma: a population-based case-control study . EClinicalMedicine 2024 ; 72 : 102649 . doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102649 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

8. Schreiver I, Hesse B, Seim C, Castillo-Michel H, Villanova J, Laux P, Dreiack N, Penning R, Tucoulou R, Cotte M, Luch A. Synchrotronbased ν-XRF mapping and μ-FTIR microscopy enable to look into the fate and effects of tattoo pigments in human skin. Sci Rep 2017;7(1):11395. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11721-z Schreiver I Hesse B Seim C Castillo-Michel H Villanova J Laux P Dreiack N Penning R Tucoulou R Cotte M Luch A Synchrotronbased ν-XRF mapping and μ-FTIR microscopy enable to look into the fate and effects of tattoo pigments in human skin . Sci Rep 2017 ; 7 ( 1 ): 11395 . doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11721-z Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

9. Prior G. Tattoo inks: Legislation, pigments, metals and chemical analysis. Curr Probl Dermatol 2015;4:152–7. doi: 10.1159/000369196 Prior G Tattoo inks: Legislation, pigments, metals and chemical analysis . Curr Probl Dermatol 2015 ; 4 : 152 – 7 . doi: 10.1159/000369196 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

10. Jacobsen NR, Clausen PA. Carbon black nanoparticles and other problematic constituents of black ink and their potential to harm tattooed humans. Curr Probl Dermatol 2015;48:170–5. doi: 10.1159/000369319 Jacobsen NR Clausen PA Carbon black nanoparticles and other problematic constituents of black ink and their potential to harm tattooed humans . Curr Probl Dermatol 2015 ; 48 : 170 – 5 . doi: 10.1159/000369319 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

11. Isaacs T, Ngwanya RM, Lehloenya RJ. Tattoos: A summary knowledge for the practising clinician. SAMJ S Afr Med J 2018;108:714–20. doi: 10.7196/samj.2018.v108i9.13231 Isaacs T Ngwanya RM Lehloenya RJ Tattoos: A summary knowledge for the practising clinician . SAMJ S Afr Med J 2018 ; 108 : 714 – 20 . doi: 10.7196/samj.2018.v108i9.13231 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

12. Forte G, Petrucci F, Cristaudo A, Bocca B. Market survey on toxic metals contained in tattoo inks. Sci Total Environ 2009;407:5997–6002. Forte G Petrucci F Cristaudo A Bocca B Market survey on toxic metals contained in tattoo inks . Sci Total Environ 2009 ; 407 : 5997 – 6002 . Search in Google Scholar

13. Kluger N. Nickel and tattoos: Where are we? Contact Dermatitis 2021;85:136–40. doi: 10.1111/cod.13869 Kluger N Nickel and tattoos: Where are we? Contact Dermatitis 2021 ; 85 : 136 – 40 . doi: 10.1111/cod.13869 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

14. Devcic J, Dussol M, Collin-Faure V, Pérard J, Fenel D, Schoehn G, Carrière M, Rabilloud T, Dalzon B. Immediate and Sustained Effects of Cobalt and Zinc-Containing Pigments on Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022;13:865239. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865239 Devcic J Dussol M Collin-Faure V Pérard J Fenel D Schoehn G Carrière M Rabilloud T Dalzon B Immediate and Sustained Effects of Cobalt and Zinc-Containing Pigments on Macrophages . Front Immunol 2022 ; 13 : 865239 . doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865239 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

15. Di Gaudio F, Amorello D, Ferrara M, Orecchio Sa, Orecchio Si. Heavy metals in tattoo inks: Developing an analytical methodology for accessing customer safety. ChemistrySelect 2023;8: e202300986. doi: 10.1002/slct.202300986 Di Gaudio F Amorello D Ferrara M Orecchio Sa Orecchio Si Heavy metals in tattoo inks: Developing an analytical methodology for accessing customer safety . ChemistrySelect 2023 ; 8 : e202300986 . doi: 10.1002/slct.202300986 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

16. Schreiver I, Hutzler C, Laux P, Berlien HP, Luch A. Formation of highly toxic hydrogen cyanide upon ruby laser irradiation of the tattoo pigment phthalocyanine blue. Sci Rep 2015;5:1915. doi: 10.1038/srep12915 Schreiver I Hutzler C Laux P Berlien HP Luch A Formation of highly toxic hydrogen cyanide upon ruby laser irradiation of the tattoo pigment phthalocyanine blue . Sci Rep 2015 ; 5 : 1915 . doi: 10.1038/srep12915 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

17. Fels P, Lachenmeier DW, Hindelang H, Walch S, Gutsche B. Occurrence and regulatory evaluation of contaminants in tattoo inks. Cosmetics 2023;10(5):141. doi: 10.3390/cosmetics1005014141 Fels P Lachenmeier DW Hindelang H Walch S Gutsche B Occurrence and regulatory evaluation of contaminants in tattoo inks . Cosmetics 2023 ; 10 ( 5 ): 141 . doi: 10.3390/cosmetics10050141 41 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

18. Giulbudagian M, Battisini B, Bäumler W, Blass Rico AM, Bocca B, Brungs C, Famele M, Foerster M, Gutsche B, Houben V, Hauri U, Karpienko K, Karst U, Katz LM, Kluger N, Serup J, Schreiver I, Schubert S, van der Bent SAS, Wolf C, Luch A, Laux P. Lessons learned in a decade: Medical-toxicological view of tattooing. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024;38:1926–38. doi: 10.1111/jdv.20072 Giulbudagian M Battisini B Bäumler W Blass Rico AM Bocca B Brungs C Famele M Foerster M Gutsche B Houben V Hauri U Karpienko K Karst U Katz LM Kluger N Serup J Schreiver I Schubert S van der Bent SAS Wolf C Luch A Laux P Lessons learned in a decade: Medical-toxicological view of tattooing . J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024 ; 38 : 1926 – 38 . doi: 10.1111/jdv.20072 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

19. Jacobsen E, Tønning K, Pedersen E, Bernth Nils, Serup J, Høgsberg T, editors. Chemical substances in tattoo Ink. København: Miljøstyrelsen; 2012 [displayed 8 November 2024]. Available at https: https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2012/03/978-87-92779-87-8.pdf Jacobsen E Tønning K Pedersen E Bernth Nils Serup J Høgsberg T , editors. Chemical substances in tattoo Inky . København : Miljøstyrelsen ; 2012 [displayed 8 November 2024]. Available at https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2012/03/978-87-92779-87-8.pdf Search in Google Scholar

20. Nho SW, Kim SJ, Kweon O, Howard PC, Moon MS, Sadrieh NK, Cerniglia CE. Microbiological survey of commercial tattoo and permanent makeup inks available in the United States. J Appl Microbiol 2018;124:1294–302. doi: 10.1111/jam.13713 Nho SW Kim SJ Kweon O Howard PC Moon MS Sadrieh NK Cerniglia CE Microbiological survey of commercial tattoo and permanent makeup inks available in the United States . J Appl Microbiol 2018 ; 124 : 1294 – 302 . doi: 10.1111/jam.13713 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

21. Lim H-H, Shin H-S. Sensitive determination of volatile organic compounds and aldehydes in tattoo inks. J Chromatogr Sci 2017;55:109–16. doi: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw163 Lim H-H Shin H-S. Sensitive determination of volatile organic compounds and aldehydes in tattoo inks . J Chromatogr Sci 2017 ; 55 : 109 – 16 . doi: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw163 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

22. Schubert S, Kluger N, Schreiver I. Hypersensitivity to permanent tattoos: Literature summary and comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients 1997–2022. Contact Dermatitis 2023;88:331–50. doi: 10.1111/cod.14291 Schubert S Kluger N Schreiver I Hypersensitivity to permanent tattoos: Literature summary and comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients 1997–2022 . Contact Dermatitis 2023 ; 88 : 331 – 50 . doi: 10.1111/cod.14291 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

23. European Chemical Agency (ECHA, Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC) Committee for Socio-economic Analysis (SEAC). Background document to the Opinion on the Annex XV dossier proposing restrictions on Substances in tattoo inks and permanent make up. Helsinki, Finland, 15 March 2019. [displayed 12 December 2024] Available at https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/2f5b2f8c-430e-34db-2966-2f2d3e6c0bd6 European Chemical Agency (ECHA, Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC) Committee for Socio-economic Analysis (SEAC) . Background document to the Opinion on the Annex XV dossier proposing restrictions on Substances in tattoo inks and permanent make up . Helsinki, Finland , 15 March 2019 . [displayed 12 December 2024] Available at https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/2f5b2f8c-430e-34db-2966-2f2d3e6c0bd6 Search in Google Scholar

24. Negi S, Bala L, Shukla S, Chopra D. Tattoo inks are toxicological risks to human health: A systematic review of their ingredients, fate inside skin, toxicity due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, primary aromatic amines, metals, and overview of regulatory frameworks. Toxicol Ind Health 2022;38:417–34. doi: 10.1177/07482337221100870 Negi S Bala L Shukla S Chopra D Tattoo inks are toxicological risks to human health: A systematic review of their ingredients, fate inside skin, toxicity due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, primary aromatic amines, metals, and overview of regulatory frameworks . Toxicol Ind Health 2022 ; 38 : 417 – 34 . doi: 10.1177/07482337221100870 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

25. Hjorth Johannesen H, Hvass Hansen R, Alsing K, Serup J. Tatoo ink, magnetism and sensation of burn during Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and introduction of Hand-Held Magnet Testing of commercial tattoo Ink Stock Products prior to use. Curr Probl Dermatol 2022;56:251–8. doi: 10.1159/000521482 Hjorth Johannesen H Hvass Hansen R Alsing K Serup J Tatoo ink magnetism and sensation of burn during Magnetic Resonance Imaging and introduction of Hand-Held Magnet Testing of commercial tattoo Ink Stock Products prior to use . Curr Probl Dermatol 2022 ; 56 : 251 – 8 . doi: 10.1159/000521482 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

26. Wenzel SM, Rittmann I, Landthaler M, Baumler W. Adverse reactions after tattooing: review of the literature and comparison to results of a survey. Dermatology 2013;226:138–47. doi: 10.1159/000346943 Wenzel SM Rittmann I Landthaler M Baumler W Adverse reactions after tattooing: review of the literature and comparison to results of a survey . Dermatology 2013 ; 226 : 138 – 47 . doi: 10.1159/000346943 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

27. Bassi A, Campolmi P, Cannarozzo G, Conti R, Bruscino N, Gola M, Ermini S, Massi D, Moretti S. Tattoo-associated skin reaction: the importance of an early diagnosis and proper treatment. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:354608. doi: 10.1155/2014/354608 Bassi A Campolmi P Cannarozzo G Conti R Bruscino N Gola M Ermini S Massi D Moretti S Tattoo-associated skin reaction: the importance of an early diagnosis and proper treatment . Biomed Res Int 2014 ; 2014 : 354608 . doi: 10.1155/2014/354608 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

28. Kurz B, Schreiver I, Siewert K, Haslboeck B, Weiss KT, Hannemann J, Berner B, von Eichborn MI, Berneburg M, Baeumler W. Investigation of adverse reactions in tattooed skin through histological and chemical analysis. Dermatology 2023;239:782–93. doi: 10.1159/000530949 Kurz B Schreiver I Siewert K Haslboeck B Weiss KT Hannemann J Berner B von Eichborn MI Berneburg M Baeumler W Investigation of adverse reactions in tattooed skin through histological and chemical analysis . Dermatology 2023 ; 239 : 782 – 93 . doi: 10.1159/000530949 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

29. Serup J, Sepehri M, Hutton Carlsen K. Classification of tattoo complications in a hospital material of 493 adverse events. Dermatology 2016;232:668–78. doi: 10.1159/000452148 Serup J Sepehri M Hutton Carlsen K. Classification of tattoo complications in a hospital material of 493 adverse events . Dermatology 2016 ; 232 : 668 – 78 . doi: 10.1159/000452148 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

30. Karadagli SS, Cansever I, Armagan G, Sogut O. Are some metals in tattoo inks harmful to health? An analytical approach. Chem Res Toxicol 2023;36:104–11. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00323 Karadagli SS Cansever I Armagan G Sogut O Are some metals in tattoo inks harmful to health? An analytical approach . Chem Res Toxicol 2023 ; 36 : 104 – 11 . doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00323 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

31. Kazandjieva J, Grozdev I, Tsankov N. Temporary henna tattoos. Clin Dermatol 2007;25:383–7. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.05.013 Kazandjieva J Grozdev I Tsankov N Temporary henna tattoos . Clin Dermatol 2007 ; 25 : 383 – 7 . doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.05.013 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

32. Blair J, Brodell RT, Nedorost ST. Dermatitis associated with henna tattoo. ‘Safe’ alternative to permanent tattoos carries risk. Postgrad Med 2004;116(3):63–5. doi: 10.3810/pgm.2004.09.1590 Blair J Brodell RT Nedorost ST Dermatitis associated with henna tattoo . ‘Safe’ alternative to permanent tattoos carries risk. Postgrad Med 2004 ; 116 ( 3 ): 63 – 5 . doi: 10.3810/pgm.2004.09.1590 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

33. Cruz FA, Lage D, Frigério RM, Zaniboni MC, Arruda LHF. Reactions to the different pigments in tattoos: a report of two cases. An Bras Dermatol 2010;85:708–11. doi: 10.1590/s0365-05962010000500019 Cruz FA Lage D Frigério RM Zaniboni MC Arruda LHF Reactions to the different pigments in tattoos: a report of two cases . An Bras Dermatol 2010 ; 85 : 708 – 11 . doi: 10.1590/s0365-05962010000500019 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

34. Hutton Carlsen K, Serup J. Photosensitivity and photodynamic events in black, red and blue tattoos are common: A ‘Beach Study’. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014;28:231–7. doi: 10.1111/jdv.1209 Hutton Carlsen K Serup J Photosensitivity and photodynamic events in black, red and blue tattoos are common: A ‘Beach Study’ . J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014 ; 28 : 231 – 7 . doi: 10.1111/jdv.1209 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

35. Weiß KT, Schreiver I, Siewert K, Luch A, Haslböck B, Berneburg M, Bäumler W. Tattoos-more than just colored skin? Searching for tattoo allergens. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021;19:657–69. doi: 10.1111/ddg.14436 Weiß KT Schreiver I Siewert K Luch A Haslböck B Berneburg M Bäumler W. Tattoos-more than just colored skin? Searching for tattoo allergens . J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021 ; 19 : 657 – 69 . doi: 10.1111/ddg.14436 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

36. Bäumler W. Chemical hazard of tattoo colorants. Presse Med 2020;49(4):104046. doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2020.104046 Bäumler W. Chemical hazard of tattoo colorants . Presse Med 2020 ; 49 ( 4 ): 104046 . doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2020.104046 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

37. Kluger N. Cutaneous complications related to permanent decorative tattooing. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010;6:363–71. doi: 10.1586/eci.10.10 Kluger N Cutaneous complications related to permanent decorative tattooing . Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010 ; 6 : 363 – 71 . doi: 10.1586/eci.10.10 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

38. Bose R, Sibley C, Fahim S. Granulomatous and systemic inflammatory reactions from tattoo ink: Case report and concise review. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2020;8:2050313X2093603. doi: 10.1177/2050313X20936036 Bose R Sibley C Fahim S Granulomatous and systemic inflammatory reactions from tattoo ink: Case report and concise review . SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2020 ; 8 :2050313X2093603. doi: 10.1177/2050313X20936036 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

39. Huisman S, van der Bent SAS, Maijer KI, Tio DC, Rustemeyer T. Cutaneous non-allergic complications in tattoos: An overview of the literature. Presse Med 2020;49(4):104049. doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2020.104049 Huisman S van der Bent SAS Maijer KI Tio DC Rustemeyer T Cutaneous non-allergic complications in tattoos: An overview of the literature . Presse Med 2020 ; 49 ( 4 ): 104049 . doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2020.104049 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

40. Swigost A, Farah RS, Canova E, Goldfarb N. Multiple squamous neoplasms arising in a red tattoo after laser tattoo removal. Dermatol Surg 2020;46:970–3. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000002031 Swigost A Farah RS Canova E Goldfarb N Multiple squamous neoplasms arising in a red tattoo after laser tattoo removal . Dermatol Surg 2020 ; 46 : 970 – 3 . doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000002031 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

41. Lebhar J, Jacobs J, Rundle C, Kaplan SJ, Mosca PJ. Skin cancers arising within tattoos: A systematic review. JAAD Int 2024;16:133–43. doi: 10.1016/j.jdin.2024.03.015 Lebhar J Jacobs J Rundle C Kaplan SJ Mosca PJ Skin cancers arising within tattoos: A systematic review . JAAD Int 2024 ; 16 : 133 – 43 . doi: 10.1016/j.jdin.2024.03.015 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

42. Jafari S, Buxton JA, Afshar K, Copes R, Baharlou S. Tattooing and risk of hepatitis B: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Public Health 2012;103(3):207–12. doi: 10.1007/BF03403814 Jafari S Buxton JA Afshar K Copes R Baharlou S Tattooing and risk of hepatitis B: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Can J Public Health 2012 ; 103 ( 3 ): 207 – 12 . doi: 10.1007/BF03403814 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

43. Farley CL, Van Hoover C, Rademeyer CA. Women and tattoos: Fashion, meaning, and implications for health. J Midwifery Womens Health 2019;64(2):154–69. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12932 Farley CL Van Hoover C Rademeyer CA Women and tattoos: Fashion, meaning, and implications for health . J Midwifery Womens Health 2019 ; 64 ( 2 ): 154 – 69 . doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12932 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

44. Balci S, Sari E, Mutlu B. Comparison of risk-taking behaviour and frequency of piercing and tattooing among university students. J Pak Med Assoc 2015;65:587–92. PMID: 26060151 Balci S Sari E Mutlu B Comparison of risk-taking behaviour and frequency of piercing and tattooing among university students . J Pak Med Assoc 2015 ; 65 : 587 – 92 . PMID: 26060151 Search in Google Scholar

45. Tamez SA, Özlü.E. Medical complications of tattoos. J Turk Acad Dermatol 2021;15:1–7. doi: jtad.galenos.2021.02486 Tamez SA Özlü E. Medical complications of tattoos . J Turk Acad Dermatol 2021 ; 15 : 1 – 7 . doi: jtad.galenos.2021.02486 Search in Google Scholar

46. Lin C, Marquardt Y, Rütten S, Liao L, Rahimi K, Haraszti T, Baron JM, Bartneck M. Macrophage-like rapid uptake and toxicity of tattoo ink in human monocytes. Immunology 2024;171:388–401. doi: 10.1111/imm.13714 Lin C Marquardt Y Rütten S Liao L Rahimi K Haraszti T Baron JM Bartneck M Macrophage-like rapid uptake and toxicity of tattoo ink in human monocytes . Immunology 2024 ; 171 : 388 – 401 . doi: 10.1111/imm.13714 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

47. Rudraiah PS, Nandi S, Duadi H, Fixler D. Deep tattoo ink depth profiling in ex vivo porcine skin using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. IEEE J Sel Top Quant 2023;29:1–6. doi: 10.1109/JSTQE.2022.3208570 Rudraiah PS Nandi S Duadi H Fixler D Deep tattoo ink depth profiling in ex vivo porcine skin using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy . IEEE J Sel Top Quant 2023 ; 29 : 1 – 6 . doi: 10.1109/JSTQE.2022.3208570 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

48. Hering H, Zoschke C, Kühn M, Gadicherla AK, Weindl G, Luch A, Schreiver I. TatS: a novel in vitro tattooed human skin model for improved pigment toxicology research. Arch Toxicol 2020;94:2423–34. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02825-z Hering H Zoschke C Kühn M Gadicherla AK Weindl G Luch A Schreiver I TatS: a novel in vitro tattooed human skin model for improved pigment toxicology research . Arch Toxicol 2020 ; 94 : 2423 – 34 . doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02825-z Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

49. Karregat JJJP, Rustemeyer T, van der Bent SAS, Spiekstra SW, Thon M, Fernandez Rivas D, Gibbs S. Assessment of cytotoxicity and sensitization potential of intradermally injected tattoo inks in reconstructed human skin. Contact Dermatitis 2021;85:324–39. doi: 10.1111/cod.13908 Karregat JJJP Rustemeyer T van der Bent SAS Spiekstra SW Thon M Fernandez Rivas D Gibbs S Assessment of cytotoxicity and sensitization potential of intradermally injected tattoo inks in reconstructed human skin . Contact Dermatitis 2021 ; 85 : 324 – 39 . doi: 10.1111/cod.13908 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

50. Bil W, van der Bent SAS, Spiekstra SW, Nazmi K, Rustemeyer T, Gibbs S. Comparison of the skin sensitization potential of 3 red and 2 black tattoo inks using interleukin-18 as a biomarker in a reconstructed human skin model. Contact Dermatitis 2018;79:336–45. doi: 10.1111/cod.13092 Bil W van der Bent SAS Spiekstra SW Nazmi K Rustemeyer T Gibbs S Comparison of the skin sensitization potential of 3 red and 2 black tattoo inks using interleukin-18 as a biomarker in a reconstructed human skin model . Contact Dermatitis 2018 ; 79 : 336 – 45 . doi: 10.1111/cod.13092 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

51. Sepehri M, Sejersen T, Qvortrup K, Lerche CM, Serup J. Tattoo pigments are observed in the Kupffer cells of the liver indicating bloodborne distribution of tattoo ink. Dermatology 2017;233:86–93. doi: 10.1159/000468149 Sepehri M Sejersen T Qvortrup K Lerche CM Serup J Tattoo pigments are observed in the Kupffer cells of the liver indicating bloodborne distribution of tattoo ink . Dermatology 2017 ; 233 : 86 – 93 . doi: 10.1159/000468149 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

52. van der Bent SAS, Berg T, Karst U, Sperling M, Rustemeyer T. Allergic reaction to a green tattoo with nickel as a possible allergen. Contact Dermatitis 2019;81:64–6. doi: 10.1111/cod.13226 van der Bent SAS Berg T Karst U Sperling M Rustemeyer T Allergic reaction to a green tattoo with nickel as a possible allergen . Contact Dermatitis 2019 ; 81 : 64 – 6 . doi: 10.1111/cod.13226 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

53. Warner FM, Darvishian M, Boyle T, Brooks-Wilson AR, Connors JM, Lai AS, Le ND, Song K, Sutherland H, Woods RR, Bhatti P, Spinelli JJ. Tattoos and hematologic malignancies in British Columbia, Canada. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29:2093–5. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-0515. Warner FM Darvishian M Boyle T Brooks-Wilson AR Connors JM Lai AS Le ND Song K Sutherland H Woods RR Bhatti P Spinelli JJ Tattoos and hematologic malignancies in British Columbia, Canada . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020 ; 29 : 2093 – 5 . doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-0515 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

54. Arulanandam CD, Hwang JS, Rathinam AJ, Dahms H-U. Evaluating different web applications to assess the toxicity of plasticizers. Sci Rep 2022;12:19684. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18327-0 Arulanandam CD Hwang JS Rathinam AJ Dahms H-U. Evaluating different web applications to assess the toxicity of plasticizers . Sci Rep 2022 ; 12 : 19684 . doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18327-0 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

55. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Tattoos & Permanent Makeup: Fact Sheet [displayed 13 December 2024]. Available at https://www. fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/tattoos-permanent-makeup-fact-sheet U.S. Food & Drug Administration . Tattoos & Permanent Makeup: Fact Sheet [displayed 13 December 2024]. Available at https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/tattoos-permanent-makeup-fact-sheet Search in Google Scholar

56. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration, Office of Cosmetics and Color, Office of the Chief Scientist. Insanitary Conditions in the Preparation, Packing, and Holding of Tattoo Inks and the Risk of Microbial Contamination [displayed 7 September 2024]. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/183019/download?attachment U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration, Office of Cosmetics and Color, Office of the Chief Scientist . Insanitary Conditions in the Preparation, Packing, and Holding of Tattoo Inks and the Risk of Microbial Contamination [displayed 7 September 2024]. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/183019/download?attachment Search in Google Scholar

57. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Registration & Listing of Cosmetic Product Facilities and Products, 2022. [displayed 13 December 2024] Available from https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/registration-listing-cosmetic-product-facilities-and-products U.S. Food & Drug Administration . Registration & Listing of Cosmetic Product Facilities and Products , 2022 . [displayed 13 December 2024] Available from https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/registration-listing-cosmetic-product-facilities-and-products Search in Google Scholar

58. Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/477 of 24 March 2022 amending Annexes VI to X to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), Text with EEA relevance. EUR-lex. Access to European Union law [displayed 30 October 2024]. Available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022R0477 Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/477 of 24 March 2022 amending Annexes VI to X to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), Text with EEA relevance . EUR-lex . Access to European Union law [displayed 30 October 2024]. Available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022R0477 Search in Google Scholar

59. Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/2081 of 14 December 2020 amending Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards substances in tattoo inks or permanent make-up [displayed 30 October 2024]. Available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2020/2081/ojTetoviranje: neposredne i dugoročne nuspojave Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/2081 of 14 December 2020 amending Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards substances in tattoo inks or permanent make-up [displayed 30 October 2024]. Available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2020/2081/ojTetoviranje:neposredneidugoročnenuspojave Search in Google Scholar