Comparison of different disinfection protocols against contamination of ceramic surfaces with Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm

1. Podschun R, Ullmann U. Klebsiella spp. as nosocomial pathogens: epidemiology, taxonomy, typing methods, and pathogenicity factors. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998;11:589–603. doi: 10.1128/CMR.11.4.589 Podschun R Ullmann U. Klebsiella spp. as nosocomial pathogens: epidemiology, taxonomy, typing methods, and pathogenicity factors . Clin Microbiol Rev 1998 ; 11 : 589 – 603 . doi: 10.1128/CMR.11.4.589 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

2. Vickery K, Deva A, Jacombs A, Allan J, Valente P, Gosbell IB. Presence of biofilm containing viable multiresistant organisms despite terminal cleaning on clinical surfaces in an intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2012;80:52–5. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.07.007 Vickery K Deva A Jacombs A Allan J Valente P Gosbell IB. Presence of biofilm containing viable multiresistant organisms despite terminal cleaning on clinical surfaces in an intensive care unit . J Hosp Infect 2012 ; 80 : 52 – 5 . doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.07.007 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

3. Paczosa MK, Mecsas J. Klebsiella pneumoniae: Going on the offense with a strong defense. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016;80:629–61. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00078-15 Paczosa MK Mecsas J. Klebsiella pneumoniae: Going on the offense with a strong defense . Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016 ; 80 : 629 – 61 . doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00078-15 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

4. Vickery K. Special issue: Microbial biofilms in healthcare: formation, prevention and treatment. Materials 2019;12(12):2001. doi: 10.3390/ma12122001 Vickery K. Special issue: Microbial biofilms in healthcare: formation, prevention and treatment . Materials 2019 ; 12 ( 12 ): 2001 . doi: 10.3390/ma12122001 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

5. Öztürk A, Güzel ÖT, Abdulmajed O, Erdoğan M, Kozan R, Çağlar K, Kalkanci A. Evaluation of the bactericidal activity of some disinfectant agents against Carbapenem -resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Int J Environ Health Eng 2020;2020:1–6. doi: 10.4103/ijehe. ijehe_15_20 Öztürk A Güzel ÖT Abdulmajed O Erdoğan M Kozan R Çağlar K Kalkanci A. Evaluation of the bactericidal activity of some disinfectant agents against Carbapenem -resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates . Int J Environ Health Eng 2020 ; 2020 : 1 – 6 . doi: 10.4103/ijehe. ijehe_15_20 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

6. Elekhnawy EA, Sonbol FI, Elbanna TE, Abdelaziz AA. Evaluation of the impact of adaptation of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates to benzalkonium chloride on biofilm formation. Egypt J Med Hum Genet 2021;22:51. doi: 10.1186/s43042-021-00170-z Elekhnawy EA Sonbol FI Elbanna TE Abdelaziz AA. Evaluation of the impact of adaptation of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates to benzalkonium chloride on biofilm formation . Egypt J Med Hum Genet 2021 ; 22 : 51 . doi: 10.1186/s43042-021-00170-z Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

7. Abuzaid A, Hamouda A, Amyes SGB. Klebsiella pneumoniae susceptibility to biocides and its association with cepA, qacΔE and qacE efflux pump genes and antibiotic resistance. J Hosp Infect 2012;81:87–91. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.03.003 Abuzaid A Hamouda A Amyes SGB. Klebsiella pneumoniae susceptibility to biocides and its association with cepA, qacΔE and qacE efflux pump genes and antibiotic resistance . J Hosp Infect 2012 ; 81 : 87 – 91 . doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.03.003 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

8. Piletić K, Kovač B, Perčić M, Žigon J, Broznić D, Karleuša L, Lučić Blagojević S, Oder M, Gobin I. Disinfecting action of gaseous ozone on OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm in vitro. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19(10):6177. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19106177 Piletić K Kovač B Perčić M Žigon J Broznić D Karleuša L Lučić Blagojević S Oder M Gobin I. Disinfecting action of gaseous ozone on OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm in vitro . Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022 ; 19 ( 10 ): 6177 . doi: 10.3390/ijerph19106177 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

9. Vuotto C, Longo F, Pascolini C, Donelli G, Balice MP, Libori MF, Tiracchia V, Salvia A, Varaldo PE. Biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae urinary strains. J Appl Microbiol 2017;123:1003–18. doi: 10.1111/jam.13533 Vuotto C Longo F Pascolini C Donelli G Balice MP Libori MF Tiracchia V Salvia A Varaldo PE. Biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae urinary strains . J Appl Microbiol 2017 ; 123 : 1003 – 18 . doi: 10.1111/jam.13533 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

10. Bridier A, Briandet R, Thomas V, Dubois-Brissonnet F. Resistance of bacterial biofilms to disinfectants: a review. Biofouling 2011;27:1017– 32. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2011.626899 Bridier A Briandet R Thomas V Dubois-Brissonnet F. Resistance of bacterial biofilms to disinfectants: a review . Biofouling 2011 ; 27 : 1017 – 32 . doi: 10.1080/08927014.2011.626899 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

11. Singla S, Harjai K, Chhibber S. Susceptibility of different phases of biofilm of Klebsiella pneumoniae to three different antibiotics. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013;66:61–6. doi: 10.1038/ja.2012.101 Singla S Harjai K Chhibber S. Susceptibility of different phases of biofilm of Klebsiella pneumoniae to three different antibiotics . J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013 ; 66 : 61 – 6 . doi: 10.1038/ja.2012.101 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

12. Chapman JS. Disinfectant resistance mechanisms, cross-resistance, and co-resistance. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 2003;51:271–6. doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(03)00044-1 Chapman JS. Disinfectant resistance mechanisms, cross-resistance, and co-resistance . Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 2003 ; 51 : 271 – 6 . doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(03)00044-1 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

13. Barber OW, Hartmann EM. Benzalkonium chloride: A systematic review of its environmental entry through wastewater treatment, potential impact, and mitigation strategies. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 2022;52:2691–719. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2021.1889284 Barber OW Hartmann EM. Benzalkonium chloride: A systematic review of its environmental entry through wastewater treatment, potential impact, and mitigation strategies . Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 2022 ; 52 : 2691 – 719 . doi: 10.1080/10643389.2021.1889284 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

14. Subhadra B, Kim DH, Woo K, Surendran S, Choi CH. Control of biofilm formation in healthcare: Recent advances exploiting quorumsensing interference strategies and multidrug efflux pump inhibitors. Materials 2018;11(9):1676. doi: 10.3390/ma11091676 Subhadra B Kim DH Woo K Surendran S Choi CH. Control of biofilm formation in healthcare: Recent advances exploiting quorumsensing interference strategies and multidrug efflux pump inhibitors . Materials 2018 ; 11 ( 9 ): 1676 . doi: 10.3390/ma11091676 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

15. Maillard JY, Centeleghe I. How biofilm changes our understanding of cleaning and disinfection. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023;12(1):95. doi: 10.1186/s13756-023-01290-4 Maillard JY Centeleghe I. How biofilm changes our understanding of cleaning and disinfection . Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023 ; 12 ( 1 ): 95 . doi: 10.1186/s13756-023-01290-4 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

16. Ni L, Zhang Z, Shen R, Liu X, Li X, Chen B, Wu X, Li H, Xie X, Huang S. Disinfection strategies for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a healthcare facility. Antibiotics 2022;11(6):736. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11060736 Ni L Zhang Z Shen R Liu X Li X Chen B Wu X Li H Xie X Huang S. Disinfection strategies for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a healthcare facility . Antibiotics 2022 ; 11 ( 6 ): 736 . doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11060736 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

17. Oleksy-Wawrzyniak M, Junka A, Brożyna M, Paweł M, Kwiek B, Nowak M, Mączyńska B, Bartoszewicz M. The in vitro ability of Klebsiella pneumoniae to form biofilm and the potential of various compounds to eradicate it from urinary catheters. Pathogens 2022;11(1):42. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11010042 Oleksy-Wawrzyniak M Junka A Brożyna M Paweł M Kwiek B Nowak M Mączyńska B Bartoszewicz M. The in vitro ability of Klebsiella pneumoniae to form biofilm and the potential of various compounds to eradicate it from urinary catheters . Pathogens 2022 ; 11 ( 1 ): 42 . doi: 10.3390/pathogens11010042 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

18. Kim M, Weigand MR, Oh S, Hatt JK, Krishnan R, Tezel U, Pavlostathis SG, Konstantinidisa KT. Widely used benzalkonium chloride disinfectants can promote antibiotic resistance 2018;84(17):e01201–18. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01201-18 Kim M Weigand MR Oh S Hatt JK Krishnan R Tezel U Pavlostathis SG Konstantinidisa KT. Widely used benzalkonium chloride disinfectants can promote antibiotic resistance 2018 ; 84 ( 17 ): e01201 – 18 . doi: 10.1128/AEM.01201-18 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

19. Maillard JY, Bloomfield S, Coelho JR, Collier P, Cookson B, Fanning S, Hill A, Hartemann P, McBain AJ, Oggioni M, Sattar S, Schweizer HP, Threlfall J. Does microbicide use in consumer products promote antimicrobial resistance? A critical review and recommendations for a cohesive approach to risk assessment. Microb Drug Resist 2013;19:344–54. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2013.0039 Maillard JY Bloomfield S Coelho JR Collier P Cookson B Fanning S Hill A Hartemann P McBain AJ Oggioni M Sattar S Schweizer HP Threlfall J. Does microbicide use in consumer products promote antimicrobial resistance? A critical review and recommendations for a cohesive approach to risk assessment . Microb Drug Resist 2013 ; 19 : 344 – 54 . doi: 10.1089/mdr.2013.0039 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

20. European Commission. Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly-Identified Health Risks. Assessment of the Antibiotic Resistance Effects of Biocides, 2009 [displayed 5 December 2024]. January. Available at chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_021.pd European Commission . Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly-Identified Health Risks . Assessment of the Antibiotic Resistance Effects of Biocides , 2009 [displayed 5 December 2024]. January. Available at chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/ https://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_021.pdf Search in Google Scholar

21. Magiorakos AP, Burns K, Rodríguez Baño J, Borg M, Daikos G, Dumpis U, Lucet JC, Moro ML, Tacconelli E, Simonsen GS, Szilágyi E, Voss A, Weber JT. Infection prevention and control measures and tools for the prevention of entry of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae into healthcare settings: Guidance from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017;6:113. doi: 10.1186/s13756-017-0259-z Magiorakos AP Burns K Rodríguez Baño J Borg M Daikos G Dumpis U Lucet JC Moro ML Tacconelli E Simonsen GS Szilágyi E Voss A Weber JT. Infection prevention and control measures and tools for the prevention of entry of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae into healthcare settings: Guidance from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017 ; 6 : 113 . doi: 10.1186/s13756-017-0259-z Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

22. Abreu AC, Tavares RR, Borges A, Mergulhão F, Simões M. Current and emergent strategies for disinfection of hospital environments. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013;68:2718–32. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkt281 Abreu AC Tavares RR Borges A Mergulhão F Simões M. Current and emergent strategies for disinfection of hospital environments . J Antimicrob Chemother 2013 ; 68 : 2718 – 32 . doi: 10.1093/jac/dkt281 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

23. Chang D, Sharma L, Dela Cruz CS, Zhang D. Clinical epidemiology, risk factors, and control strategies of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Front Microbiol 2021;12:750622. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.750662 Chang D Sharma L Dela Cruz CS Zhang D. Clinical epidemiology, risk factors, and control strategies of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection . Front Microbiol 2021 ; 12 : 750622 . doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.750662 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

24. Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Disinfection and sterilization in health care facilities. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2016;30:609–37. doi: 10.1016/j. idc.2016.04.002 Rutala WA Weber DJ. Disinfection and sterilization in health care facilities . Infect Dis Clin North Am 2016 ; 30 : 609 – 37 . doi: 10.1016/j. idc.2016.04.002 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

25. Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008 [displayed 5 December 2024]. January. Available at chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/media/pdfs/guideline-disinfection-h.pdf Rutala WA Weber DJ Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee . Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2008 [displayed 5 December 2024]. January. Available at chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/ https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/media/pdfs/guideline-disinfection-h.pdf Search in Google Scholar

26. Damani N. Priručnik o prevenciji i kontroli infekcija [Infection prevention and control manual, in Croatian]. Zagreb: Medicinska naklada; 2019. Damani N. Priručnik o prevenciji i kontroli infekcija [Infection prevention and control manual, in Croatian] . Zagreb : Medicinska naklada ; 2019 . Search in Google Scholar

27. Fontes B, Cattani Heimbecker AM, de Souza Brito G, Costa SF, van der Heijden IM, Levin AS, Rasslan S. Effect of low-dose gaseous ozone on pathogenic bacteria. BMC Infect Dis 2012;12:358. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-358 Fontes B Cattani Heimbecker AM de Souza Brito G Costa SF van der Heijden IM Levin AS Rasslan S. Effect of low-dose gaseous ozone on pathogenic bacteria . BMC Infect Dis 2012 ; 12 : 358 . doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-358 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

28. Megahed A, Aldridge B, Lowe J. The microbial killing capacity of aqueous and gaseous ozone on different surfaces contaminated with dairy cattle manure. PLoS One 2018;13(5):e0196555. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196555 Megahed A Aldridge B Lowe J. The microbial killing capacity of aqueous and gaseous ozone on different surfaces contaminated with dairy cattle manure . PLoS One 2018 ; 13 ( 5 ): e0196555 . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196555 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

29. Giuliani G, Ricevuti G, Galoforo A, Franzini M. Microbiological aspects of ozone: bactericidal activity and antibiotic/antimicrobial resistance in bacterial strains treated with ozone. Ozone Ther 2018;3(3):7971. doi: 10.4081/ozone.2018.7971 Giuliani G Ricevuti G Galoforo A Franzini M. Microbiological aspects of ozone: bactericidal activity and antibiotic/antimicrobial resistance in bacterial strains treated with ozone . Ozone Ther 2018 ; 3 ( 3 ): 7971 . doi: 10.4081/ozone.2018.7971 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

30. Sharma M, Hudson JB. Ozone gas is an effective and practical antibacterial agent. Am J Infect Control 2008;36:559–63. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.021 Sharma M Hudson JB. Ozone gas is an effective and practical antibacterial agent . Am J Infect Control 2008 ; 36 : 559 – 63 . doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.021 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

31. Boch T, Tennert C, Vach K, Al-Ahmad A, Hellwig E, Polydorou O. Effect of gaseous ozone on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm -an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2016;20:1733–9. doi: 10.1007/s00784-015-1667-1 Boch T Tennert C Vach K Al-Ahmad A Hellwig E Polydorou O. Effect of gaseous ozone on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm -an in vitro study . Clin Oral Investig 2016 ; 20 : 1733 – 9 . doi: 10.1007/s00784-015-1667-1 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

32. Piletić K, Kovač B, Planinić M, Vasiljev V, Brčić Karačonji I, Žigon J, Gobin I, Oder M. Combined biocidal effect of gaseous ozone and citric acid on Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formed on ceramic tiles and polystyrene as a novel approach for infection prevention and control. Processes 2022;10(9):1788. doi: 10.3390/pr10091788 Piletić K Kovač B Planinić M Vasiljev V Brčić Karačonji I Žigon J Gobin I Oder M. Combined biocidal effect of gaseous ozone and citric acid on Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formed on ceramic tiles and polystyrene as a novel approach for infection prevention and control . Processes 2022 ; 10 ( 9 ): 1788 . doi: 10.3390/pr10091788 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

33. Kim HW, Lee NY, Park SM, Rhee MS. A fast and effective alternative to a high-ethanol disinfectant: Low concentrations of fermented ethanol, caprylic acid, and citric acid synergistically eradicate biofilm-embedded methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020;229:113586. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113586 Kim HW Lee NY Park SM Rhee MS. A fast and effective alternative to a high-ethanol disinfectant: Low concentrations of fermented ethanol, caprylic acid, and citric acid synergistically eradicate biofilm-embedded methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020 ; 229 : 113586 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113586 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

34. Park KM, Yoon SG, Choi TH, Kim HJ, Park KJ, Koo M.The bactericidal effect of a combination of food grade compounds and their application as alternative antibacterial agent for food contact surfaces. Foods 2020;9(1):59. doi: 10.3390/foods9010059 Park KM Yoon SG Choi TH Kim HJ Park KJ Koo M. The bactericidal effect of a combination of food grade compounds and their application as alternative antibacterial agent for food contact surfaces . Foods 2020 ; 9 ( 1 ): 59 . doi: 10.3390/foods9010059 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

35. Reichel M, Schlicht A, Ostermeyer C, Kampf G. Efficacy of surface disinfectant cleaners against emerging highly resistant gram-negative bacteria. BMC Infect Dis 2014;14(1):292. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-292 Reichel M Schlicht A Ostermeyer C Kampf G. Efficacy of surface disinfectant cleaners against emerging highly resistant gram-negative bacteria . BMC Infect Dis 2014 ; 14 ( 1 ): 292 . doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-292 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

36. Sundheim G, Langsrud S, Heir E, Holck AL. Bacterial resistance to disinfectants containing quaternary ammonium compounds. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 1998;41:235–9. doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00027-4 Sundheim G Langsrud S Heir E Holck AL. Bacterial resistance to disinfectants containing quaternary ammonium compounds . Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 1998 ; 41 : 235 – 9 . doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00027-4 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

37. Kampf G. Adaptive microbial response to low-level benzalkonium chloride exposure. J Hosp Infect 2018;100(3):e1–22. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.05.019 Kampf G. Adaptive microbial response to low-level benzalkonium chloride exposure . J Hosp Infect 2018 ; 100 ( 3 ): e1 – 22 . doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.05.019 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

38. Cho G-L, Ha J-W. Synergistic effect of citric acid and xenon light for inactivating foodborne pathogens on spinach leaves. Food Res Int 2021;142:110210. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110210 Cho G-L Ha J-W. Synergistic effect of citric acid and xenon light for inactivating foodborne pathogens on spinach leaves . Food Res Int 2021 ; 142 : 110210 . doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110210 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

39. Jung YJ, Oh BS, Kang J-W. Synergistic effect of sequential or combined use of ozone and UV radiation for the disinfection of Bacillus subtilis spores. Water Res 2008;42:1613–21. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.10.008 Jung YJ Oh BS Kang J-W. Synergistic effect of sequential or combined use of ozone and UV radiation for the disinfection of Bacillus subtilis spores . Water Res 2008 ; 42 : 1613 – 21 . doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.10.008 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

40. Britton HC, Draper M, Talmadge JE. Antimicrobial efficacy of aqueous ozone in combination with short chain fatty acid buffers. Infect Prev Pract 2020;2(1):100032. doi: 10.1016/j.infpip.2019.100032 Britton HC Draper M Talmadge JE. Antimicrobial efficacy of aqueous ozone in combination with short chain fatty acid buffers . Infect Prev Pract 2020 ; 2 ( 1 ): 100032 . doi: 10.1016/j.infpip.2019.100032 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

41. Vankerckhoven E, Verbessem B, Crauwels S, Declerck P, Muylaert K, Willems KA, Reiders H. Exploring the potential synergistic effects of chemical disinfectants and UV on the inactivation of free-living bacteria and treatment of biofilms in a pilot-scale system. Water Sci Technol 2011;64:1247–53. doi: 10.2166/wst.2011.718 Vankerckhoven E Verbessem B Crauwels S Declerck P Muylaert K Willems KA Reiders H. Exploring the potential synergistic effects of chemical disinfectants and UV on the inactivation of free-living bacteria and treatment of biofilms in a pilot-scale system . Water Sci Technol 2011 ; 64 : 1247 – 53 . doi: 10.2166/wst.2011.718 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

42. Ha J-H, Jeong S-H, Ha S-D. Synergistic effects of combined disinfection using sanitizers and uv to reduce the levels of Staphylococcus aureus in oyster mushrooms. J Appl Biol Chem 2011;54:447–53. doi: 10.3839/jksabc.2011.069 Ha J-H Jeong S-H Ha S-D. Synergistic effects of combined disinfection using sanitizers and uv to reduce the levels of Staphylococcus aureus in oyster mushrooms . J Appl Biol Chem 2011 ; 54 : 447 – 53 . doi: 10.3839/jksabc.2011.069 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

43. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). EN 13727:2015. Chemical disinfectants. In: Quantitative suspension test for the Evaluation of Bactericidal Activity for Instruments Used in the Medical Area. Test Method and Requirements (Phase 2/Step 1). Brussels: CEN; 2015. European Committee for Standardization (CEN) . EN 13727:2015. Chemical disinfectants . In: Quantitative suspension test for the Evaluation of Bactericidal Activity for Instruments Used in the Medical Area. Test Method and Requirements (Phase 2/Step 1) . Brussels : CEN ; 2015 . Search in Google Scholar

44. Perla Filippini CR. Methicillin resistance, biofilm formation and resistance to benzalkonium chloride in Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Clin Microbiol Open Access 2012;2(6):1000121. doi: 10.4172/2327-5073.1000121 Perla Filippini CR. Methicillin resistance, biofilm formation and resistance to benzalkonium chloride in Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates . Clin Microbiol Open Access 2012 ; 2 ( 6 ): 1000121 . doi: 10.4172/2327-5073.1000121 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

45. Bialoszewski D, Pietruczuk-Padzik A, Kalicinska A, Bocian E, Czajkowska M, Bukowska B, Tyski S. Activity of ozonated water and ozone against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bioflms. Med Sci Monit 2011;17:BR339–44. doi: 10.12659/msm.882044 Bialoszewski D Pietruczuk-Padzik A Kalicinska A Bocian E Czajkowska M Bukowska B Tyski S. Activity of ozonated water and ozone against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bioflms . Med Sci Monit 2011 ; 17 : BR339 – 44 . doi: 10.12659/msm.882044 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

46. Kovač B, Piletić K, Kovačević Ganić N, Gobin I. The effectiveness of benzalkonium chloride as an active compound on selected foodborne pathogens biofilm. Hygiene 2022;2:226–35. doi: 10.3390/hygiene2040020 Kovač B Piletić K Kovačević Ganić N Gobin I. The effectiveness of benzalkonium chloride as an active compound on selected foodborne pathogens biofilm . Hygiene 2022 ; 2 : 226 – 35 . doi: 10.3390/hygiene2040020 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

47. Nicholas R, Dunton P, Tatham A, Fielding L. The effect of ozone and open air factor on surface-attached and biofilm environmental Listeria monocytogenes. J Appl Microbiol 2013;115:555–64. doi: 10.1111/jam.12239 Nicholas R Dunton P Tatham A Fielding L. The effect of ozone and open air factor on surface-attached and biofilm environmental Listeria monocytogenes . J Appl Microbiol 2013 ; 115 : 555 – 64 . doi: 10.1111/jam.12239 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar