This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
van Dam RM, Hu FB, Willett WC. Coffee, caffeine, and health. N Engl J Med 2020;383:369–78. doi: 10.1056/nejmra1816604van DamRMHuFBWillettWC.Coffee, caffeine, and health. N Engl J Med2020;383:369–78. doi: 10.1056/nejmra1816604Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Wikoff D, Welsh BT, Henderson R, Brorby GP, Britt J, Myers E, Goldberger J, Lieberman HR, O’Brien C, Peck J, Tenenbein M, Weaver C, Harvey S, Urban J, Doepker C. Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food Chem Toxicol 2017;109:585– 648. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.002WikoffDWelshBTHendersonRBrorbyGPBrittJMyersEGoldbergerJLiebermanHRO’BrienCPeckJTenenbeinMWeaverCHarveySUrbanJDoepkerC.Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food Chem Toxicol2017;109:585–648. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.002Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Nieber K. The impact of coffee on health. Planta Med 2017;83:1256– 63. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-115007NieberK.The impact of coffee on health. Planta Med2017;83:1256–63. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-115007Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Barcelos RP, Lima FD, Carvalho NR, Bresciani G, Royes LF. Caffeine effects on systemic metabolism, oxidative-inflammatory pathways, and exercise performance. Nutr Res 2020;80:1–17. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.05.005BarcelosRPLimaFDCarvalhoNRBrescianiGRoyesLF.Caffeine effects on systemic metabolism, oxidative-inflammatory pathways, and exercise performance. Nutr Res2020;80:1–17. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.05.005Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Nehlig A. Interindividual differences in caffeine metabolism and factors driving caffeine consumption. Pharmacol Rev 2018;70:384– 411. doi: 10.1124/pr.117.014407NehligA.Interindividual differences in caffeine metabolism and factors driving caffeine consumption. Pharmacol Rev2018;70:384–411. doi: 10.1124/pr.117.014407Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Rosenfeld LS, Mihalov JJ, Carlson SJ, Mattia A. Regulatory status of caffeine in the United States. Nutr Rev 2014;72(Suppl 1):23-33. doi: 10.1111/nure.12136RosenfeldLSMihalovJJCarlsonSJMattiaA.Regulatory status of caffeine in the United States. Nutr Rev2014;72(Suppl 1):23–33. doi: 10.1111/nure.12136Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Jee HJ, Lee SG, Bormate KJ, Jung YS. Effect of caffeine consumption on the risk for neurological and psychiatric disorders: Sex differences in human. Nutrients 2020;12(10):3080. doi: 10.3390/nu12103080JeeHJLeeSGBormateKJJungYS.Effect of caffeine consumption on the risk for neurological and psychiatric disorders: Sex differences in human. Nutrients2020;12(10):3080. doi: 10.3390/nu12103080Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Cappelletti S, Piacentino D, Fineschi V, Frati P, Cipolloni L, Aromatario M. Caffeine-related deaths: Manner of deaths and categories at risk. Nutrients 2018;10(5):611. doi: 10.3390/nu10050611CappellettiSPiacentinoDFineschiVFratiPCipolloniLAromatarioM.Caffeine-related deaths: Manner of deaths and categories at risk. Nutrients2018;10(5):611. doi: 10.3390/nu10050611Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lim D, Chang J, Ahn J, Kim J. Conflicting effects of coffee consumption on cardiovascular diseases: Does coffee consumption aggravate pre-exisiting risk factors? Processes 2020;8(4):438. doi: 10.3390/pr8040438LimDChangJAhnJKimJ.Conflicting effects of coffee consumption on cardiovascular diseases: Does coffee consumption aggravate pre-exisiting risk factors?Processes2020;8(4):438. doi: 10.3390/pr8040438Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Highly Concentrated Caffeine in Dietary Supplements: Guidance for Industry. Rockville (MD): FDA; 2018.U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Highly Concentrated Caffeine in Dietary Supplements: Guidance for Industry. Rockville (MD): FDA; 2018.Search in Google Scholar
Kovačević T, Polić B, Ardalić TĆ, Petrović D, Stričević L, Rogulj M, Markić J. A suicide attempt by ingestion of oleander leaves and treatment with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2023;74:292–5. doi: 10.2478/aiht-2023-74-3752KovačevićTPolićBArdalićTĆPetrovićDStričevićLRoguljMMarkićJ.A suicide attempt by ingestion of oleander leaves and treatment with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol2023;74:292–5. doi: 10.2478/aiht-2023-74-3752Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Silva AC, de Oliveira Ribeiro NP, de Mello Schier AR, Pereira VM, Vilarim MM, Pessoa TM, Arias-Carrión O, Machado S, Nardi AE. Caffeine and suicide: A systematic review. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2014;13:937–44. doi: 10.2174/1871527313666140612123656SilvaACde Oliveira RibeiroNPde Mello SchierARPereiraVMVilarimMMPessoaTMArias-CarriónOMachadoSNardiAE.Caffeine and suicide: A systematic review. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets2014;13:937–44. doi: 10.2174/187152731366614061212365 6Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Murray A, Traylor J. Caffeine Toxicity. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.MurrayATraylorJ.Caffeine Toxicity. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.Search in Google Scholar
Yoshimine N, Oba N, Hasegawa C, Inoue N, Nagumo H, Arashiyama M, Orihara S, Takahashi S, Inuyama M, Nishinakagawa S. Caffeine intoxication, in which the theophylline level served as an indicator of the treatment course and the caffeine level could be measured. Intern Med 2024;63:2157–61. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1730-23YoshimineNObaNHasegawaCInoueNNagumoHArashiyamaMOriharaSTakahashiSInuyamaMNishinakagawaS.Caffeine intoxication, in which the theophylline level served as an indicator of the treatment course and the caffeine level could be measured. Intern Med2024;63:2157–61. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1730-23Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hirose M, Hirakawa A, Niwa W, Higashiguchi T, Tajima K, Kato T, Yamada S. [Acute drug poisoning among adolescents using over-the-counter drugs: Current status, in Japanese]. Yakugaku Zasshi 2021;141:1389–92. doi: 10.1248/YAKUSHI.21-00147HiroseMHirakawaANiwaWHigashiguchiTTajimaKKatoTYamadaS.[Acute drug poisoning among adolescents using over-the-counter drugs: Current status, in Japanese]. Yakugaku Zasshi2021;141:1389–92. doi: 10.1248/YAKUSHI.21-00147Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bonsignore A, Sblano S, Pozzi F, Ventura F, Dell’Erba A, Palmiere C. A case of suicide by ingestion of caffeine. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2014;10:448–51. doi: 10.1007/s12024-014-9571-6BonsignoreASblanoSPozziFVenturaFDell’ErbaAPalmiereC.A case of suicide by ingestion of caffeine. Forensic Sci Med Pathol2014;10:448–51. doi: 10.1007/s12024-014-9571-6Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Jones AW. Review of caffeine-related fatalities along with postmortem blood concentrations in 51 poisoning deaths. J Anal Toxicol 2017;41:167–72. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkx011JonesAW.Review of caffeine-related fatalities along with postmortem blood concentrations in 51 poisoning deaths. J Anal Toxicol2017;41:167–72. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkx011Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Jabbar SB, Hanly MG. Fatal caffeine overdose: A case report and review of literature. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2013;34:321–4. doi: 10.1097/PAF.0000000000000058JabbarSBHanlyMG.Fatal caffeine overdose: A case report and review of literature. Am J Forensic Med Pathol2013;34:321–4. doi: 10.1097/PAF.0000000000000058Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Yamamoto T, Yoshizawa K, Kubo S, Emoto Y, Hara K, Waters B, Umehara T, Murase T, Ikematsu K. Autopsy report for a caffeine intoxication case and review of the current literature. J Toxicol Pathol 2015;28:33–6. doi: 10.1293/tox.2014-0044YamamotoTYoshizawaKKuboSEmotoYHaraKWatersBUmeharaTMuraseTIkematsuK.Autopsy report for a caffeine intoxication case and review of the current literature. J Toxicol Pathol2015;28:33–6. doi: 10.1293/tox.2014-0044Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Harsten R, Tetlow SJ, Chan T, Ankuli A. Intralipid and haemodialysis in caffeine overdose. BMJ Case Rep 2020;13:e234256. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-234256HarstenRTetlowSJChanTAnkuliA.Intralipid and haemodialysis in caffeine overdose. BMJ Case Rep2020;13:e234256. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-234256Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Andrade A, Sousa C, Pedro M, Fernandes M. Dangerous mistake: An accidental caffeine overdose. BMJ Case Rep 2018;2018:224185. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224185AndradeASousaCPedroMFernandesM.Dangerous mistake: An accidental caffeine overdose. BMJ Case Rep2018;2018:224185. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224185Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hearn JK, Reiff T, McBride AB, Kelly MB. Caffeine-induced psychosis and a review of statutory approaches to involuntary intoxication. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2020;48:376–83. doi: 10.29158/JAAPL.003923-20HearnJKReiffTMcBrideABKellyMB.Caffeine-induced psychosis and a review of statutory approaches to involuntary intoxication. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law2020;48:376–83. doi: 10.29158/JAAPL.003923-20Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA J 2015;13(5):4102. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA J2015;13(5):4102. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102Open DOISearch in Google Scholar