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The key factors contributing to the risk, diagnosis and treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial opportunistic infections

Anna Grzegorzewicz

Anna Grzegorzewicz

Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort CollinsColorado, United States
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Grzegorzewicz, Anna
 e 
Mariola Paściak

Mariola Paściak

Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWroclaw, Poland
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Paściak, Mariola
  
30 ott 2021
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Categoria dell'articolo: Review
Pubblicato online: 30 ott 2021
Pagine: 696 - 710
Ricevuto: 04 feb 2021
Accettato: 17 mag 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ahem-2021-0050
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© 2021 Magdalena Dzikowiec, Dorota Pastuszak-Lewandoska, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Clinical diseases caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Common and less common isolated NTM species are listed in an alphabetical order [8, 9, 10].
Clinical diseases caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Common and less common isolated NTM species are listed in an alphabetical order [8, 9, 10].

Figure 2

Predisposing factors for non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases [47, 50].
Predisposing factors for non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases [47, 50].

Figure 3

MALDI-TOF spectra of protein extracts of Mycobacterium spp. Expanded view of MALDI-TOF mass spectra representing Mycobacterium spp. from Polish Collection of Microorganisms (PCM): (A) M. farcinogenes PCM 2220, (B) M. kansasii PCM 2584, (C) M. smegmatis PCM 494, (D) M. peregrinum PCM 639, (E) M. phlei PCM 654, (F) M. smegmatis PCM 657. Colonies grown on Löwenstein-Jensen agar were incubated at 37°C for 72 h. Spectra were acquired using extraction protocol according to El Khéchine et al. [67].
MALDI-TOF spectra of protein extracts of Mycobacterium spp. Expanded view of MALDI-TOF mass spectra representing Mycobacterium spp. from Polish Collection of Microorganisms (PCM): (A) M. farcinogenes PCM 2220, (B) M. kansasii PCM 2584, (C) M. smegmatis PCM 494, (D) M. peregrinum PCM 639, (E) M. phlei PCM 654, (F) M. smegmatis PCM 657. Colonies grown on Löwenstein-Jensen agar were incubated at 37°C for 72 h. Spectra were acquired using extraction protocol according to El Khéchine et al. [67].

Methods used for identification of non-tuberculous mycobacterial species [57, 63, 76]

Culture-independent Culture-dependent
Method Limitation Method Limitation
Histology Cell granulomatosis indistinguishable Phenotypic methods Time consuming, does not allow
from Tb -Biochemical testing identification of the newly described
species
Smear microscopy NTM not distinguishable from Mtb Chemotaxonomical methods Not available in all clinical laboratories
-HPLC of mycolic acids
Nucleic acid amplification test Using for excluding Mtb Direct probe hybridization assay Limited number of species
-Commercial NAAT
Real-time PCR Low sensitivity, limited range of species Line probe assay Limited number of species
– in-house methods -Commercial test
Serological testing Cross-reactivity 16S DNA sequencing Limited discriminatory power
Multigene sequencing Expensive, not available in clinical
-Whole genome sequencing laboratories
Highly trained staff
MALDI-TOF MS Database content; quality of protein extracts

Sources of non-tuberculous mycobacteria [4, 12, 41, 42, 44, 47, 48]

Natural environment
Lakes, streams, rivers, ground water and seawater
Soil and dust from soil
Amoebae
Aquatic insects
Water plants and water distribution systems
Household/ Hospital environment
Plumbing systems
Tap water, shower heads, and faucets
Swimming pools, hot tubs, footbaths, hydrotherapy pools
Ice machines
Humidifiers
Dialysis centers
Heater-cooler units
Potting and garden soil
Aquarium water
Food products
Rainwater tanks and cooling towers
Indirect human-to-human transmission
Lingua:
Inglese
Frequenza di pubblicazione:
1 volte all'anno
Argomenti della rivista:
Scienze biologiche, Biologia molecolare, Microbiologia e virologia, Medicina, Scienze medicali di base, Immunologia
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